Journal of invertebrate pathology最新文献

{"title":"The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Susceptibility of honey bee to entomopathogenic nematodes","authors":"Alihan Katlav ,&nbsp;Sitaram Aryal ,&nbsp;Manoj Dhakal ,&nbsp;Michael Duncan ,&nbsp;Clarissa M. House ,&nbsp;Uffe N. Nielsen ,&nbsp;James M. Cook ,&nbsp;Robert N. Spooner-Hart ,&nbsp;Markus Riegler","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are effective biocontrol agents against soil-borne insect pests, yet the risks they pose to beneficial insects are understudied, particularly when applied outside soil environments. With growing interest in above-ground applications of EPNs such as on crop foliage or against pests of the western honey bee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) in hives, it is essential to evaluate their effects on honey bees. We conducted a large-scale assessment of honey bee brood and adult worker susceptibility to Australian EPN isolates ex situ and in situ. At 25 °C, filter paper bioassays showed that larvae (final instar) were highly susceptible to all EPN isolates (LC₅₀ range: 0.66 to 6.8 IJs/cm²), with <em>Heterorhabditis indica</em> (particularly isolates Hi.HRN and Hi.HRN2) being the most virulent. Increasing the assay temperature to 33 °C slightly reduced virulence across isolates, yet all remained pathogenic (LC₅₀ range: 0.7 to 9 IJs/cm²). Similarly, adult workers were highly susceptible (LC₅₀ range: 1.8 to 10 IJs/cm²), again with <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2 showing the greatest virulence. Conversely, <em>Steinernema feltiae</em> (notably isolate Sf.CPBR2) was the least virulent species, although it was still capable of causing high mortality in both honey bee larvae and workers. Interestingly, parasitisation of honey bee larvae by <em>Varroa destructor</em> increased susceptibility to <em>S. feltiae</em> Sf.CPBR2 but not to <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2. Under hive-like conditions, direct treatment of uncapped and capped brood cells with <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2 resulted in &lt;50 % larval and &lt;33 % pupal mortality. Finally, <em>H. indica</em> Hi.HRN2 treatment of subcolonies caused 19 % larval, 5.5 % pupal and 18 % adult worker mortality. Overall, our results indicate that EPN above-ground applications require precautions to safeguard honey bees, particularly during honey bee foraging or for in-hive use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opening Pandora’s box: First insights into the genetic diversity of Aphanomyces astaci in Switzerland","authors":"Simone Roberto Rolando Pisano ,&nbsp;Eliane Jemmi ,&nbsp;Jonas Steiner,&nbsp;Elodie Cristina,&nbsp;Regula Hirschi,&nbsp;Zoé Delefortrie,&nbsp;Gary Delalay,&nbsp;Heike Schmidt-Posthaus","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108517","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aphanomyces astaci&lt;/em&gt;, the etiological agent of crayfish plague, varies in virulence depending on their genetic strains. Five genotype groups (A-E) are well characterized and, with exception of genotype group A, cause significant mortality in European freshwater crayfish species.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence and diversity of &lt;em&gt;A. astaci&lt;/em&gt; genotype groups in Switzerland by adapting the qPCR assays (Simplex-qPCR and Duplex-qPCR) published by &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Di Domenico et al. (2021)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to a Pentaplex-qPCR assay. The Pentaplex-qPCR was compared to Simplex-qPCR, Duplex-qPCR and Triplex-qPCR assays using artificial DNA fragments, culture and tissue samples.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We performed the Pentaplex-qPCR on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples (1991–2020) and fresh tissue samples (2020–2024) of crayfish collected in Switzerland. Crayfish were mainly native crayfish species undergoing a crayfish plague outbreak and few invasive crayfish tested positive for &lt;em&gt;A. astaci&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The intra-assay repeatability and inter-assay reproducibility of the qPCR was assessed. The Pentaplex-qPCR assay was not inferior to the other qPCR assays (Simplex-qPCR, Duplex-qPCR, Triplex-qPCR) and reliably detected genotype groups A, B, D, and E in 31 of 45 crayfish populations (68.9%) across Switzerland. Most positive samples were linked to crayfish plague outbreaks in European crayfish species, except for four populations, where genotype groups B and D were found in North American signal crayfish (&lt;em&gt;Pacifastacus leniusculus&lt;/em&gt;) and Louisiana red swamp crayfish (&lt;em&gt;Procambarus clarkii&lt;/em&gt;), respectively. Genotype group C was not detected in any of the samples. Genotype group occurrence and heterogeneity were highest in the Rhine basin, particularly between 2016 and 2020, where groups A, B, D, and E were all detected. In the Ticino basin, genotype group diversity was high and genotype groups B, D and E were detected, while in the Rhone basin, only genotype group B was found. Genotype group D, typically associated with Louisiana red swamp crayfish, was identified in the Rhine basin in 1991 and suspected in 1994, respectively four and one year before the first known detection of its carrier species. Genotype group A was detected once in 2017 in the Rhine basin, causing limited mortality in a European crayfish population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The use of archived samples revealed a long history of &lt;em&gt;A. astaci&lt;/em&gt; presence, dating back to 1991, providing valuable insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of crayfish plague. Identifying genotype groups helps clarify potential routes of introduction for both pathogen genotype groups and carrier host species. Furthermore, it facilitates tracking outbreaks and identifying possible primary sources of spread. Future studies are needed to deepen our understanding of the pathogen’s genetic variability in relation to virulence differences and sprea","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-specific gut microbiota modulation is linked to resistance to BmNPV infection in silkworms","authors":"Fareed Uddin Memon ,&nbsp;Jing Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaole Xie ,&nbsp;Chan Shu ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Kang Li ,&nbsp;Yang Xiao ,&nbsp;Ling Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bombyx mori</em> nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen threatening sericulture, yet the role of gut microbiota in strain-specific resistance remains poorly understood. This study compared three silkworm strains with high (Xinjiu, XJ), intermediate (An3, A3), and low (Zhenchixian, ZCX) resistance to BmNPV. Protein assays showed that the resistant XJ strain exhibited the lowest viral EGFP and VP39 expression and highest survival, whereas the susceptible ZCX strain displayed the opposite trend. Shotgun metagenomics revealed strain-specific microbial responses to infection. XJ and A3 maintained significantly higher alpha diversity and more dynamic beta diversity clustering than ZCX, with infection inducing increased microbial gene abundance and emergence of unique taxa in XJ. Taxonomic profiling showed XJ enriched in Firmicutes and beneficial fungal taxa such as Mucoromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota, alongside reductions in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria following infection. At finer resolution, resistant strains were enriched in beneficial bacterial classes (Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria, Opitutae) and fungal classes (Agaricomycetes, Saccharomycetes), with cooperative co-occurrence networks linking these taxa and antagonizing pathogens. In contrast, ZCX was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Actinomycetia, and Hydrogenophilalia, consistent with dysbiosis and susceptibility. Functional analysis demonstrated pronounced metabolic reprogramming in resistant strains, especially XJ, with coordinated activation of carbohydrate, amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism, forming tightly integrated functional networks. Together, these findings reveal that silkworm resistance to BmNPV is associated with microbiome diversity, restructuring toward beneficial taxa, and synergistic metabolic pathways, offering new insights for probiotic-based antiviral strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8-like mediates immune responses of Procambarus clarkii through protein–protein interactions","authors":"Gengyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingying Yu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Mei,&nbsp;Cen Qian,&nbsp;Baojian Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Procambarus clarkii</em> is an economically important cultivated freshwater crayfish species in China. Intensive aquaculture and challenging environmental conditions cause diseases that kill crayfish and impact productivity. Clarification of immune mechanisms could assist the breeding of disease-resistant crayfish and improve survival rate. Here, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8-like gene (<em>TNFAIP8L</em>) encoding a 187 amino acid protein in <em>P. clarkii</em> was characterized, and phylogenetic analysis revealed high homology with genes in other crustaceans. Recombinant TNFAIP8L protein was successfully expressed and purified, and pull-down, mass spectrometry, molecular docking, and western blotting identified hemocyanin B and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as TNFAIP8L-interacting proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments revealed a higher affinity for hemocyanin B than for HSP60. Expression patterns of <em>TNFAIP8L</em> in different tissues and under immune challenge were determined by real-time PCR. <em>TNFAIP8L</em> was expressed in all tissues examined with highest levels in hemocytes, gills, and intestines. Following immune challenge, <em>TNFAIP8L</em> was down-regulated in hemocytes and gills. RNA interference and overexpression of <em>TNFAIP8L</em> induced the expression of immune-related genes <em>Toll</em>, <em>Serpin</em>, <em>B-cell lymphoma</em> (<em>Bcl</em>), <em>Lectin</em>, <em>Defensin</em>, <em>Crustin</em>, and <em>anti-lipopolysaccharide factor</em> (<em>ALF</em>) in hemocytes and gills. Together, the results suggest that TNFAIP8L mediates immune responses in <em>P. clarkii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-occurrence of the nucleopolyhedrovirus and bidensovirus in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.: Evidence from Kashmir and molecular comparison of Indian bidensovirus isolates","authors":"Shabnum Mumtaz ,&nbsp;Mudasir Gani ,&nbsp;Gozde B. Eroglu ,&nbsp;Tariq Rasool Rather ,&nbsp;Arif Hussain Wani ,&nbsp;Sajad Mohi-ud-Din ,&nbsp;Akhtar Ali Khan ,&nbsp;Kamlesh Bali ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mulberry silkworm, <em>Bombyx mori</em> L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), is an economically important insect domesticated for silk production in India and other countries, whereas the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) are the two most serious viral pathogens infecting the domestic silkworms. In this study, the frequency of co-occurrence of BmNPV and BmBDV in silkworm larvae from sericulture practicing regions of North, Central, and South Kashmir was investigated. The prevalence of grasserie disease (%) and extent of cocoon crop loss varied significantly between the different regions. On the basis of PCR analyses, the mean co-occurrence (%) of BmNPV and BmBDV infection was 94%, 92.7% and 98% in the samples from North, Central and South Kashmir, respectively. The BmBDV isolates from Mysore, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir, Dehradun, Ghumarwin and Jammu grouped together and are most closely related to other BmBDV isolates on the basis of gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the <em>VD-1</em> gene fragments. The BmBDV-S1 isolate had the lowest LD₅₀ and ST₅₀ values revealing that it was more virulent to <em>B. mori</em> larvae as compared to BmBDV-N1 and BmBDV-C1 isolates. Overall, the results revealed that the BmNPV and BmBDV co-exist in the silkworm larvae and highlight the need for greater research into the interaction of these viruses in <em>Bombyx mori.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vietnamese herbal extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp aquaculture","authors":"Nguyen Thi Truc Linh ,&nbsp;Pham Thi Hai Ha ,&nbsp;Hong Mong Huyen ,&nbsp;Do-Hyung Kim ,&nbsp;Nguyen Thanh Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by<!--> <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>, poses a critical threat to global shrimp aquaculture. This study evaluated antimicrobial efficacy of ten Vietnamese herbal extracts against multidrug-resistant AHPND-causing<!--> <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> <!-->(Vp_AHPND) isolates from diseased white-leg shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>) in Vinh Long, Vietnam. Three field isolates with complete intrinsic β-lactam resistance and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics were cultured and characterized via nested PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among conventional antibiotics, levofloxacin showed superior efficacy (28.22 ± 2.79 mm at 50 ppm), while most alternatives demonstrated reduced activity. Remarkably, herbal extracts demonstrated comparable or superior antimicrobial efficacy:<!--> <em>Lagerstroemia speciosa</em> <!-->exhibited the strongest activity (25.67 ± 0.58 mm inhibition zone), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.19–0.39 mg/mL and bactericidal minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratios of 2–3.<!--> <em>Limnophila aromatica</em> <!-->showed substantial activity (18.33 ± 0.58 mm), with MIC values of 0.78–1.56 mg/mL and MBC/MIC ratios of 3–4. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and sesquiterpene lactones in both extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed<!--> <em>L. speciosa</em> <!-->contained significantly higher polyphenolic (53.1 ± 2.8 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (195.2 ± 6.8 mg QE/g) contents compared to<!--> <em>L. aromatica</em> <!-->(48.7 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g and 182.4 ± 5.3 mg QE/g, respectively). This research establishes a crucial foundation for identifying abundant Vietnamese medicinal plants as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant Vp_AHPND in sustainable aquaculture.<!--> <!-->These findings establish<!--> <em>L. speciosa</em> <!-->and<!--> <em>L. aromatica</em> <!-->as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant VpAHPND in sustainable aquaculture, particularly for strains with accumulated acquired resistance mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and pathogenicity changes in Beauveria and Metarhizium isolates induced by serial subculturing and passage through different host species","authors":"Fernando Tamayo-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco ,&nbsp;Ma.Teresa Santillán-Galicia ,&nbsp;Candelario Santillán-Ortega","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic fungi are widely used as biological control agents, but repeated <em>in vitro</em> subculturing can lead to degenerative changes affecting their efficacy. This study investigated the impact of serial subculturing on conidial size, production, germination, thermotolerance and virulence. We used <em>G. mellonella</em> larvae as a model host and evaluated four fungal isolates: <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> (Bb88), <em>B. pseudobassiana</em> (Bp30), <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (Ma129) and <em>M. pingshaense</em> (Mp140). Conidia were from early (Sc1), intermediate (Sc5) or late (Sc10) subcultures. Results demonstrated isolate-specific variation in conidial size with increasing number of subcultures: Bb88 exhibited no variation; Bp30 showed an increase in size with increased subculture; Mp140 and Ma129 exhibited a decrease in size with increased subculture. Conidia production declined progressively with subculturing in Bb88, Bp30 and Mp140, while conidia yield of Ma129 remained stable. In contrast, germination, thermotolerance and virulence against <em>G. mellonella</em> were not significantly affected across all isolates and subcultures. To determine whether degenerative traits could be restored, subcultured isolates were passaged through alternative insect hosts (<em>Plutella xylostella</em>, <em>Galleria mellonella</em>, <em>Anthonomus eugenii</em> and <em>Phyllophaga</em> sp). Host passage partially restored conidial production in Bb88 and Mp140, but not in isolate Bp30, except when recovered from <em>P. xyllostella</em>. While germination rates remained unchanged, host passage significantly affected conidial thermotolerance, especially in isolate Mp140. These findings highlight the necessity to monitor and manage subculturing practices and suggest that periodic host passage may sustain the biological control potential of entomopathogenic fungi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the susceptibility of Helice tientsinensis to infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)","authors":"Meifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuhua Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Huang ,&nbsp;Chen Li ,&nbsp;Qingli Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Lian ,&nbsp;Ruoxuan Lu ,&nbsp;Hua Xu ,&nbsp;Xinyi Fu ,&nbsp;Ziyue Gou ,&nbsp;Peng Jia ,&nbsp;Bing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a widely distributed and highly pathogenic virus affecting shrimp. <em>Helice tientsinensis</em>, a key benthic crab commonly found in shrimp ponds in northern China, has unknown susceptibility to IHHNV and a potential role in viral transmission. In this study, healthy <em>H. tientsinensis</em> individuals were experimentally infected with IHHNV through non-invasive oral way to mimic natural exposure pathways in shrimp aquaculture systems. By day 15 post-infection, some individuals developed small black lesions on the carapace, which mostly resolved after molting. IHHNV-challenged crabs exhibited no mortality. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of Cowdry type A eosinophilic inclusion bodies in hemal sinuses and hepatopancreatic tubules of challenged crabs. <em>In situ</em> hybridization detected strong IHHNV-specific signals in the hepatopancreas, confirming viral infection. Quantitative PCR analysis showed relatively high IHHNV loads in the gills, hepatopancreas, and stomach, with the hepatopancreas exhibiting the highest viral load. Furthermore, this study confirmed cross-species transmission of IHHNV from infected <em>H. tientsinensis</em> to juvenile <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> by qPCR detection and histopathological analysis. These findings meet the WOAH criteria for confirming susceptibility as outlined in Chapter 1.5 of the <em>Aquatic Animal Health Code</em>, supporting the conclusion that <em>H. tientsinensis</em> is a susceptible host of IHHNV. Additionally, a survey conducted from the year 2021 to 2023 revealed the persistent presence of IHHNV in <em>H. tientsinensis</em> populations across various shrimp farming periods along China’s coastal regions, with notably high viral loads detected within pond environments. This study highlights the overlooked risk of cross-species pathogen transmission by wild crab species. The foraging behavior of <em>H. tientsinensis</em> may facilitate the spread of IHHNV within aquaculture systems, posing a potential threat to the health management of shrimp pond farming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunostimulation of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) through dietary NagroWall enhances resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Elangovan Prabu ,&nbsp;Pushparaj Chidambaram ,&nbsp;Nathan Felix ,&nbsp;Arumugam Uma ,&nbsp;Albin Jemila Thangarani ,&nbsp;Thangaraju Thiruvasagam ,&nbsp;Ganesh Vijay Sundar Deva","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In intensive shrimp aquaculture, the primary challenge is enhancing shrimp innate immunity to increase resilience against Vibrio-caused diseases. NagroWall, a commercial product containing prebiotic compounds (mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, nucleotides, and nucleosides) has been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics. This study evaluated the effect of adding NagroWall to <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> diet on growth and immune responses against <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> infection. 9600 juvenile shrimp (5.06 ± 0.10 g) were divided into four treatment groups in quadruplicates. Four treatment diets were formulated by adding 0, 1, 2, and 3 g 100 g⁻¹ NagroWall to the basal diet (NW0, NW1, NW2, and NW3), and the feeding experiment spanned 60 days, with the respective diets administered three times daily at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00<em>H</em>. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of shrimp fed NW2 were significantly higher than those of the other groups (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.005). A better feed conversion ratio, increased digestive enzyme activities, and muscle protein retention were observed in shrimp fed the NW2 diet (<em>P</em>&lt;0.005). The survival rate and muscle amino acid composition were not significantly different between the treatment groups (<em>P ˃</em> 0.005). After 7 days challenge test, shrimp fed NW2 showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the other treatments. Non-specific immune parameters and relative mRNA expression of immune-related genes (<em>LYZ</em>, <em>TLR</em>, and <em>IMD</em>) were significantly higher in shrimp fed NW2 diets (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.005). A reduced mortality rate following Vibrio infection was observed in NW2 compared to the other groups. In conclusion, supplementation with 2 g 100 g⁻¹ NagroWall enhanced the growth performance and resistance of <em>P. vannamei</em> to <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> by modifying the innate immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic analysis of total spore proteins from Nosema pernyi and characterization of a novel spore wall protein, NpSWP13","authors":"Ziyi Qin ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Yumeng Bian ,&nbsp;Jingwen Tang ,&nbsp;Kuo Bao ,&nbsp;Ruisheng Yang ,&nbsp;Liang Xu ,&nbsp;Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Yiren Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microsporidia represent a group of eukaryotic, obligate intracellular parasites that form environmentally resistant spores. Spore wall proteins (SWPs) can mediate pathogen-host interactions for specific parasitism among different species. However, limited research has been conducted on SWPs in<!--> <em>Nosema pernyi</em> that causes microsporidiosis in the economically-important Chinese oak silkworm, <em>Antheraea pernyi</em>. Here, we identified a total of 636 proteins from<!--> <em>N. pernyi</em> <!-->using LC-MS/MS, among which 8 SWPs were listed. A hydrophilic SWP13, which<!--> <!-->has identity with other homologous SWP13 among the <em>Nosema</em> genus, was identified both from nucleotide and peptide sequences. After the anti-NpSWP13 polyclonal antibody was produced, western blotting and immunohistochemical<!--> <!-->analysis<!--> <!-->showed<!--> <!-->that the protein exists in<!--> <em>N. pernyi</em>. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) consistently demonstrated<!--> <!-->the<!--> <!-->enrichment of NpSWP13 located in the endospore. Immunoprecipitation-Mass Spectrometry (IP-MS) analysis indicates NpSWP13 may interact with proteins in the midgut of silkworm<em>.</em> In this study, our results demonstrate that<!--> <!-->NpSWP13 is<!--> <!-->a novel SWP subcellularly localized in<!--> <em>N. pernyi</em>.<!--> <!-->Our research<!--> <!-->enhances<!--> <!-->the understanding of different SWPs in microsporidia and reveals possible mechanisms in specific infection among different <em>Nosema</em> species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}