Journal of invertebrate pathology最新文献

{"title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8-like mediates immune responses of Procambarus clarkii through protein–protein interactions","authors":"Gengyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingying Yu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Mei,&nbsp;Cen Qian,&nbsp;Baojian Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Procambarus clarkii</em> is an economically important cultivated freshwater crayfish species in China. Intensive aquaculture and challenging environmental conditions cause diseases that kill crayfish and impact productivity. Clarification of immune mechanisms could assist the breeding of disease-resistant crayfish and improve survival rate. Here, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8-like gene (<em>TNFAIP8L</em>) encoding a 187 amino acid protein in <em>P. clarkii</em> was characterized, and phylogenetic analysis revealed high homology with genes in other crustaceans. Recombinant TNFAIP8L protein was successfully expressed and purified, and pull-down, mass spectrometry, molecular docking, and western blotting identified hemocyanin B and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as TNFAIP8L-interacting proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments revealed a higher affinity for hemocyanin B than for HSP60. Expression patterns of <em>TNFAIP8L</em> in different tissues and under immune challenge were determined by real-time PCR. <em>TNFAIP8L</em> was expressed in all tissues examined with highest levels in hemocytes, gills, and intestines. Following immune challenge, <em>TNFAIP8L</em> was down-regulated in hemocytes and gills. RNA interference and overexpression of <em>TNFAIP8L</em> induced the expression of immune-related genes <em>Toll</em>, <em>Serpin</em>, <em>B-cell lymphoma</em> (<em>Bcl</em>), <em>Lectin</em>, <em>Defensin</em>, <em>Crustin</em>, and <em>anti-lipopolysaccharide factor</em> (<em>ALF</em>) in hemocytes and gills. Together, the results suggest that TNFAIP8L mediates immune responses in <em>P. clarkii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vietnamese herbal extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp aquaculture","authors":"Nguyen Thi Truc Linh ,&nbsp;Pham Thi Hai Ha ,&nbsp;Hong Mong Huyen ,&nbsp;Do-Hyung Kim ,&nbsp;Nguyen Thanh Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by<!--> <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>, poses a critical threat to global shrimp aquaculture. This study evaluated antimicrobial efficacy of ten Vietnamese herbal extracts against multidrug-resistant AHPND-causing<!--> <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> <!-->(Vp_AHPND) isolates from diseased white-leg shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>) in Vinh Long, Vietnam. Three field isolates with complete intrinsic β-lactam resistance and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics were cultured and characterized via nested PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among conventional antibiotics, levofloxacin showed superior efficacy (28.22 ± 2.79 mm at 50 ppm), while most alternatives demonstrated reduced activity. Remarkably, herbal extracts demonstrated comparable or superior antimicrobial efficacy:<!--> <em>Lagerstroemia speciosa</em> <!-->exhibited the strongest activity (25.67 ± 0.58 mm inhibition zone), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.19–0.39 mg/mL and bactericidal minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratios of 2–3.<!--> <em>Limnophila aromatica</em> <!-->showed substantial activity (18.33 ± 0.58 mm), with MIC values of 0.78–1.56 mg/mL and MBC/MIC ratios of 3–4. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and sesquiterpene lactones in both extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed<!--> <em>L. speciosa</em> <!-->contained significantly higher polyphenolic (53.1 ± 2.8 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (195.2 ± 6.8 mg QE/g) contents compared to<!--> <em>L. aromatica</em> <!-->(48.7 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g and 182.4 ± 5.3 mg QE/g, respectively). This research establishes a crucial foundation for identifying abundant Vietnamese medicinal plants as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant Vp_AHPND in sustainable aquaculture.<!--> <!-->These findings establish<!--> <em>L. speciosa</em> <!-->and<!--> <em>L. aromatica</em> <!-->as viable plant-based alternatives for managing antibiotic-resistant VpAHPND in sustainable aquaculture, particularly for strains with accumulated acquired resistance mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-occurrence of the nucleopolyhedrovirus and bidensovirus in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.: Evidence from Kashmir and molecular comparison of Indian bidensovirus isolates","authors":"Shabnum Mumtaz ,&nbsp;Mudasir Gani ,&nbsp;Gozde B. Eroglu ,&nbsp;Tariq Rasool Rather ,&nbsp;Arif Hussain Wani ,&nbsp;Sajad Mohi-ud-Din ,&nbsp;Akhtar Ali Khan ,&nbsp;Kamlesh Bali ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mulberry silkworm, <em>Bombyx mori</em> L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), is an economically important insect domesticated for silk production in India and other countries, whereas the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) are the two most serious viral pathogens infecting the domestic silkworms. In this study, the frequency of co-occurrence of BmNPV and BmBDV in silkworm larvae from sericulture practicing regions of North, Central, and South Kashmir was investigated. The prevalence of grasserie disease (%) and extent of cocoon crop loss varied significantly between the different regions. On the basis of PCR analyses, the mean co-occurrence (%) of BmNPV and BmBDV infection was 94%, 92.7% and 98% in the samples from North, Central and South Kashmir, respectively. The BmBDV isolates from Mysore, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir, Dehradun, Ghumarwin and Jammu grouped together and are most closely related to other BmBDV isolates on the basis of gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the <em>VD-1</em> gene fragments. The BmBDV-S1 isolate had the lowest LD₅₀ and ST₅₀ values revealing that it was more virulent to <em>B. mori</em> larvae as compared to BmBDV-N1 and BmBDV-C1 isolates. Overall, the results revealed that the BmNPV and BmBDV co-exist in the silkworm larvae and highlight the need for greater research into the interaction of these viruses in <em>Bombyx mori.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and pathogenicity changes in Beauveria and Metarhizium isolates induced by serial subculturing and passage through different host species","authors":"Fernando Tamayo-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco ,&nbsp;Ma.Teresa Santillán-Galicia ,&nbsp;Candelario Santillán-Ortega","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic fungi are widely used as biological control agents, but repeated <em>in vitro</em> subculturing can lead to degenerative changes affecting their efficacy. This study investigated the impact of serial subculturing on conidial size, production, germination, thermotolerance and virulence. We used <em>G. mellonella</em> larvae as a model host and evaluated four fungal isolates: <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> (Bb88), <em>B. pseudobassiana</em> (Bp30), <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (Ma129) and <em>M. pingshaense</em> (Mp140). Conidia were from early (Sc1), intermediate (Sc5) or late (Sc10) subcultures. Results demonstrated isolate-specific variation in conidial size with increasing number of subcultures: Bb88 exhibited no variation; Bp30 showed an increase in size with increased subculture; Mp140 and Ma129 exhibited a decrease in size with increased subculture. Conidia production declined progressively with subculturing in Bb88, Bp30 and Mp140, while conidia yield of Ma129 remained stable. In contrast, germination, thermotolerance and virulence against <em>G. mellonella</em> were not significantly affected across all isolates and subcultures. To determine whether degenerative traits could be restored, subcultured isolates were passaged through alternative insect hosts (<em>Plutella xylostella</em>, <em>Galleria mellonella</em>, <em>Anthonomus eugenii</em> and <em>Phyllophaga</em> sp). Host passage partially restored conidial production in Bb88 and Mp140, but not in isolate Bp30, except when recovered from <em>P. xyllostella</em>. While germination rates remained unchanged, host passage significantly affected conidial thermotolerance, especially in isolate Mp140. These findings highlight the necessity to monitor and manage subculturing practices and suggest that periodic host passage may sustain the biological control potential of entomopathogenic fungi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunostimulation of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) through dietary NagroWall enhances resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection","authors":"Elangovan Prabu ,&nbsp;Pushparaj Chidambaram ,&nbsp;Nathan Felix ,&nbsp;Arumugam Uma ,&nbsp;Albin Jemila Thangarani ,&nbsp;Thangaraju Thiruvasagam ,&nbsp;Ganesh Vijay Sundar Deva","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In intensive shrimp aquaculture, the primary challenge is enhancing shrimp innate immunity to increase resilience against Vibrio-caused diseases. NagroWall, a commercial product containing prebiotic compounds (mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans, nucleotides, and nucleosides) has been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics. This study evaluated the effect of adding NagroWall to <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> diet on growth and immune responses against <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> infection. 9600 juvenile shrimp (5.06 ± 0.10 g) were divided into four treatment groups in quadruplicates. Four treatment diets were formulated by adding 0, 1, 2, and 3 g 100 g⁻¹ NagroWall to the basal diet (NW0, NW1, NW2, and NW3), and the feeding experiment spanned 60 days, with the respective diets administered three times daily at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00<em>H</em>. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of shrimp fed NW2 were significantly higher than those of the other groups (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.005). A better feed conversion ratio, increased digestive enzyme activities, and muscle protein retention were observed in shrimp fed the NW2 diet (<em>P</em>&lt;0.005). The survival rate and muscle amino acid composition were not significantly different between the treatment groups (<em>P ˃</em> 0.005). After 7 days challenge test, shrimp fed NW2 showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the other treatments. Non-specific immune parameters and relative mRNA expression of immune-related genes (<em>LYZ</em>, <em>TLR</em>, and <em>IMD</em>) were significantly higher in shrimp fed NW2 diets (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.005). A reduced mortality rate following Vibrio infection was observed in NW2 compared to the other groups. In conclusion, supplementation with 2 g 100 g⁻¹ NagroWall enhanced the growth performance and resistance of <em>P. vannamei</em> to <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> by modifying the innate immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the susceptibility of Helice tientsinensis to infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)","authors":"Meifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuhua Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Huang ,&nbsp;Chen Li ,&nbsp;Qingli Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Lian ,&nbsp;Ruoxuan Lu ,&nbsp;Hua Xu ,&nbsp;Xinyi Fu ,&nbsp;Ziyue Gou ,&nbsp;Peng Jia ,&nbsp;Bing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a widely distributed and highly pathogenic virus affecting shrimp. <em>Helice tientsinensis</em>, a key benthic crab commonly found in shrimp ponds in northern China, has unknown susceptibility to IHHNV and a potential role in viral transmission. In this study, healthy <em>H. tientsinensis</em> individuals were experimentally infected with IHHNV through non-invasive oral way to mimic natural exposure pathways in shrimp aquaculture systems. By day 15 post-infection, some individuals developed small black lesions on the carapace, which mostly resolved after molting. IHHNV-challenged crabs exhibited no mortality. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of Cowdry type A eosinophilic inclusion bodies in hemal sinuses and hepatopancreatic tubules of challenged crabs. <em>In situ</em> hybridization detected strong IHHNV-specific signals in the hepatopancreas, confirming viral infection. Quantitative PCR analysis showed relatively high IHHNV loads in the gills, hepatopancreas, and stomach, with the hepatopancreas exhibiting the highest viral load. Furthermore, this study confirmed cross-species transmission of IHHNV from infected <em>H. tientsinensis</em> to juvenile <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> by qPCR detection and histopathological analysis. These findings meet the WOAH criteria for confirming susceptibility as outlined in Chapter 1.5 of the <em>Aquatic Animal Health Code</em>, supporting the conclusion that <em>H. tientsinensis</em> is a susceptible host of IHHNV. Additionally, a survey conducted from the year 2021 to 2023 revealed the persistent presence of IHHNV in <em>H. tientsinensis</em> populations across various shrimp farming periods along China’s coastal regions, with notably high viral loads detected within pond environments. This study highlights the overlooked risk of cross-species pathogen transmission by wild crab species. The foraging behavior of <em>H. tientsinensis</em> may facilitate the spread of IHHNV within aquaculture systems, posing a potential threat to the health management of shrimp pond farming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic analysis of total spore proteins from Nosema pernyi and characterization of a novel spore wall protein, NpSWP13","authors":"Ziyi Qin ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Yumeng Bian ,&nbsp;Jingwen Tang ,&nbsp;Kuo Bao ,&nbsp;Ruisheng Yang ,&nbsp;Liang Xu ,&nbsp;Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Yiren Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microsporidia represent a group of eukaryotic, obligate intracellular parasites that form environmentally resistant spores. Spore wall proteins (SWPs) can mediate pathogen-host interactions for specific parasitism among different species. However, limited research has been conducted on SWPs in<!--> <em>Nosema pernyi</em> that causes microsporidiosis in the economically-important Chinese oak silkworm, <em>Antheraea pernyi</em>. Here, we identified a total of 636 proteins from<!--> <em>N. pernyi</em> <!-->using LC-MS/MS, among which 8 SWPs were listed. A hydrophilic SWP13, which<!--> <!-->has identity with other homologous SWP13 among the <em>Nosema</em> genus, was identified both from nucleotide and peptide sequences. After the anti-NpSWP13 polyclonal antibody was produced, western blotting and immunohistochemical<!--> <!-->analysis<!--> <!-->showed<!--> <!-->that the protein exists in<!--> <em>N. pernyi</em>. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) consistently demonstrated<!--> <!-->the<!--> <!-->enrichment of NpSWP13 located in the endospore. Immunoprecipitation-Mass Spectrometry (IP-MS) analysis indicates NpSWP13 may interact with proteins in the midgut of silkworm<em>.</em> In this study, our results demonstrate that<!--> <!-->NpSWP13 is<!--> <!-->a novel SWP subcellularly localized in<!--> <em>N. pernyi</em>.<!--> <!-->Our research<!--> <!-->enhances<!--> <!-->the understanding of different SWPs in microsporidia and reveals possible mechanisms in specific infection among different <em>Nosema</em> species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological responses of larval Menochilus sexmaculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)","authors":"Haniieh Atrchian,&nbsp;Kamran Mahdian,&nbsp;Hamzeh Izadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The term cellular immune response refers to hemocyte-mediated responses. In the present study, five types of circulating hemocytes in larvae of the predatory coccinellid, <em>Menochillus sexmaculatus</em> (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was identified, including prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. The number of total hemocytes per larva increased significantly 6 h after the injection of <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia. Upon conidia challenge, observed considerable increase in granulocyte counts following larval treatment after 3 h but the number of plasmatocytes significantly increased after 3 and 6 h. Moreover, the result confirmed the significant increase in phenoloxidase activity and nodulation in <em>M. sexmaculatus</em> larvae at the beginning of infection <em>M. sexmaculatus</em>. Overall, the cellular immune response of <em>M. sexmaculatus</em> helped eliminate the invading organisms even though not all the fungal conidia are killed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-component trail pheromones of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema diaprepesi and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora","authors":"Alexander M. Gaffke ,&nbsp;Jessica L. Griesheimer ,&nbsp;Edwin E. Lewis ,&nbsp;David Shapiro-Ilan ,&nbsp;Fatma Kaplan ,&nbsp;Hans T. Alborn","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic nematodes aggregate in the soil environment to facilitate the location and infection of insect hosts. Significant evidence exists suggesting this aggregated movement is controlled, in part, by pheromones produced by individual nematodes. This aggregated movement is often termed trail following. The investigation of pheromones produced by the nematodes at the point of emergence from the insect cadaver, compared to the pheromones produced while moving through substrates, identified differences in pheromone production during these two behaviors. Additionally, the investigation identified differences in pheromone compositions between species, suggesting species specific ratios of the pheromones. Specifically, Steinernema diaprepesi utilized primarily the ascarosides asc-C4 (ascr#11), asc-C5 (ascr#9), asc-C6 (ascr#12), and asc-C7 (ascr#1), while Heterorhabditis bacteriophora primarily utilized the ascarosides asc-C5 (ascr#9), asc-C6 (ascr#12), asc-C11-EA, and asc-C11 (ascr#18). These results indicate that nematodes release different blends of pheromones when dispersing from the cadaver compared to moving through soil, and the two species of nematodes investigated utilized species-specific pheromone compounds. The understanding of nematode behaviors and the chemicals that govern them could prove to be useful in the improvement of biocontrol programs utilizing entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and expression patterns of interleukin 17 (IL-17) genes in the earthworm Eisenia andrei: Differential inducibility and tissue-specific expression","authors":"Beom Jun Park ,&nbsp;Yoo Bin Yoon ,&nbsp;Soon Cheol Park ,&nbsp;Sung Jae Cho ,&nbsp;Dong Ho Lee ,&nbsp;David Chung ,&nbsp;Brenda I. Medina-Jiménez ,&nbsp;Jae-Hyo Bae ,&nbsp;Seung-Jun Mun ,&nbsp;Jung-Woong Kim ,&nbsp;Sung-Jin Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Innate immunity is an ancient defense system present in most multicellular organisms. Among the key mediators of innate immunity, interleukin-17 (IL-17) is considered as the most well-conserved cytokine across animal phyla and plays a central role in promoting inflammation and regulating immune responses. Despite their lack of adaptive immunity, invertebrates exhibit complex immune responses mediated by soluble immune mediators such as cytokine-like molecules. Although the function of IL-17 has not been studied as extensively in lophotrochozoa as in deuterostomes and ecdysozoa, it has been suggested that annelids and bivalve mollusks produce evolutionarily conserved cytokines, including IL-17, whose function remains poorly understood. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the molecular structure and spatial expression patterns of annelid IL-17 proteins. Their inducibility following challenges with Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, or lipopolysaccharide was additionally examined. Five new full-length complementary DNA sequences of earthworm <em>IL-17</em>, designated <em>EanIL-17A/B/C/D/E</em>, may be subcategorized into two groups—subgroup A, including EanIL-17A, comprises seven highly conserved cysteine residues, six of which are predicted to form three cystine knots between the conserved Cys 1 and 4, Cys 2 and 5, and Cys 3 and 6; and subgroup B, including EanIL-17B/C/D/E, contains two highly conserved cysteine residues and four partially conserved cysteine residues, which are predicted to form two cystine knots between Cys 1 and 4 and Cys 2 and 5. Because the topology of knots plays a key role in receptor recognition and signaling transduction events in IL-17 signaling (<span><span>Iyer and Acharya, 2011</span></span>), these two types of IL-17s exhibiting different knot topologies are likely to be recognized by separate receptors. While <em>EanIL-17A</em> mRNA was primarily observed in coelomocytes, the majority of the expression signals of other <em>EanIL-17</em> mRNAs were observed in the connective tissues of the body wall. These signals were mainly localized in the bundle sheaths of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and in the basal membrane, suggesting tissue-specific expression. Except for <em>EanIL-17C</em>, which responded only to Gram-negative <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, other <em>EanIL-17</em> mRNAs were upregulated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 6–24 h post-challenge, suggesting that they play an important role in earthworm immune defense against bacterial invasion and they are early response genes to pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}