T. Niiyama, Piao Zhe, K. Ishida, M. Murakata, M. Takamiya, T. Sakurai
{"title":"Increasing minimum operating voltage (VDDmin) with number of CMOS logic gates and experimental verification with up to 1Mega-stage ring oscillators","authors":"T. Niiyama, Piao Zhe, K. Ishida, M. Murakata, M. Takamiya, T. Sakurai","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393952","url":null,"abstract":"In order to explore the feasibility of the large scale subthreshold logic circuits and to clarify the lower limit of supply voltage (VDD) for logic circuits, the dependence of minimum operating voltage (VDDmin) of CMOS logic gates on the number of stages, gate types and gate width is systematically measured with 90-nm CMOS ring oscillators (RO's). The measured average VDDmin of inverter RO's increased from 90 mV to 343 mV when the number of RO stages increased from 11 to 1 Mega, which indicates the difficulty of the VDD scaling in the large scale subthreshold logic circuits. The dependence of VDDmin on the number of stages is calculated with the subthreshold current model with random threshold voltage (VTH) variations and compared with the measured results, which confirm the tendency of the measurement.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114291510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 1-V piecewise curvature-corrected CMOS bandgap reference","authors":"Li Jing-hu, Fu Yu-nan, Wang Yong-sheng","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393996","url":null,"abstract":"A 1-V piecewise curvature-corrected CMOS bandgap reference (BGR) is proposed. It features in utilizing piecewise corrected current to a conventional first-order current-mode BGR. The corrected current is zero, exponential with temperature and proportional to the squared temperature in the lower, middle and upper temperature range (TR). Simulated results indicate that proposed BGR achieves temperature coefficient (TC) of 1.18ppm/°C in the TR of -30-130°C, power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of -52dB and line regulation of 0.1mV/V in the supply range of 1-1.8V. The maximum power consumption is 29.5μW. It is designed in HJTC 0.18-μm n-well CMOS process.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129921289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SOC designs in the energy conscious era","authors":"Srikanth Jadcherla","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1394001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1394001","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Many of us are aware of the impact of mobile and consumer era SOCs on Low Power Design. What is less known is the impact of proliferation in volumes unimaginable ever before and how that impacts already scarce energy resources in various parts of the world. Today, the energy consumption of installed semiconductors is responsible for more CO2 emissions than the entire airlines industry. Ironically, this problematic trend is being noticed not by the semiconductor industry itself, but by governments worldwide. Further, technology migration does not help combat this problem, it only makes it worse - leading to unprecedented regulatory pressures on the semiconductor industry. In parallel to this trend, lies the fact that semiconductor proliferation in developing economies comes with challenges in power generation and distribution - a fact that is fundamentally being altered by the advent of solar power and Direct DC power supply. This trend is amply supplemented by Power over Ethernet and Media convergence over Ethernet. All in all, the SOC/system of the future will look dramatically different in its architecture. How will all if these market forces impact the SOC designs of the next generation? How hard will it be to design and verify these SOCs? We try to identify these trends and their impact in this talk.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130340098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing beneficial jitter using phase-shifted clock distribution","authors":"Dong Jiao, Jie Gu, P. Jain, C. Kim","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393932","url":null,"abstract":"Clock jitter is generally considered undesirable but recent publications have shown that it can actually improve the timing margin. This paper investigates the \"beneficial jitter\" effect and presents an accurate analytical model which is verified with HSPICE. Based on our model, a phase-shifted clock distribution technique is proposed to enhance the beneficial jitter effect. By having an optimal phase shift between the supply noise and the clock period, the timing margin can be improved by 2.5X to 15% of the clock period. The benefit of the proposed technique is equivalent to that of having a 5X larger decoupling capacitor.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130490517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eunjoo Choi, Changsik Shin, Taewhan Kim, Youngsoo Shin
{"title":"Power-gating-aware high-level synthesis","authors":"Eunjoo Choi, Changsik Shin, Taewhan Kim, Youngsoo Shin","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393936","url":null,"abstract":"A problem inherent in designing power-gated circuits is the overhead of the state-retention storage required to preserve the circuit state in standby mode. Reducing the amount of retention storage is known to be the most influential factor in minimizing the loss of the benefit (i.e. power saving) by power-gating. In this paper, we address a new problem of high-level synthesis with the objective of minimizing the size of retention storage to be used in the power-gated circuits. Specifically, we propose a complete design framework, called HLS-pg, that starts from the power-gating-aware scheduling, allocation, and controller synthesis down to the final circuit layout. The key contribution of the work is to solve the power-gating-aware scheduling problem, namely, scheduling operations that minimizes the number of retention registers required at the power-gating control step, while satisfying resource and latency constraints. In experiments on benchmark designs implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology, HLS-pg generates circuits with 27% less leakage current, with 6% less circuit area and wirelength, compared to the power-gated circuits produced by conventional high-level synthesis.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128700889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Next-generation power-aware design","authors":"T. Sakurai","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393927","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Reducing power is still the main interest in the recent integrated circuit designs. Some of the new low-power design approaches are covered in this talk. Three-dimensional stacking of chips is an effective way to reduce power by decreasing inter-chip communication energy. A low-power yet low-cost interconnection method among stacked chips is wireless communication by L-coupling and C-coupling. The recent advances in these proximity communication approaches are discussed. The other effective approach for achieving low power is to explore operations under ultra-low supply voltage. The effect of variation in the ultra-low operating supply voltage regime is discussed with measurement results. Other point of interest for power-aware systems is the source of energy. The limited access to the power source has been a limiter for the ubiquitous electronics to fly. Wireless transmission of power will offer new application scenes for ubiquitous electronics. The talk also covers an interesting yet exotic integrated circuit made of organic transistors and MEMS switches which acts as a wireless power transmission sheet and may provide a solution to last-meter problem of energy-net.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133763796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PowerAntz: distributed power sharing strategy for network on chip","authors":"Sumana Mandal, R. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393968","url":null,"abstract":"Advent of Network-on-Chip (NoC) based complex system designs made on-chip power management a challenging issue. Power management schemes have been proposed to tackle the problem. But they fail to provide optimal sharing when the power budget distribution varies significantly among on-chip components that are placed further apart on a chip. This paper presents PowerAntz, a distributed power management strategy for NoC based systems. This adaptive and distributed approach to power sharing across various components of a large chip is shown to be a scalable solution. Our experiments have demonstrated PowerAntz to be up to 30% more effective in distributing power budget compared to existing strategies. Further, it also achieves up to 21.25% improvement in power utilization while keeping overhead as low as zero in best case.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127062755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of low-power short-distance opto-electronic transceiver front-ends with scalable supply voltages and frequencies","authors":"Xuning Chen, Gu-Yeon Wei, L. Peh","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393994","url":null,"abstract":"The need for low-power I/Os is widely recognized, as I/Os take up a significant portion of total chip power. In recent years, researchers have pointed to the potential system-level power savings that can be realized if dynamic voltage scalable I/Os are available. However, substantial challenges remain in building such links. This paper presents the design and implementation details of opto-electronic transceiver front-end blocks where supply voltage can scale from 1.2 V to 0.6 V with almost linearly scalable bandwidth from 8 Gb/s to 4 Gb/s, and power consumption from 36 mW to 5 mW in a 130 nm CMOS process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first circuit demonstration of voltage-scalable optical links. It demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic voltage scalable optical I/Os.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133075552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Variability of flip-flop timing at sub-threshold voltages","authors":"N. Lotze, M. Ortmanns, Y. Manoli","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1393979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1393979","url":null,"abstract":"The design of sub-threshold circuits is especially challenging due to the massive impact of process variations. These variabilities also heavily affect circuit timing, a problem only considered concerning combinational gates so far. In this paper the effects of process variations on flip-flop timing at sub-threshold voltages are analyzed based on extensive monte-carlo simulations. The results show that the usual timing-optimal definition of timing parameters needs to be replaced by a reliability-driven approach. The model is validated for sub- and near-threshold supply voltages and an approach for energy-optimal sizing is presented.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131695132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Soundararajan, N. Vijaykrishnan, A. Sivasubramaniam
{"title":"Impact of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling on the architectural vulnerability of GALS architectures","authors":"N. Soundararajan, N. Vijaykrishnan, A. Sivasubramaniam","doi":"10.1145/1393921.1394016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1393921.1394016","url":null,"abstract":"Aggressive technology scaling is increasing the impact of soft errors on microprocessor reliability. Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DFVS) algorithms are conventionally studied from a performance per watt basis. But applying DVFS impacts reliability as well. Since DVFS affects the occupancy of different pipeline structures, they impact the soft error masking seen at the architectural level. Architectural Vulnerability Factors (AVF) captures this masking and in this work we study the impact of DVFS on AVF in a GALS environment. We show that the AVF of pipeline structures could vary by as much as 80% between different DVFS algorithms. Since AVF has a significant impact on the Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) of a system, these results indicate that when choosing a particular DVFS algorithm their reliability impact cannot be ignored. Hence we provide the Vulnerability Efficiency for the DVFS algorithms which captures their ability to optimize performance, power and reliability. Our results show that a Non-DVFS environment optimizes vulnerability efficiency better than any of the DVFS algorithms.","PeriodicalId":166672,"journal":{"name":"Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design (ISLPED '08)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132330873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}