Journal of Neuroscience Methods最新文献

{"title":"Making oscillation detection more robust","authors":"Kieran A. Pawluk ,&nbsp;Tamari Shalamberidze ,&nbsp;Jeremy B. Caplan","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><div>Neural oscillations are important for understanding cognitive functions. To quantify them, certain methods, including <em>Better OSCillation detection</em> (BOSC), distinguish oscillatory activity from non-oscillatory 1/f background activity and derive detection thresholds in order to disregard most background signal. When successful, this produces detection criteria that are fairly calibrated across frequencies. However, if the background estimate is misaligned, this can backfire and potentially introduce a frequency bias.</div></div><div><h3>New method:</h3><div>The optimized BOSC method incorporates several improvements after testing each independently and as combinations before comparing them all together with the standard BOSC method. The improvements in question are: removing high-power values across frequencies, using median rather than mean power values, and robust regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>The new BOSC method showed enhanced performance when using shorter time windows and when substantial power existed at one end of the measured spectrum. Synthetic signals were used to demonstrate further versatility and the limitations of the new method.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with existing methods:</h3><div>The standard BOSC method fared reasonably well aside from some extreme edge cases. Outcomes suggested that at very short time windows, or when artifacts or lopsided power spectra are a concern, the optimized BOSC method could result in a more selective fit that shows greater alignment with the colored-noise background signal.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The standard BOSC method performs well in many typical scenarios, but the optimized version is ideal for less conventional scenarios and addresses many of the shortcomings of the standard method in these cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible modeling of large-scale neural network stimulation: Electrical and optical extensions to The Virtual Electrode Recording Tool for EXtracellular Potentials (VERTEX)","authors":"Anne F. Pierce ,&nbsp;Larry Shupe ,&nbsp;Julien Bloch ,&nbsp;Eberhard Fetz ,&nbsp;Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Computational models that predict effects of neural stimulation can serve as a preliminary tool to inform <em>in-vivo</em> research, reducing costs, time, and ethical considerations. However, current models do not support the diverse neural stimulation techniques used <em>in-vivo</em>, including the expanding selection of electrodes, stimulation modalities, and stimulation protocols.</div></div><div><h3>New method</h3><div>We developed several extensions to The Virtual Electrode Recording Tool for EXtracellular Potentials (VERTEX), the MATLAB-based neural stimulation tool. VERTEX simulates input currents in a large population of multi-compartment neurons within a small cortical slice to model electric field stimulation, while recording local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity. Our extensions enhance this framework with support for multiple pairs of parametrically defined electrodes and biphasic, bipolar stimulation delivered at programmable delays. To support the growing use of optogenetic approaches for targeted neural stimulation, we introduced a feature that models optogenetic stimulation through an additional VERTEX input function that converts irradiance to currents at optogenetically responsive neurons. Finally, we added extensions to allow complex stimulation protocols including paired-pulse, spatiotemporal patterned, and closed-loop stimulation.</div></div><div><h3><em>Results</em></h3><div>We demonstrated these novel features using VERTEX’s built-in functionalities, with results consistent with other models and experimental work.</div></div><div><h3><em>Comparison with existing methods</em></h3><div>Unlike other tools, our extensions enable both electric field and optogenetic stimulation, provide a range of open- and closed-loop protocols, and offer flexible settings within a large-scale cortical network of neurons with realistic biophysical properties.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our extensions provide an all-in-one platform to efficiently and systematically test diverse, targeted, and individualized stimulation patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-fidelity detection and quantification of acoustic startle response in freely moving mice in an open field","authors":"P. Shivashankar ,&nbsp;L.A. Agee ,&nbsp;N. Wilson ,&nbsp;S. Salamone ,&nbsp;M.R. Drew","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><div>Acoustic startle response (ASR) is an involuntary reflex to an intense acoustic stimulus, characterized by rapid muscle contractions. Traditional ASR testing requires animals to be placed in spatially confining chambers to minimize voluntary movements, potentially altering natural behavior and stress levels. A method for detecting and quantifying ASR in free-moving rodents is needed.</div></div><div><h3>New method:</h3><div>This study presents a novel methodology and fully functional setup for measuring ASR in freely moving mice. The approach utilizes acoustic emissions (AE) generated by the animal’s startling. The setup features an open field equipped with sensitive AE sensors to capture ASR with high precision and resolution.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>In an open field fitted with AE sensors, ASR experiments were conducted on three mouse strains (129S6/EvSv, CBA/CaJ, and C57BL/6J). The system’s ability to detect the effects of startle sound level, tone frequency, lighting conditions, stress levels, and genetic differences was evaluated. AE-based measures detected significant strain effects, with C57BL/6J mice showing lower startle intensities and higher latencies. Tone frequency and sound level influenced startle responses, while light/dark conditions had no effect. Stress conditioning resulted in elevated responses, but the difference was not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with existing methods:</h3><div>Alongside AE data, video recordings from three orthogonal viewpoints were acquired and analyzed to quantify startling. Unlike AE-based measures, video analysis failed to detect strain effects but found significant effects of frequency, sound level, and stress conditioning (which the AE data did not detect).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>These findings validate AE-based technology for measuring ASR in freely moving rodents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source to sensor coupling (SoSeC) as an effective tool to localize interacting sources from EEG and MEG data","authors":"Florian Göschl ,&nbsp;Dionysia Kaziki ,&nbsp;Gregor Leicht ,&nbsp;Andreas K. Engel ,&nbsp;Guido Nolte","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><div>A standard approach to estimate interacting sources from EEG or MEG data is to first calculate a coupling between all pairs of voxels on a predefined grid within the brain and then average or maximize this coupling matrix along each column or row. Depending on the chosen coupling measure and grid size this approach can be computationally very costly, in particular when a bias is supposed to be removed.</div></div><div><h3>New Method:</h3><div>We here suggest to replace this approach by a maximization of coupling between each source and the signal in sensor space. The idea is that any neuronal activity which can be estimated from recorded data must be present in sensor space in the first place. Using the imaginary part of coherency as coupling measure makes sure that we do not confuse this source to sensor coupling with a coupling of a source to itself. The presentation of this specific method is augmented with a discussion of conceptual issues for various forms of vector beamformers and eLoreta.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>We found in simulations and empirical EEG data that the method is capable to robustly detect coupled sources.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with existing methods:</h3><div>We found that the approach is hundreds of times faster than comparable conventional approaches. Results for EEG resting state data indicate that the new approach has also more statistical power than conventional approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The new approach is an effective tool to identify interacting sources from cross-spectra of EEG and MEG data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of high-content screening assay for gene silencing in adult sensory neurons","authors":"Phillip Canete ,&nbsp;David Do ,&nbsp;Richard Lie ,&nbsp;Grace Woodruff ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Lopez Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Gunnar Poplawski","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>High-content screening in post-mitotic neurons faces challenges due to low transfection efficiency and expensive viral or electroporation methods. To accelerate discovery specifically in <em><strong>adult</strong></em> sensory neurons, we sought a scalable, low-cost platform that preserves neuronal health.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We developed a 384-well lipid-based siRNA screening assay using adult EGFP-expressing Fischer 344 DRG neurons. Key optimizations included a systematic comparison of plate plastics and lipid/siRNA ratios and reagents, yielding maximal knock-down with minimal toxicity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Optimal conditions (0.12 μL reagent, 2.5 pmol siRNA/well) reduced EGFP fluorescence by ≥ 50 % in 45 % of neurons, with mean knockdown efficiencies up to 60 % and minimal impact on neurite length. PTEN-targeting siRNAs increased neurite outgrowth by 40 % (p &lt; 0.001), while death siRNA reduced length by 30 % (p &lt; 0.001), demonstrating sensitivity to both stimulatory and inhibitory gene perturbations.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison</h3><div>Our approach offers substantially lower cost and higher throughput than alternatives. Relative to electroporation protocols for adult DRG neurons, reagent cost is reduced ∼12-fold and hands-on time drops from ∼2 days to ∼3 h, while eliminating specialized equipment. Notably, the assay was optimized for cost-efficiency and scalability; for instance, our 384-well format protocol can screen hundreds of genes in triplicate for under $10,000, making high-content screening feasible in smaller laboratories.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This platform enables rapid, cost-effective evaluation of hundreds to thousands of candidate genes in adult sensory neurons, facilitating identification of neurite growth regulators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conducting interslice stimulation for concurrent TMS-fMRI","authors":"J.B. Jackson ,&nbsp;C.L. Scrivener ,&nbsp;M.M. Correia ,&nbsp;M. Mada ,&nbsp;A. Woolgar","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) concurrent with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide insights into the causal relationships between brain activity and behaviour. TMS pulses can cause artifacts in fMRI data, but these can be avoided if they are presented in short gaps between MRI slice acquisitions (interslice TMS-fMRI).</div></div><div><h3>New method</h3><div>We collected TMS-fMRI data to provide 1) guidance on the gap required and 2) a higher-level framework and code for researchers to test their own protocols. We quantified signal dropout and temporal signal-to-noise ratio in fMRI data (spherical phantom) for TMS pulses presented from up to 100 ms before and after slice excitation. We delivered up to 3 pulses per volume with interslice gaps of 37.5 ms/100 ms (slice time 62.5 ms), two 7-channel TMS-dedicated surface coils, and a multiband sequence (factor=2), on a Siemens 3 T Prisma^fit scanner. We repeated a subset of parameters with a human participant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We observed minimal data contamination when pulses were applied at least −20 ms/+ 50ms from slice excitation, and confirmed this approach can be used with 10 Hz TMS.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with existing methods</h3><div>Compared to other strategies that avoid TMS pulse-related artifacts, interslice allows for greater flexibility in terms of timing of the TMS pulse, MRI read out and any stimulus presentation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A 10 Hz TMS interslice protocol is possible with minimal data contimination. A stimulation frequency faster than 10 Hz would require a shorter gap or shorter slice acquisition times. Further, stimulator intensity, slice orientation, and the number of TMS pulses affected data quality and are important considerations for researchers when setting up their own protocol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to “Lightweight attention mechanisms for EEG emotion recognition for brain computer interface”","authors":"Naresh Kumar Gunda ,&nbsp;Mohammed I. Khalaf ,&nbsp;Shaleen Bhatnagar ,&nbsp;Aadam Quraishi ,&nbsp;Leeladhar Gudala ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Pamidi Venkata ,&nbsp;Faisal Yousef Alghayadh ,&nbsp;Shtwai Alsubai ,&nbsp;Vaibhav Bhatnagar","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110502","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling lamina specific pyramidal neurons using postmortem human formalin fixed paraffin embedded frontal cortex tissue in combination with digital spatial profiling","authors":"Aleksandra Stanisavljevic ,&nbsp;Kyrillos W. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Philip H. Stavrides ,&nbsp;Christopher Bare ,&nbsp;Melissa J. Alldred ,&nbsp;Adriana Heguy ,&nbsp;Ralph A. Nixon ,&nbsp;Stephen D. Ginsberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Digital spatial profiling (DSP) is an innovative approach to perform RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), including in neuronal populations. DSP enables expression profiling linking RNA-seq data to spatially characterized samples utilizing tissue bound probes. We employ the GeoMx DSP system for spatial characterization of transcriptomic data from lamina specific pyramidal neurons and cortical ribbons containing admixed cell types using human postmortem brain tissue.</div><div><strong>New method</strong></div><div>We established a protocol using human postmortem formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) frontal cortex tissue from nondemented human control brains. Layer III (L3) and Layer V (L5) pyramidal neurons from Brodmann area 9 were identified with the neuronal marker Ca^2 + /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and selected for probe collection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This approach significantly reduced the amount of FFPE tissue needed for robust single population RNA-seq. We demonstrate ∼20 identified L3 or L5 pyramidal neurons or one lamina-specific cortical ribbon from a single 5 µm thick section is sufficient to generate robust RNA-seq reads. Bioinformatic analysis of neurons and ribbons showed notable similarities and differences reflective of the single neuron and multiple admixed cell types within the former and latter, respectively.</div><div><strong>Comparison with existing methods</strong></div><div>Protocols exist for DSP of postmortem human FFPE brain tissue. However, this new approach enables profiling small groups of ∼14–21 pyramidal neurons using the GeoMx DSP platform.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This optimized DSP assay provides high resolution RNA-seq data demonstrating utility and versatility of the GeoMx platform for individually characterized neurons and isolated cortical ribbons within postmortem FFPE human brain tissue for downstream analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under-oil neuronal cell culture: Enhanced system stability, yield, and modulated oxygen environment","authors":"Nai-Wen Liang ,&nbsp;Ligi Milesh ,&nbsp;Karina N. Buttram ,&nbsp;Jessica L. Park ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Luke A. Summey ,&nbsp;Christian Franck ,&nbsp;David J. Beebe ,&nbsp;Hau D. Le ,&nbsp;Chao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Culturing neuronal cells <em>in vitro</em>, especially at smaller scales with reduced media volumes, has been challenging due to the limited proliferation of mature neurons and the inherent high sensitivity of neuronal cells to environmental fluctuations.</div></div><div><h3>New method</h3><div>In this study, we report a neuronal cell culture method that leverages oil overlay and an autonomously regulated oxygen microenvironment (AROM), in which primary rat cortical cells and human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were cultured in standard well plates with an oil overlay on top of the media layer. The oil overlay prevents evaporation and achieves <em>in vivo</em>-like oxygen concentrations without the use of glove boxes or hypoxic chambers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This oil overlay method achieved &gt; 95 % yield of viable replicates after up to 30 days. Human NPCs cultured under the oil overlay for 15 days exhibited sustained viability without requiring media change. Additionally, oil overlays create a modulated oxygen microenvironment (i.e., AROM) that mimics <em>in vivo</em> conditions, capable of maintaining and restoring optimal oxygen concentrations after disturbances.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with existing method</h3><div>In contrast, existing method (no-oil controls) resulted in &lt; 20 % yield, low viability for human NPCs (11 % versus 89 % with oil overlay), and oxygen concentrations that returns to ambient levels (21 % oxygen).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, these results support the oil overlay method as a robust small-scale neuronal cell culture system, offering improved stability and higher yield. The results also underscore the critical role of the oxygen microenvironment in supporting neuronal cell viability, maintenance, and growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of transcranial electrical stimulation on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in patients with severe craniocerebral injury: A novel methodological approach","authors":"Ailiang Ge,&nbsp;Jinan Bai,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) protects brain cells and blood flow, making it an intriguing treatment option for skull and brain injury victims. Understanding how transcranial electroencephalography (tES) affects cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) might improve patient outcomes. Most techniques for evaluating ICP and CPP include intrusive procedures that might cause infections and hiccups. Additionally, current methods cannot optimize patient results by changing stimulation settings in real-time.</div></div><div><h3>New Method</h3><div>The Optimizing tES Parameters for Neuroprotection (O-tES-PN) approach addresses these issues. The system has many monitoring tools and an adaptive tES control mechanism. The O-tES-PN continually adjusts its dynamic stimulation settings based on intracranial and cerebral blood pressure. This keeps cerebral blood flow constant and reduces damage.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings show that stable ICP and CPP enhance CBF modulation with the O-tES-PN design. The device may modify settings in real-time to give more concentrated and effective treatments with fewer adverse effects.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with Existing Methods</h3><div>Compared to invasive therapies, O-tES-PN is safer. It also improves therapy parameter control. Current technology allows continuous monitoring and stimulation level changes, which are limitations of previous systems.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The O-tES-PN treatment is less risky than other invasive treatments. Controlling the parameters of the treatment is also improved. The limitations of earlier systems are overcome by the current technology, which enables continuous monitoring and adjustments in stimulation level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16415,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 110498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}