Journal of psychiatric research最新文献

{"title":"Feeling at home in a virtually amputated body; neural and phenomenological effects of illusory embodiment in body integrity dysphoria","authors":"Gianluca Saetta ,&nbsp;Yannik Peter ,&nbsp;Kathy Ruddy ,&nbsp;Jasmine T. Ho ,&nbsp;Roger Luechinger ,&nbsp;Emily Cross ,&nbsp;Lars Michels ,&nbsp;Bigna Lenggenhager","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID) a profound incongruity between the physical body and the desired, i.e., amputated body, often leads to a desire for limb amputation. Virtual reality (VR) and multisensory stimulation paradigms provide powerful tools to create the experience of being embodied in an amputated body.</div><div>Here we investigate the impact of such an experience on neural and subjective responses in 18 individuals with BID and 18 controls. We used both task-based and resting-state MRI before and after participants played an immersive virtual game in an amputated body corresponding to their desired bodily shape and mimicking their movements. The task-based fMRI assessed neural activity when viewing images of the body in the desired versus the undesired state.</div><div>Individuals with BID reported higher sense of ownership and control over the virtual body. Task-based fMRI showed increased pre-VR activity in the right superior parietal lobule (rSPL), right angular gyrus, and right supplementary motor area in the BID group, normalizing after VR exposure. Resting-state fMRI showed reduced connectivity in the rSPL, visuo-occipital areas, fronto-parietal, and fronto-striatal mirror and limb system networks, also normalizing post-VR. Additionally, there was a normalization in the pattern of increased connectivity of cortico-striatal tracts connecting the rSPL and the pars orbitalis of the right inferior frontal gyrus with the nucleus accumbens.</div><div>Our findings suggest that virtual embodiment effectively modulates BID-related neural networks, offering a safe, cost-effective intervention for BID and highlights VR's potential in exploring the complex interaction between body and self, with potential implications for similar psychiatric conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 395-404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian rhythm modulation in heart rate variability as potential biomarkers for major depressive disorder: A machine learning approach","authors":"Ye Xia ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziwei Wang ,&nbsp;Yanhui Song ,&nbsp;Ke Shi ,&nbsp;Jingjing Fan ,&nbsp;Yuan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV), but its link to circadian rhythm modulation (CRM) of HRV is unclear. Given that depression disrupts circadian rhythms, assessing HRV fluctuations may better capture the CRM and the related autonomic nervous system (ANS) alterations, potentially enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD. This study aimed to explore the relationship between CRM of HRV and MDD, and to identify potential biomarkers for MDD using machine learning (ML). A total of 165 MDD patients and 60 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the study, with each participant completing 24-h Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and psychological scale assessments prior to receiving antidepressant treatment. The circadian rhythm of HRV was quantified using a cosine regression model, and seven typical ML models were employed to distinguish MDD from HCs. MDD patients exhibited a significant decrease in average diurnal HRV indices, particularly during night-time, along with reductions in the parameter M of HRV circadian rhythms compared to HCs. Depression severity was negatively associated with the parameters M of RMSSD, PNN50, HF, while positively associated with the parameter M of LF/HF ratio. Furthermore, the gradient boosting machine (GBM) model demonstrated the best performance in classifying MDD (accuracy 0.823, AUC 0.868), and a final GBM model was developed with 12 selected features. This study provides new insights into the relationship between circadian rhythm abnormalities and MDD, highlighting the potential of using CRM of HRV as novel biomarkers for MDD pathophysiology and clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 340-349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does having COVID-19 infection history lead to a different clinical presentation and treatment response in patients with major depression?","authors":"Zehra Gokkaya Kilic ,&nbsp;Mustafa Ugurlu ,&nbsp;Esra Kabadayi Sahin ,&nbsp;Gulsum Zuhal Kamis ,&nbsp;Gorkem Karakas Ugurlu ,&nbsp;Ali Caykoylu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate whether a history of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects depression severity, symptoms, and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study included 76 patients with a history of COVID-19 and 98 patients without, all diagnosed with first-episode MDD. After one month, 32 patients with and 36 without a history of COVID-19 were re-evaluated. Beck Depression Inventory, Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale, Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences, WHO Quality of Life Scale Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Seasonal Affective Disorder Version (SIGH-SAD) were administered to the patients at the initial presentation. The self-report scales were re-administered at the follow-up visit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients with a history of COVID-19 infection had significantly higher SIGH-SAD scores for increased appetite, weight gain, somatic anxiety, and paranoid symptoms. After treatment, improvement in the physical subscale of quality of life was significantly better in these patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While depression severity was similar in both groups, atypical symptoms were more prominent in patients with a history of COVID-19 infection. These patients also showed greater improvements in mixed symptoms and quality of life after treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 224-231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of postmenopause on bipolar depression: Insights from a prospective study","authors":"Francesco Attanasio ,&nbsp;Valentina Fazio ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Fregna ,&nbsp;Cristina Colombo","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Existing research on menopause and Bipolar Disorder indicates a general exacerbation in depressive symptoms but lacks clear distinctions between menopausal stages, despite their specific hormonal and symptomatic profiles. This study assesses how postmenopause versus the reproductive phase impacts the progression and antidepressant responsiveness of bipolar depression in women with Bipolar I Disorder.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective cohort study included 364 women with moderate to severe depressive episodes. Participants were classified into postmenopausal and reproductive groups based on the <em>Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10</em> criteria. Over four weeks, all participants received a personalized treatment, with depressive symptoms assessed weekly.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Similar depression severity was observed between groups at the outset of the study. However, women in postmenopause experienced worse treatment responses and lower remission rates, despite the application of more complex treatment strategies. Notably, the impact of postmenopause on treatment outcomes, despite a small effect size, proved independent of age and comorbidities.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This exploratory research is the first to specifically assess the impact of postmenopause on bipolar depression, revealing its independent and negative influence on treatment outcomes. The small outcomes differences observed between groups, achieved through the use of more complex treatment strategies, suggest that developing tailored therapeutic protocols could significantly improve the clinical management of these patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 371-377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social support predicts longitudinal reductions in suicidal ideation among patients on a waitlist for psychiatric treatment","authors":"Saulnier K. G ,&nbsp;Cleary J ,&nbsp;Mills E. D ,&nbsp;Pfeiffer P. N ,&nbsp;Wright A. G. C ,&nbsp;Sen S ,&nbsp;Bohnert A. S. B","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social support is a protective factor for suicide and suicidal ideation (SI). However, inconsistencies exist regarding which aspects of social support are most protective for SI, potentially due to overlap amongst social support subscales. This study used bifactor modeling to test the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between social support and SI, as bifactor modeling allows for the examination of subscale-specific relations after accounting for shared variance across all social support items (i.e., a general social support factor). Participants were 2445 adults on a waitlist for outpatient psychiatric treatment (<em>M</em> age = 37.74; <em>SD</em> = 14.75; 72.11% female) enrolled in a clinical trial assessing mobile app interventions. Participants completed a baseline measure of social support to assess appraisal support, belonging support, and tangible support, and an SI measure at baseline and 6-week follow-up. Confirmatory factor analysis compared correlated-factor and bifactor models of social support and examined associations with SI. A bifactor model of social support fit the data best. The general Social Support factor was negatively associated with SI at baseline and at 6-week follow-up. The specific social support factors explained minimal variation in SI after controlling for the general social support factor. Findings suggest that general social support, rather than lower-order dimensions, may be most relevant to assess when evaluating predictors of SI. Findings are consistent with theoretical accounts that suggest social support protects against escalating SI. Interventions targeting social support hold promise for ameliorating SI among individuals on waitlists for psychiatric treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 147-154"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential role for kynurenine pathway in increased COVID-19 mortality of patients with schizophrenia","authors":"Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhen-Ying Li ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Kun-Ze Liu ,&nbsp;Ya-Ru Wang ,&nbsp;Qing-Yun Guo ,&nbsp;Shi-Lei Wen ,&nbsp;Pan-Li Ni ,&nbsp;Quan-Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Tan Wang ,&nbsp;Chun-Mei Gong ,&nbsp;Wei Wan ,&nbsp;Xi-Nan Yi ,&nbsp;Zhi-Jian Ma ,&nbsp;Yun-Qing Li ,&nbsp;Li-Fang Lu ,&nbsp;Ren-Jun Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a common psychiatric disorder that has complex pathological mechanisms. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, patients with SCZ had substantially higher rates of infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as higher COVID-19 mortality relative to patients without mental disorders. Previous studies suggested that COVID-19 and SCZ both involve the kynurenine metabolic pathway. This article reviews the characteristics of kynurenine metabolism in COVID-19 and SCZ, and considers the possibility that disordered kynurenine metabolism may be one cause of increased infection and COVID-19 mortality rates in the patients with SCZ. Several possible molecular mechanisms that could be involved in disease pathology are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 289-295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are olfactory bulb volume decreases and olfactory sulcus deepening associated with atypical sensory behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorders?","authors":"Mustafa Esad Tezcan ,&nbsp;Abdullah Enes Ataş ,&nbsp;Alper Göncüoğlu ,&nbsp;Fatih Ekici ,&nbsp;Betül Kozanhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The aim of this study was to investigate the olfactory bulb (OB), fusiform gyrus (FG) and amygdala volumes and superior temporal sulcus (STS) and olfactory sulcus depths (OSD) using magnetic resonance imaging in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in comparison with those in typically developing (TD) controls and their effects on autism symptom severity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 79 children with ASDs and 100 TD controls aged 4–10 years. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC) were used to measure ASD severity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ASD group had significantly lower OB, FG and amygdala (right, left and total) volumes and significantly higher right OSD than the TD group. However, no significant difference in STS depth was found between the groups. Left and total OB volumes and right, left and total OSD were positively correlated with AuBC use of body and objects use scores, while left and total OSD were negatively correlated with AuBC language skill scores. Right, left and total amygdala volumes were positively correlated with CARS scores and right FG volume was positively correlated with AuBC use of body and objects use scores. After controlling for potential confounders such as total brain volume, age and sex, the results of the analysis of covariance remained unchanged. FG volume was the strongest predictor of ASD in the multiple logistic regression model.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study suggests that OB, FG and amygdala volumes and right OSD may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of cortical development in children with ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 176-186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder with comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders","authors":"Masahiko Sakurai ,&nbsp;Kyosuke Yamanishi ,&nbsp;Masaki Hata ,&nbsp;Keiichiro Mukai ,&nbsp;Shun Ogino ,&nbsp;Yukihiko Hosoi ,&nbsp;Naomi Gamachi ,&nbsp;Noriyuki Takabayashi ,&nbsp;Yuko Watanabe ,&nbsp;Chiaki Yamanishi ,&nbsp;Hisato Matsunaga","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disease with a prevalence of 2%–3%. Despite the effectiveness of antidepressants, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, for treating OCD, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Recent research has implicated immunological mechanisms, particularly in OCD patients with comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactive disorder, and Tourette's disorder. To examine these mechanisms, we investigated immunological factors involved in OCD patients with any NDD comorbidity (OCD + NDD group), compared with those without comorbid NDD (OCD group).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Twenty-eight OCD patients treated at Hyogo Medical University Hospital were recruited for this study. Of them, 14 patients with NDD comorbidity (OCD + NDD) were compared with 14 patients without comorbid NDD (OCD). RNA was extracted from blood samples and analyzed using RNA sequencing and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Plasma levels of IL11 and IL17A were measured with ELISA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RNA sequencing identified 716 significantly differentially expressed genes, with 47 related to immune functions, in the OCD + NDD group compared with the OCD group. IL11 and IL17A were central, with IL11 linked to neutrophil production and IL17A to T cell migration and cytokine secretion. Pathway analysis indicated complex interactions among these genes.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This study highlights significant immunological changes in OCD patients with any NDD. Decreased anti-inflammatory IL11 and increased proinflammatory IL17A suggest a shift towards inflammation, which may contribute to neurodevelopmental issues.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Immunological dysregulation in OCD with comorbid NDD may offer potential therapeutic targets. Immune gene interactions should be further investigated in effort to improve treatment strategies for treatment-refractory OCD patients, especially those with neurodevelopmental comorbidities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 56-64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between Gulf War Illness and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Gulf War Era Veterans","authors":"Rachele K. Lipsky ,&nbsp;Drew A. Helmer ,&nbsp;Jean C. Beckham ,&nbsp;Patrick S. Calhoun ,&nbsp;Mary Jo Pugh ,&nbsp;Nathan A. Kimbrel","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rate of death by suicide is elevated among Veterans of all eras. Chronic symptoms of pain, depression, and sleep disturbances are also common among Veterans, and these symptoms are associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. About 25% of the 697,000 Gulf War Era Veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf theater in 1990–1991 remain afflicted with chronic, unexplained symptoms known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). This study used data from a national sample of Gulf War Veterans (N = 1142) who completed a survey of demographic, military, and health information. Multivariable logistic regression models, controlling for confounding variables, tested for associations between deployment, a tri-level categorical variable of GWI (no GWI; moderate GWI; and severe GWI) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Deployment was not associated with any suicide related outcome. Moderate and severe GWI remained significantly associated with past year suicidal ideation (moderate GWI: aOR 3.94; 95% CI: 1.55–10.03; severe GWI: aOR 3.66; 95% CI: 1.31–10.20), but they were not associated with suicide attempts. Our findings suggest that the burden and negative impact of the chronic symptoms of GWI may play a role in the occurrence of suicidal ideation in Gulf War Veterans (GWV). Clinicians caring for GWVs should attend to both chronic symptoms, and the elevated risk of suicidal thoughts in this cohort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 302-307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychiatric and racial/ethnic differences in incident and long-term benzodiazepine use: A commercial healthcare claims study","authors":"Marianne G. Chirica ,&nbsp;Sydney M. Adams ,&nbsp;Patrick D. Quinn ,&nbsp;Richard Meraz ,&nbsp;Martin Rickert ,&nbsp;Anna Sidorchuk ,&nbsp;Kurt Kroenke ,&nbsp;Brian M. D'Onofrio","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study evaluated psychiatric diagnoses and race/ethnicity as predictors of both incident and long-term benzodiazepine use.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We implemented two designs using commercial healthcare claims from Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database. We first conducted a case-control study and examined 1,904,608 individuals with a new benzodiazepine prescription (ages 13–64 from 2010 to 2019) and matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression to examine 21 potential indications and other psychiatric diagnoses and race/ethnicity as predictors of filling a benzodiazepine prescription. We then used Cox proportional hazards regression in a cohort study among those with a new benzodiazepine to examine the degree to which psychiatric diagnoses and race/ethnicity predicted transitioning to long-term treatment, defined as six months or more of continuous prescription fills.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All included psychiatric diagnoses were associated with incident benzodiazepine use, and most subsequently predicted long-term treatment. Among the most common and strongest predictors for incident use was having any anxiety disorder (Odds Ratio = 5.71; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 5.67–5.76). Two years after the initial prescription, 8.0% of BZD recipients had met criteria for long-term treatment at least once. Among the strongest predictors of long-term treatment was severe mental illness [e.g., schizophrenia; (Hazard Ratio = 2.36; 95% CI, 2.27–2.47)]. Individuals from all racial/ethnic minoritized groups were less likely to have both incident and long-term benzodiazepine use compared with White individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings highlight that transition to long-term treatment is occasionally occurring and notable among BZD recipients, particularly among those with severe mental illness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatric research","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}