Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities最新文献

{"title":"Unspoken Consequences of Structural Racism in the USA: Diabetes and COVID-19.","authors":"Nicole Taikeff, Angela Achkar, Elie Naous, Joanna Mitri","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01722-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01722-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) are disproportionately impacted by the diabetes epidemic. This health inequity, aggravated by environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors, has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The increased risk of severe complications due to COVID-19 in BIPOC communities speaks to the importance of understanding the impacts of social and structural factors on health. This report aims to outline the connection between diabetes and vulnerability to COVID-19 through the lens of racism.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Review of original report and subsequent modeling and interpretations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed and analyzed original data in relation to health inequity, diabetes, COVID-19, and BIPOC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This holistic approach framed the disproportionate prevalence of diabetes and vulnerability to COVID-19 not just as a health disparity, but as a health inequity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Defining the relationship between diabetes, vulnerability to COVID-19, and systems of advantage, such as racism, can further support the design of health interventions and policies that reduce the disproportionate impact of these diseases on the health of BIPOC communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9882086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mexicans vs Central Americans: Violented Migrants Crossing Mexico.","authors":"Miguel Á Fernández-Ortega, René Cerritos-Flores, Omar Rodríguez-Mendoza, Rocío Dávila-Mendoza, Brandon Salas-Sánchez, Daniel A Muñiz-Salinas, Yuriana Martinez-Orea","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01767-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01767-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The World Health Organization considers that migrants who pass through the Mexico-US walkway suffer high levels of violence, compared to other regions of the world, mainly women. This study aims to identify the factors associated with the types of violence suffered by migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional, exploratory, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. A questionnaire of 46 variables was applied, divided into four sections: sociodemographic background, leaving the home, transit, and stay at the border. Questions about different types of direct violence were included. The survey was applied to 612 Mexican and Central American migrants who were in the Chaparral customs office and in five shelters in Tijuana City, on the U.S.-Mexico border. The results were analyzed using descriptive techniques and multivariate analysis of main and inferential components, using the statistical program R.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The higher vulnerability of Central American migrants compared to Mexicans was documented, specially of women that proportionally were the most negatively affected victims including all types of violence, making it evident that one of each four was violented sexually and among them, only 50% asked for medical assistance. The multivariate analysis determined that the duration of the trip, and the type of transport can generate greater violence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results highlight the greater vulnerability of Central American migrants in their transit through Mexico, mainly women and, likewise, the lack of effective public policies that guarantee the protection of the health, safety, and human rights of migrants.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10116282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Medication Use by Gender and Race in Hospitalized Persons Living with Dementia.","authors":"Barbara Resnick, Marie Boltz, Elizabeth Galik, Ashley Kuzmik, Rachel McPherson, Brittany Drazich, Nayeon Kim, Shijun Zhu, Chris L Wells","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01745-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01745-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to describe differences in treatment of White versus Black older adults, males versus females, and those living at home, assisted living, or nursing home communities with regard to the use of psychotropic, pain, and cardiovascular medications. Baseline data from the first 352 participants in the study, implementation of Function-Focused Care for Acute Care Using the Evidence Integration Triangle, were used. Data included age, gender, race, comorbidities, admission diagnosis, and living location prior to hospitalization, the Saint Louis University Mental Status exam, the modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale, the Confusion Assessment Method, and medications prescribed. Generalized linear mixed model analyses were done, controlling for race or gender (depending on which comparison analysis was being done), age, cognitive status, hospital, delirium, and comorbidities. Medication use was significantly higher for White older adults, compared to Black older adults, for antidepressants, anxiolytics, non-opioid pain medications, and opioids and lower for antihypertensives. Females received more anxiolytics than their male counterparts. There were differences in medication use by living location with regard to non-opioid pain medication, antipsychotics, statins, and anticoagulants. The findings provide some current information about differences in medication use across groups of individuals and can help guide future research and hypothesis testing for approaches to minimizing these differences in treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10864680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10199961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparities in US Lung Cancer Clinical Trial Enrollment.","authors":"Seyda Kilic, Jenny Zhao, Hayrettin Okut, Chinmay T Jani, Amr Radwan, Harshitha Dudipala, Laura Burns, Umit Tapan","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01776-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01776-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disparities within clinical trial enrollment are well-documented, reducing the generalizability of results. Although nearly 30 years have passed since Congress passed the NIH Revitalization Act to encourage the participation of minoritized populations in clinical trials, these patients continue to be underrepresented. This study aimed to investigate lung cancer clinical trial enrollment disparities for race/ethnicity, sex, and age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We queried the National Institutes of Health: US National Library of Medicine database of clinical trials for all US-based lung cancer clinical trials completed between 2004 and 2021 and collected data on race and ethnicity, gender, and age breakdown. This data was compared to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database data. Independent sample t-tests and Kruskal-Wallis's approach were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 311 eligible trials with exclusive US enrollment, 136 (44%) reported race and ethnicity breakdown for the patient cohort representing 9869 patients. Hispanic, Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic Black, and Non-Hispanic Unreported participants were underrepresented (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.014, p = 0.002, respectively). Non-Hispanic White participants were overrepresented (p = 0.018). Disparities worsened from 2017 to 2021 for Hispanic patients (p = 0.03). No significant differences were found for sex or age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Disparities for clinical lung cancer trial enrollment have not shown statistically significant improvement since 2004, and representation remains unequal, especially for racial and ethnic minorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10477471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Health Treatment-Seeking Appraisal, Afrocentric Cultural Norms, and Mental Health Functioning: Buffering Factors of Young Black Men's Externalizing Behavior.","authors":"Husain Lateef, Leslie Adams, Donte Bernard, Francine Jellesma, Melody Rachel Konadu Frempong, Baffour Boaten Boahen-Boaten, Benjamin C B Leach, Ellie Borgstrom, Portia B Nartey","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01771-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01771-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression rates are disproportionately high among Black American Men. This disparity--compounded by low mental healthcare seeking rates and high incorrect diagnosis rates in men--could be related to masculine norms, including self-reliance, restrictive emotionality, and stoicism. Furthermore, men are more likely to engage in externalized behavior, such as aggression, to cope with mental health challenges; this pattern is influenced by cultural and environmental factors. Contrary to these detrimental factors, social relationships, belief in social networks, and collectivism have been associated with positive mental health in these populations. Similarly, an Afrocentric worldview (including concepts like Ubuntu and African self-consciousness) has been hypothesized to promote positive mental health outcomes among Black American men. However, little research exists on harnessing these factors as a means of increasing health-seeking behaviors in young Black males.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To elucidate the effect of region, depression, African humanism, collectivism, and help-seeking values and needs concerning aggression in young Black males.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study included Black or African American participants (n = 428) identifying as male, aged 18-25 years, who responded to a Qualtrics survey with questions on region, aggression, depression, African humanism, collectivism, and help-seeking value and need.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hierarchical linear regression revealed that collectivism, humanness, value, and the need for seeking treatment were inversely associated with aggression (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Highlighting the effect of cultural norms and help-seeking behaviors and the aggravating effect of depression on aggression in young Black males can help to develop aggression-mitigating interventions rooted in Afrocentric Norms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10499845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race/Ethnicity as a Moderator of the Association Between Weight-Related Abuse and Disordered Eating.","authors":"Tatyana Bidopia, Yvette G Karvay, Jill M Stadterman Guarecuco, Johanna M Jarcho, Natasha L Burke","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01775-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01775-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Extant research supports a positive relationship between weight-related abuse (WRA) and disordered eating constructs. Individuals who face marginalization and who are more likely to live in larger bodies, such as Black and Hispanic individuals in the United States (U.S.), may be at a heightened risk of WRA. This study is aimed at understanding whether the relationship between WRA and disordered eating constructs varies by race/ethnicity. We hypothesized that individuals from marginalized backgrounds would have differential levels of dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and shape/weight overvaluation with increased experiences of WRA compared to non-Hispanic White individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two thousand one hundred sixteen undergraduates were recruited from two U.S. universities for a survey-based study assessing psychosocial functioning. Participants completed a demographics questionnaire assessing race/ethnicity, the Weight-Related Abuse Questionnaire assessing WRA experiences, and the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire assessing disordered eating constructs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed positive relationships between verbal (vWRA) and physical (pWRA) WRA and disordered eating behaviors and cognitions. Moreover, at higher levels of vWRA, Asian and multiracial individuals showed greater dietary restraint compared to White individuals. No other tested models were moderated by race/ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>WRA is positively associated with disordered eating behaviors and cognitions across racial/ethnic identities, and vWRA may be differentially related to increased dietary restraint in Asian and multiracial individuals compared to White individuals. Further research utilizing intersectional analyses (e.g., examining how this relationship varies according to the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, and weight status) would help clarify this relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10508821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Black and African American Grief Following Inclusion of Prolonged Grief Disorder in the DSM-5-TR.","authors":"Jasmine R Jamison-Petr, Joah L Williams","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01727-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01727-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black and African Americans experience bereavement more frequently and earlier in life than White Americans and thus may be more impacted by prolonged grief disorder (PGD). With the revision of the DSM-5 and the inclusion of PGD as a recognized psychiatric syndrome, researchers have an opportunity to further the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of PGD in Black grievers residing in the United States. Relatively little research has been devoted to the specific risks and resiliencies impacting bereavement-related mental health outcomes among these individuals. Participants in our study were invited to participate in a Qualtrics-based survey disseminated through Centiment. A total of 259 participants were included in the final sample. Overall findings suggest demographic factors such as educational attainment and gender were not significantly associated with PGD. Factors such as younger age, prior trauma exposure, and violent circumstances of the death were associated with PGD, though only PTSD and anxiety symptoms were associated with PGD after adjusting for co-occurring mental health symptoms. These findings point to identifiable risk factors and resilience factors that may contribute to grief trajectories among Black grievers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10269491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income-Related Inequities in Primary and Specialist Care Among First Nations Peoples Living Off-Reserve in Canada.","authors":"Mohammad Hajizadeh, Benjamin L Keefe, Yukiko Asada, Amy Bombay, Debbie Martin","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01739-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01739-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Improving equity in healthcare is a primary goal of health policy in Canada. Although the investigation of equity in healthcare utilization is common in the general population, little research has been conducted to assess equity in healthcare utilization within First Nations peoples living in Canada.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine income-related inequities in primary care (family doctor/general practitioner and nurse practitioner care) and specialist care within status and non-status First Nations adults living off-reserve.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), a nationally representative survey of Indigenous peoples living off-reserve in Canada, we analyzed income-related inequities in healthcare among Indigenous adults (>18 years) who self-identified as a member of any First Nations group in Canada. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the utilization of primary and specialist care. The Horizontal Inequity index (HI), which measures unequal healthcare use by income for equal need, was used to quantify and decompose income-related inequities for primary and specialist care for status and non-status, and total First Nations groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The regression results revealed higher primary and specialist care use among females, high socioeconomic status (high income and more educated) and status First Nations peoples in Canada. The positive values of the HI suggested a higher concentration of primary care and specialist care utilization among higher income First Nations peoples after adjusting for healthcare need. These pro-rich inequities persisted for the total First Nations populations, and for those in each status group individually. The decomposition results suggested observed inequities in both primary and specialist care among First Nations peoples can be predominantly attributed to the unequal distribution of education and income.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although primary and specialist services in Canada are free at the point of the provision, we found pro-rich inequities in healthcare use among First Nations adults living off-reserve in Canada. These results warrant policies and initiatives to address barriers to healthcare use within and outside health system among low-income First Nations peoples living off-reserve.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10339170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender, Age and COVID-19 Vaccination Status in African American Adult Faith-Based Congregants in the Southeastern United States.","authors":"Capri G Foy, Shawnta L Lloyd, Kelvin L Williams, TanYa M Gwathmey, Allison Caban-Holt, Takiyah D Starks, Doreen R Fortune, LaDrea R Ingram, Goldie S Byrd","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01744-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01744-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed significant differences in COVID-19 vaccination rates, with African Americans reporting lower rates compared to other racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of these analyses was to assess whether COVID-19 vaccination status differed according to age in a sample of 1,240 African American adult congregants of faith-based organizations ages 18 years or older, and to examine whether this association was moderated by gender.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We developed and administered a 75-item cross-sectional survey, the Triad Pastor's Network COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccination survey, to assess experiences and perceptions regarding the COVID-19 virus and vaccines. We assessed the association between age and having received > 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine using unadjusted and multivariable binary logistic regression models, and the interaction of age and gender with COVID-19 vaccination status in a multivariable model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 86% of participants reported having received ≥ 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. The mean age (standard deviation) of the sample was 51.33 (16.62) years, and 70.9% of the sample was comprised of women. The age by gender interaction term in the multivariable model was significant (p = 0.005), prompting additional analyses stratified by gender. In women, increased age was significantly associated with higher odds of COVID-19 vaccination (odds ratio = 1.09; 95% Confidence Interval 1.06, 1.11; p < 0.001). In men, the association was not significant (p = 0.44).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Older age was positively associated with COVID-19 vaccination in African American women, but not African American men, which may inform strategies to increase vaccination rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10372874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Discrimination, Racism, and Type 2 Diabetes Healthcare Outcomes for Black Americans.","authors":"Sandra B Anim, Roxanne Spurlark, Ruth-Alma Turkson-Ocran, Nicole Bohr, Cheryl Soco, Shannon D Simonovich","doi":"10.1007/s40615-023-01751-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40615-023-01751-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disparities in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk, care, and complications impact Black Americans more than that of their White counterparts. This study aims to examine the association between discrimination, racism, and T2DM care and outcomes in Black Americans.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of six original research articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising three quantitative and three qualitative studies. Overall, the systematic review findings revealed that among Black Americans, perceived interpersonal discrimination and racism by healthcare professionals are associated with patients' behaviors that impact T2DM outcomes. The findings also revealed that provider-level factors such as communication, provider assumptions and attitudes, information sharing, shared decision-making, and disease management behaviors might influence T2DM outcomes in this population.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Better T2DM-related outcomes depend on optimal disease control through adequate disease management. Building a therapeutic and culturally appropriate relationship free of discrimination and racism is vital for optimal disease management and decreasing health disparities in this patient population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perceived interpersonal racism and discrimination by healthcare providers, among other sociocultural factors, play a crucial role in influencing some patient behaviors that affect T2DM health outcomes in this population. Efforts to decrease health disparities in this specific community should also focus on interventions addressing provider-level factors and behaviors perceived as racist or discriminatory.</p>","PeriodicalId":16921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10372872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}