Journal of science and medicine in sport最新文献

{"title":"The impact of injuries on sports-related analgesic use in Danish youth elite athletes: A 4-week prospective cohort study","authors":"Anders Christer Larsen ,&nbsp;Julie Rønne Pedersen ,&nbsp;Merete Møller ,&nbsp;Louise Kamuk Storm ,&nbsp;Bart Koes ,&nbsp;Jonas Bloch Thorlund","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Investigate the association between injury severity and sports-related analgesic use, and explore the types and reasons for analgesic use in Danish youth elite athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>4-week prospective cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>713 youth elite athletes (44 % female) aged 15–20 years provided information on demographics, sports specific questions, and injury severity. We categorized injury severity based on the amount of impact on sports participation: 1) no injury (reference), 2) injury not affecting sports participation, 3) injury causing modifications in sports participation, and 4) injury causing complete absence from sport. Participants were asked weekly over 4 weeks about the number of days with sports-related analgesic use, types, and reasons for use. Mixed-effects regression models were used to assess the association between injury severity and prevalence (yes/no) and frequency (days/week) of analgesic use.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analgesic use at least once during the four weeks was reported by 224 athletes (31 %), with a mean weekly prevalence of 13 %. The odds of analgesic use increased with injury severity compared with the reference group; injury not affecting sports participation: OR 2.6 (95 % CI 1.6–4.2), injury causing modifications in sports participation: OR 3.2 (95 % CI 2.0–5.2), injury causing complete absence from sport: OR 3.6 (95 % CI 1.5-8.7) (test for trend; p = &lt;<!--> <!-->0.001). The rate (frequency) of analgesic use also increased with injury severity (test for trend; p = 0.003). Athletes most commonly used analgesics to treat pain/injury after sports participation (62 %), and paracetamol was most frequently used (84 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Injury severity was associated with increased odds and rate of analgesic use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 1","pages":"Pages 39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The kinetics of cardiac troponin T release during and after 1- and 6-h maximal cycling trials","authors":"Alejandro Legaz-Arrese ,&nbsp;Sebastian Sitko ,&nbsp;Rafel Cirer-Sastre ,&nbsp;Carmen Mayolas-Pi ,&nbsp;Romario Rivelino Jiménez-Gaytán ,&nbsp;Ricardo Navarro Orocio ,&nbsp;Ricardo Lopez García ,&nbsp;Pedro Gualberto Morales Corral ,&nbsp;Joaquín Reverter-Masia ,&nbsp;Keith George ,&nbsp;Luis Enrique Carranza-García","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>In this study, the effects of short-duration high-intensity exercise and long-duration exercise on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) levels were compared.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve male amateur cyclists performed 1- and 6-h cycling trials. In both exercise trials, hs-cTnT was assessed at rest, immediately postexercise and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h postexercise. Additionally, hs-cTnT levels were assessed every hour during the 6-h trial.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Exercise resulted in an increase in hs-cTnT levels in all subjects. Circulating hs-cTnT levels increased in both exercise trials (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), with higher peak values occurring after the 1-h trial compared with those of the 6-h trial (<em>p</em> = 0.023). The upper reference limit (URL) exceeded 83 % of the participants in the 1-h trial and 42 % of the participants in the 6-h trial. There was substantial individual variability in peak hs-cTnT in both trials. Values of hs-cTnT were greater after exercise than during exercise for the 6-h trial. For both exercise trials, the maximum postexercise hs-cTnT values correlated with the %HR_MAX (<em>r</em> = 0.906 for the 1-h trial, <em>r</em> = 0.735 for the 6-h trial). For the 1-h trial, the maximum postexercise hs-cTnT values were observed at 3 h in all subjects. No significant difference in the hs-cTnT values was observed for the 6-h trial during the first 12 h postexercise.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results demonstrated greater hs-cTnT levels in young male participants after a 1-h cycling trial than after a 6-h cycling trial, despite a substantially greater energy expenditure and total external work completed in the 6-h trial. Postexercise hs-cTnT values are associated with relative exercise intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 1","pages":"Pages 3-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health status and heat preparation at a UCI World Tour multistage cycling race","authors":"J.D. Périard ,&nbsp;M.G. Wilson ,&nbsp;S.T. Tebeck ,&nbsp;J. Stanley ,&nbsp;O. Girard","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess health status and heat preparation of cyclists at the 2019 Tour Down Under and determine the alignment of heat mitigation strategies with current recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-three (17 % participation rate) male World Tour cyclists from five teams and 10 countries completed a pre-competition questionnaire evaluating exertional heat illness (EHI) history, pre-race health status, and heat mitigation and recovery strategies use. Associations between arrival days pre-competition, years as professional, nationality, team, history of EHI symptoms and diagnosis on heat mitigation and recovery strategy utilisation were assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>65 % of cyclists reported previously experiencing one or more EHI symptom (cramping: 48 %) and 22 % a diagnosis of heat stroke. In the 10 days preceding the race, 26 % experienced one or more illness symptoms. 65 % trained in the heat (acclimatisation 8–25 days; acclimation: 3–7 days), which was associated with team (<em>P</em> = 0.047, <em>ϕ</em>_c = 0.61), nationality (<em>P</em> = 0.009, <em>ϕ</em>_c = 0.86) and EHI symptoms history (<em>P</em> = 0.058, <em>ϕ</em> = 0.43). All cyclists had a hydration plan, with links to team (0.5–1.0 L·h⁻¹, <em>P</em> = 0.043, <em>ϕ</em>_<em>c</em> = 0.68) and EHI symptom history (1.0–1.5 L·h⁻¹, <em>P</em> = 0.048, <em>ϕ</em> = 0.476). Most had pre-cooling (87 %) and mid-cooling (83 %) strategies, most commonly cold beverages (75 %) and neck collars (78 %), respectively. All cyclists planned on using at least one recovery strategy (massage: 87 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our data indicate good alignment with current recommendations for competing in the heat, particularly for hydration, cooling and recovery strategies. Whilst the proportion of cyclists engaging in heat acclimation/acclimatisation is encouraging, greater awareness on adapting and implementing heat training is required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 1","pages":"Pages 77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142145895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain endurance training improves soccer-specific technical skills and cognitive performance in fatigued professional soccer players","authors":"Walter Staiano ,&nbsp;Jesús Díaz-García ,&nbsp;Tomás García-Calvo ,&nbsp;Christopher Ring","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Brain Endurance Training (BET) — the addition of mentally fatiguing cognitive tasks to standard physical training — could improve performance in soccer. We tested whether BET, with cognitive tasks intermixed with physical training activities, improved players' cognitive and soccer-specific technical performance compared to physical training alone when fresh and fatigued.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>The study employed a pre/training/midtest/training/posttest design.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>31 professional male soccer players were randomly assigned to BET or control groups and completed 18 physical training sessions over 6 weeks. In between the physical training activities, the BET group completed demanding cognitive tasks, whereas the control group rested. Players completed the Loughborough soccer passing (LSPT) and shooting test (LSST) before and after completing a 30-min Stroop task. A brief psychomotor vigilance test (PVT-B), a visual analog rating of mental fatigue (MF-VAS), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during testing and training.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During testing, the 30-min Stroop task elicited a state of MF, confirmed by higher subjective ratings (<em>P</em> &lt; .01). Compared to pre-testing, at mid- and post-testing, the BET group improved passing (all <em>P</em> &lt; .01), shooting (all <em>P</em> &lt; .01), and PVT-B performance (all <em>P</em> &lt; .01) when tested after (fatigued) but not before (fresh) the Stroop task, whereas the control group did not change performance either way. During training the BET group reported higher MF (<em>P</em> &lt; .01) and exhibited slower PVT-B responses (<em>P</em> &lt; .01) compared to control.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Intermixed BET was more effective than physical training alone at improving cognitive and soccer-specific technical performance of professional soccer players when fatigued.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 1","pages":"Pages 69-76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does high-intensity running to fatigue influence lower limb injury risk?","authors":"Hannah Rice ,&nbsp;Chelsea Starbuck ,&nbsp;Jasmin Willer ,&nbsp;Sam Allen ,&nbsp;Christopher Bramah ,&nbsp;Richard Jones ,&nbsp;Lee Herrington ,&nbsp;Jonathan Folland","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to quantify changes in peak bending moments at the distal tibia, peak patellofemoral joint contact forces and peak Achilles tendon forces during a high-intensity run to fatigue at middle-distance speed.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Observational study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>16 high-level runners (7 female) ran on a treadmill at the final speed achieved during a preceding maximum oxygen uptake test until failure (~<!--> <!-->3 min). Three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics were used to derive and compare tibial bending moments, patellofemoral joint contact forces and Achilles tendon forces at the start, 33 %, 67 % and the end of the run.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Average running speed was 5.7 (0.4) m·s⁻¹. There was a decrease in peak tibial bending moments (−<!--> <!-->6.8 %, p = 0.004) from the start to the end of the run, driven by a decrease in peak bending moments due to muscular forces (−<!--> <!-->6.5 %, p = 0.001), whilst there was no difference in peak bending moments due to joint reaction forces. There was an increase in peak patellofemoral joint forces (+<!--> <!-->8.9 %, p = 0.026) from the start to the end of the run, but a decrease in peak Achilles tendon forces (−<!--> <!-->9.1 %, p &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Running at a fixed, high-intensity speed to failure led to reduced tibial bending moments and Achilles tendon forces, and increased patellofemoral joint forces. Thus, the altered neuromechanics of high-intensity running to fatigue may increase patellofemoral joint injury risk, but may not be a mechanism for tibial or Achilles tendon overuse injury development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"28 1","pages":"Pages 33-38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142145894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-assessed thigh fat thickness is valid for estimating body fat percentage in Division I collegiate female athletes.","authors":"Jessica E Tolzman, Katherine A Collins, Corey D Grozier, Megan Keen, Ryan Fajardo, Christopher Kuenze, Matthew S Harkey","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Monitoring body composition can help to optimize performance in female athletes. This study aimed to create a conversion equation between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-measured body fat percentage and ultrasound-measured subcutaneous thigh fat thickness in Division I female athletes as a more accessible, cost-effective alternative.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 82 Division I female athletes. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body fat percentage. Bilateral panoramic thigh ultrasound scans at 50 % of the femur length were used to calculate subcutaneous fat thickness overlying the rectus femoris muscle. The dataset was divided into a training (70 %, n = 57) and holdout (30 %, n = 25) sample to develop and validate the conversion equation, respectively. Using the training sample, a stepwise, linear regression was used to predict dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body fat percentage from ultrasound fat thickness, mass, and height. Beta coefficients from this model were used to create a conversion equation. After applying the conversion equation to the holdout sample, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC_2,k) and Bland-Altman plots were used to establish the agreement between the ultrasound-estimated and DXA-derived percent body fat.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within the training sample, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was significantly associated with ultrasound fat thickness, height, and mass (F = 31.9; p < 0.001; R² = 0.64). Within the holdout sample, when using the conversion equation to estimate body fat percentage, we found a strong agreement between estimated and DXA-derived percent body fat (ICC_2,k = 0.93; 95 % CI: 0.83-0.97).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultrasound-assessed subcutaneous thigh fat thickness predicts dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-assessed body fat percentage in Division I female athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative percentile values for the TGMD-3 for Italian children aged 3-11+years.","authors":"Grace W M Walters, Simon Cooper, Fabio Carlevaro, Francesca Magno, Ruth Boat, Roberto Vagnetti, Cristiana D'Anna, Giovanni Musella, Daniele Magistro","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Sufficient gross motor skill proficiency is an essential prerequisite for the successful performance of sport-specific skills and physical activities. The Test of Gross Motor Development is the most common tool for assessing motor skills in paediatric populations, however, there is a lack of 'normative' data available against which children's scores can be compared. Normative data would enable the comparison of an individual's motor development to age-standardised norms. The aim of this study was to develop normative data for the Test of Gross Motor Development Third Edition scores for Italian children.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Test of Gross Motor Development Third Edition scores from >17,000 Italian children (aged 3-11+years) were analysed to develop normative scores and percentiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Total Test of Gross Motor Development Third Edition scores and locomotor and ball skills subscale scores were split by age and sex. Using the LMS method, based on the Box-Cox transformation, percentiles were calculated for each sex-specific age category.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>17,026 children were included in the analysis (n=8262 girls; n=8766 boys).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the largest sample ever used to develop normative data for the Test of Gross Motor Development and the first set of normative data for European children. This normative data can be used to identity insufficient motor skill development and aid subsequent modification of activities to nurture sufficient motor skill proficiency. This is particularly important for children in the lower percentiles given the strong associations between early childhood fundamental motor skill competence and physical activity participation in adolescence and adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusive basketball training for players with intellectual disability.","authors":"Maria Chiara Gallotta, Emanuele Franciosi, Martina Giorgi, Lorenzo Cossu, Davide Curzi, Eva Cerbara, Giorgio Pes, Fioretta Silvestri, Carlo Baldari","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate sport-specific basketball skills before and after 8 months of integrated and non-integrated basketball practice of participants with intellectual disability; in relation to the competitive basketball level and the degree of intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Pre-test/training/post-test design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-one adult male players with intellectual disability were randomly divided into 21 athletes playing in the Integrated Basketball group together with 10 athletes without intellectual disability, and 20 athletes playing in the Non-integrated Basketball group. All players were assessed through pre and post basketball skill tests for assessing four levels of ability of increasing difficulty (levels I, II, III, and IV), each one characterized by the fundamental skills of the basketball game: ball handling, passing, receiving, and shooting. The athlete's global score based on the total score of all levels of ability was calculated for each player.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Passing, receiving, shooting, ball handling, global, level I, and level II scores improved after the intervention independently by integrated basketball or non-integrated basketball. Post-pre (∆) scores in ball handling, receiving, passing, shooting, global, level I, and level II showed that the athletes in the Integrated Basketball group improved significantly more than athletes in the Non-integrated Basketball group. Ball handling, receiving, passing, shooting, global, level I, level II, and level III scores were negatively correlated with intellectual disability level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Athletes with intellectual disability who performed both integrated basketball and non-integrated basketball improved significantly their basketball skills after an 8-month training. However, the athletes training in the Integrated Basketball group obtained the best scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of training distribution, duration, and volume on VO_2max and performance in trained cyclists: A systematic review, multilevel meta-analysis, and multivariate meta-regression.","authors":"Ben Cove, Samuel Chalmers, Maximillian J Nelson, Mitchell Anderson, Hunter Bennett","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to systematically investigate whether polarized or non-polarized training leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations in cyclists.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, focusing on interventions categorized as polarized, non-polarized, or unclear. Inclusion criteria required participants to be at least recreationally trained cyclists (VO_2max ≥ 59 ml/kg/min) and interventions lasting > 4 weeks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multi-level random-effects meta-analysis using restricted maximum likelihood estimation was performed. A multivariate meta-regression assessed associations between training volume, VO_2max, and time-trial performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-one studies, comprising 81 training groups and 797 participants, were included. Training significantly improved VO_2max across all groups (g = 0.42, 95 % confidence interval = 0.31-0.53, P ≤ 0.001) and time-trial performance (g = 0.39, 95 % confidence interval = 0.25-0.53, P ≤ 0.001), with no significant differences between training modalities (P > 0.05). Longer intervention durations positively influenced VO_2max (g = 0.03, 95 % confidence interval = 0.02-0.05, P < 0.001) and time-trial performance (g = 0.04, 95 % confidence interval = 0.03-0.06, P < 0.001). No associations were found between weekly or total training volume and changes in VO_2max or time-trial performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Polarized and non-polarized training modalities yield comparable improvements in VO_2max and time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Beyond achieving a necessary training volume, further increases do not appear to enhance performance. These findings encourage athletes and coaches to prioritize effective training distribution rather than fixating on total volume or a specific model.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anaerobic speed reserve and acute responses to a short-format high-intensity interval session in runners.","authors":"Maximiliane Thron, Ludwig Ruf, Martin Buchheit, Sascha Härtel, Alexander Woll, Stefan Altmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to assess relationships of acute responses to short-format high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) of adolescent runners.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Pre-post intervention design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen highly-trained youth runners (15.83 ± 0.86 years) underwent maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) assessments to determine ASR (MSS minus MAS) and a standardized HIIT protocol (2 × (20 × 15 s/15 s @110 % MAS)) was administered. Pre/post-HIIT assessments included biochemical (i.e., creatine kinase (CK)), neuromuscular (countermovement jump, CMJ; reactive strength index, RSI), cardiac (i.e., heart rate recovery (HRR)), and athlete-reported outcome measures (e.g., single item for fatigue). Pearson's r was calculated to assess relationships between acute responses and ASR, MSS, MAS, and relative intensity of the HIIT (%ASR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Athletes' ASR and %ASR were significantly associated with the pre/post difference of CK (r = -0.75; p < 0.001; r = 0.74; p < 0.001, respectively), CMJ height, and RSI (r ≥ 0.69; p ≤ 0.002; r ≤ -0.49; p ≤ 0.04, respectively). However, HRR did not correlate significantly with ASR or %ASR (r ≤ 0.37, p ≥ 0.131, r ≥ -0.31; p ≥ 0.22, respectively). The pre/post difference of RSI correlated with MAS (r = -0.54; p = 0.02), and the pre/post difference of CK (r = -0.50; p = 0.034) and of CMJ height (r = 0.76; p < 0.001) with MSS. Regarding athlete-reported measures, ASR and %ASR showed significant associations with most fatigue and recovery variables (r ≥ 0.57; p ≤ 0.014, r ≥ 0.57; p ≤ 0.013, respectively). The pre/post difference of the single item for fatigue showed a positive relationship with MSS (r = 0.49; p = 0.037).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acute biochemical, neuromuscular, and athlete-reported responses to short-format HIIT showed strong relationships with ASR and MSS, indicating higher internal load in athletes with a lower ASR and MSS by using a higher %ASR, compared to athletes with a higher ASR and MSS. These findings can help to tailor training programs to individual needs and avoid possible overload.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}