Journal of invertebrate pathology最新文献

{"title":"Under the radar: Transcriptomic responses of bed bugs to an entomopathogen, environmental bacteria, and a human pathogen","authors":"Hunter K. Walt ,&nbsp;Aline Bronzato-Badial ,&nbsp;Sophie E. Maedo ,&nbsp;Joseph A. Hinton ,&nbsp;Jonas G. King ,&nbsp;Jose E. Pietri ,&nbsp;Federico G. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are widely distributed, obligately blood-feeding insects, but they have never been linked to pathogen transmission in humans. Most other hematophagous insects that frequently bite humans transmit pathogens, and it is unclear why bed bugs do not. One hypothesis is that bed bugs have evolved a highly robust immune system because their mating system, traumatic insemination, exposes females to consistent wounding and bacterial infections. Although this has been proposed, very little is known about the bed bug immune system and how bed bugs respond to microbial challenges introduced by wounding. Similarly, there is little known about how the bed bug immune system responds to human pathogens. Understanding the bed bug immune system could give insight to why bed bugs appear not to transmit disease and under what circumstances they could, while also facilitating biological control efforts involving microbes. To investigate the transcriptomic response of bed bugs to immune challenges, we exposed female bed bugs to three bacterial challenges. 1.) <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em>, an entomopathogen known to have harmful effects to bed bugs, 2.) bacteria cultured from a bed bug enclosure (99.9 % <em>Bacillus</em> spp.), likely encountered during traumatic insemination, and 3.) <em>Borrelia duttoni</em>, a human vector-borne pathogen that causes relapsing fever. We compared the transcriptomes of infected bed bugs with uninfected matched controls in a pairwise fashion, focusing on immune-related genes. We found many known antimicrobial effector genes upregulated in response to <em>P. fluorescens</em> and traumatic insemination-associated bacteria, but interestingly, not in response to <em>B. duttoni</em>. In the differentially expressed genes that were shared between experiments, we found significant overlap in the <em>P. fluorescens</em> treatment and the traumatic insemination bacteria treatment, and between the <em>P. fluorescens</em> and <em>B. duttoni</em> treatments, but not between the traumatic insemination bacteria treatment and the <em>B. duttoni</em> treatment. Finally, we identify previously overlooked candidates for future studies of immune function in bed bugs, including a peroxidase-like gene, many putative cuticle-associated genes, a laccase-like gene, and a mucin-like gene. By taking a comprehensive transcriptomic approach, our study is an important step in understanding how bed bugs respond to diverse immune challenges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108182"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effects of entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria and their cell free filtrates on the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta and its predator Nesidiocoris tenuis","authors":"Nathalie Kamou ,&nbsp;Ariadni Papafoti ,&nbsp;Vasileia Chatzaki,&nbsp;Apostolos Kapranas","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of biocontrol agents, such as predators and entomopathogenic nematodes, is a promising approach for the effective control of the tomato leafminer <em>Tuta absoluta</em> (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidaean), an oligophagous insect feeding mainly on Solanaceae species and a major pest of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes globally. In this context, the effects of two entomopathogenic nematode species <em>Steinernema carpocapsae</em> (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and <em>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</em> (Poinar) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), as well as their respective bacterial symbionts, <em>Xenorhabdus nematophila</em> and <em>Photorhabdus luminescens</em> (Enterobacterales: Morganelaceae), which were applied as bacterial cell suspensions and as crude cell-free liquid filtrates on <em>T. absoluta</em> larvae, were investigated. The results showed that of all treatments, the nematodes <em>S. carpocapsae</em> and <em>H. bacteriophora</em> were the most effective, causing up to 98 % mortality of <em>T. absoluta</em> larvae. Regarding bacteria and their filtrates, the bacterium <em>X. nematophila</em> was the most effective (69 % mortality in young larvae), while <em>P. luminescens</em> and both bacterial filtrates showed similar potency (ca. 48–55 % mortality in young larvae). To achieve a holistic approach of controlling this important pest, the impact of these factors on the beneficial predator <em>Nesidiocoris tenuis</em> (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) was also studied. The results demonstrated that although nematodes and especially <em>S. carpocapsae</em>, caused significant mortality on <em>N. tenuis</em> (87 %), the bacterial cell suspensions of <em>X. nematophila</em> and <em>P. luminescens</em> and crude cell-free liquid filtrates had minimum impact on this beneficial predator (∼11–30 % mortality).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201124001241/pdfft?md5=2ed76b743c035187f8e8920511d71312&pid=1-s2.0-S0022201124001241-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linc20486 promotes BmCPV replication through inhibiting the transcription of AGO2 and Dicers","authors":"Mengdong Wang ,&nbsp;Weiming Tang ,&nbsp;Chengyue Wu ,&nbsp;Yeping Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Ping Wu ,&nbsp;Heying Qian ,&nbsp;Xijie Guo ,&nbsp;Zhendong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The silkworm holds pivotal economic importance, serving not only as a primary source of silk but also as a prominent model organism in scientific research. Nonetheless, silkworm farming remains vulnerable to diverse factors, with viral infections posing the gravest threat to the sericulture industry. Among these, the <em>Bombyx mori</em> cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV), a member of the <em>Reoviridae</em> family and the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus genus, emerges as a significant pathogen in silkworm production. BmCPV infection primarily induces midgut sepsis in silkworms, spreads rapidly, and can inflict substantial economic losses on sericulture production. Presently, effective strategies for preventing and treating BmCPV infections are lacking.</p><p>Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) constitutes a class of RNA molecules with transcripts exceeding 200 nt, playing a crucial role in mediating the interplay between pathogens and host cells. Investigation through high-throughput technology has unveiled that BmCPV infection markedly upregulates the expression of <em>Linc20486</em>. This observation suggests potential involvement of <em>Linc20486</em> in regulating virus replication. Indeed, as anticipated, knockdown of <em>Linc20486</em> in cells profoundly impedes BmCPV replication, whereas overexpression significantly enhances virus propagation.</p><p>To probe into the mechanism underlying <em>Linc20486</em>′s impact on virus replication, its effects on autophagy, innate immunity, and RNAi-related pathways were scrutinized. The findings revealed that <em>Linc20486</em> exerts significant influence on the expression of RNAi pathway-related genes, such as Dicer1, Dicer2 and AGO2. This discovery holds promise for unveiling novel avenues to comprehend and combat BmCPV infections in silkworms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108170"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete genome of the new bacilliform virus that causes Milky Hemolymph Syndrome in Chionoecetes bairdi (Rathbun, 1924)","authors":"M.G. Eliseikina ,&nbsp;A.V. Boyko ,&nbsp;E.V. Shamshurina ,&nbsp;T.V. Ryazanova","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genome of a new member of the <em>Nimaviridae</em> family has been sequenced. The Chionoecetes bairdi bacilliform virus (CbBV) causes Milky Hemolymph Syndrome (MHS) in <em>Chionoecetes bairdi</em> populations of the Pacific coast of Kamchatka. The CbBV genome is represented by double-stranded DNA with a length of 245,567 nucleotides containing 120 ORFs. Of these, 85 proteins had significant matches in the NCBI database, and 57 genes encoded capsid, envelope, tegument and nonstructural proteins. Comparative analysis of the genomes of CbBV and a number of representatives of the class nuclear arthropod large DNA viruses (NALDVs) made it possible to isolate 49 evolutionarily conserved orthologue core genes. Among them, 5 were multicopy genes, and 44 were single-copy genes. There were ancestral genes characteristic of all <em>Naldaviricetes</em> − <em>per os</em> infectivity complex genes, one DNA polymerase gene and one thymidylate synthase gene.</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis of representatives of the <em>Nimaviridae</em> family revealed that the CbBV and Chionoecetes opilio bacilliform virus (CoBV) form an independent clade within the family separate from the clade containing WSSV strains. This is supported by data on the order and arrangement of genes in the genomes of nimaviruses that were identical within each clade but differed between them. In addition, a high identity of the genomes and proteomes of CbBV and CoBV (approximately 99%) was shown, and their identity with WSSV strains was no more than 33%.</p><p>The data on the structure of the genome of the new virus that causes MHS in <em>C. bairdi</em> indicate that it belongs to the family <em>Nimaviridae</em>, genus <em>Whispovirus.</em> Thus, the CbBV infecting the commercially important species of Tanner crab in populations of the Pacific coast of Kamchatka is the second “wild” representative of replicating nimaviruses whose genome has been characterized after the CoBV that causes MHS in <em>C. opilio</em> in populations of the Sea of Japan. The discovery of a new member of the family that infects decapods indicates the prevalence of nimaviruses in marine ecosystems. The information obtained is important for understanding the evolution of representatives of the class of nuclear arthropod large DNA viruses. The discovery of a new nimavirus that causes MHS in <em>Chionoecetes</em> crabs, in contrast to the white spot syndrome (WSS) caused by WSSV strains, makes it relevant to identify two variants and possibly species within the family, namely, WSSV and Milky Hemolymph Syndrome virus (MHSV).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secretion of the arthrodial membrane gland of a harvester (Arachnida: Opiliones): Antimicrobial activity","authors":"Norton Felipe dos Santos Silva ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Hirata Willemart ,&nbsp;José Roberto Machado Cunha Silva ,&nbsp;Pedro Ismael da Silva Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Because of the exoskeleton, arthropods must have flexible areas to be able to move. Such regions are called arthrodial membranes and are particularly vulnerable to bacteria and fungi. Here, we analyzed the secretion in the glands underneath it in a Neotropical harvester <em>Mischonyx squalidus</em> (Arachnida: Opiliones) and tested whether it has antiseptical properties. We<!--> <!-->punctured<!--> <!-->the<!--> <!-->membrane,<!--> <!-->collected<!--> <!-->and quantified in<!--> <!-->a spectrophotometer. We also fractionated and analyzed the samples in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and then incubated the treated fractions and determined growth inhibition by measuring absorbance. The secretions resulted in 100 fractions, among which two had activity against the Gram-positive bacteria <em>Micrococcus luteus</em> and against the yeast <em>Candida albicans</em>. The low concentrations at which the secretions were active are relevant from a biotechnological point of view. For the organism, the secretions possibly prevent infections, including when they are attacked in these regions by predators that pick that spot to bite.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142017786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-dependent dynamics of densovirus infection in two nymphalid butterfly species utilizing native or exotic host plants","authors":"Nadya D. Muchoney ,&nbsp;Amy M. Watanabe ,&nbsp;Mike B. Teglas ,&nbsp;Angela M. Smilanich","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Insects are attacked by a diverse range of microbial pathogens in the wild. In herbivorous species, larval host plants frequently play a critical role in mediating susceptibility to infection. Characterizing such plant-mediated effects on herbivore-pathogen interactions can provide insight into patterns of infection across wild populations. In this study, we investigated the effects of host plant use by two North American butterflies, <em>Euphydryas phaeton</em> (Nymphalidae) and <em>Anartia jatrophae</em> (Nymphalidae), on entomopathogen infection across a range of three doses. Both of these herbivores recently incorporated the same exotic plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> (Plantaginaceae)<em>,</em> into their host range and are naturally infected by the same entomopathogen, Junonia coenia densovirus (<em>Parvoviridae</em>), in wild populations. We performed two factorial experiments in which <em>E. phaeton</em> and <em>A. jatrophae</em> were reared on either <em>P. lanceolata</em> or a native host plant [<em>Chelone glabra</em> (Plantaginaceae) for <em>E. phaeton</em>; <em>Bacopa monnieri</em> (Plantaginaceae) for <em>A. jatrophae</em>] and inoculated with either a low, medium, or high dose of the virus. In <em>E. phaeton</em>, the outcomes of infection were highly dose-dependent, with inoculation with higher viral doses resulting in faster time to death and greater mortality. However, neither survival nor postmortem viral burdens varied depending upon the host plant that was consumed. In contrast, host plant use had a strong effect on viral burdens in <em>A. jatrophae,</em> with consumption of the exotic plant appearing to enhance host resistance to infection<em>.</em> Together, these results illustrate the variable influences of host plant use on herbivore resistance to infection, highlighting the importance of investigating plant-herbivore relationships within a tritrophic framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paospora carinifang n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia: Spragueidae), a parasite of the ridgetail white prawn, Palaemon carinicauda","authors":"Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Ying Na,&nbsp;Yan-qing Huang,&nbsp;Jun-fang Zhou,&nbsp;Shou-hu Li,&nbsp;Quan-lin Liu,&nbsp;Le-tian Li,&nbsp;Yuan-ge Chen,&nbsp;Wei Tian,&nbsp;Hai Chi,&nbsp;Xin-cang Li,&nbsp;Wen-hong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new microsporidian disease of the pond-reared ridgetail white prawn, <em>Palaemon carinicauda</em>, was found in China. Light microscopy, pathology, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the parasite infected the host’s skeletal muscle tissue and formed spherical sporophorous vesicles (SPOVs). Electron microscopy revealed that its merogonic life stages developed in direct contact with the host cytoplasm. The sporogonic life stages underwent octosporoblastic sporogony with the formation of eight uninucleate spores in each SPOV. Fresh SPOVs were 5.4 ± 0.55 µm in diameter. The octospores were oval and measured 2.3 × 1.5 μm (fresh) and 1.96 × 1.17 μm (fixed). The isofilar polar filament was coiled with 9–10 turns and arranged in two rows. Phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rRNA gene suggests that this microsporidium has close affinities with members of the genera <em>Potaspora</em> and <em>Apotaspora</em>, but represents an independent generic taxon. We therefore propose the establishment of a new genus and species (<em>Paospora carinifang</em> n. gen., n. sp.) within the family Spragueidae. We also propose a taxonomic revision to transfer <em>Potaspora macrobrachium</em> to this new genus and reclassify it as <em>Paospora macrobrachium</em> comb. nov.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rich diversity of RNA viruses in the biological control agent, Orius laevigatus","authors":"Luis Hernández-Pelegrín ,&nbsp;Amador Rodríguez-Gómez ,&nbsp;Ana Belén Abelaira ,&nbsp;Ma. Carmen Reche ,&nbsp;Cristina Crava ,&nbsp;Fang Shiang Lim ,&nbsp;Pablo Bielza ,&nbsp;Salvador Herrero","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Orius laevigatus</em> (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) is a generalist predator extensively used for the biocontrol of diverse agricultural pests. Previous studies on <em>O. laevigatus</em> have focused on the improvement of insect genetic traits, but little is known about its association with microbes, especially viruses that may influence its production and efficacy. More than 280 RNA viruses have been described in other Hemiptera insects, in line with the continuous discovery of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) boosted by next-generation sequencing. In this study, we characterized the repertoire of RNA viruses associated with <em>O. laevigatus</em>. Its virome comprises 27 RNA viruses, classified within fourteen viral families, of which twenty-three viruses are specific to <em>O. laevigatus</em> and four are likely associated with fungal microbiota<em>.</em> The analysis of viral abundance in five <em>O. laevigatus</em> populations confirmed the presence of simultaneous viral infections and highlighted the ubiquitous presence and high abundance of one solinvivirus and three totiviruses. Moreover, we identified 24 non-retroviral endogenous viral elements (nrEVEs) in the genome of <em>O. laevigatus,</em> suggesting a long-term relationship between the host and its virome. Although no symptoms were described in the insect populations under study, the high diversity of viral species and the high abundance of certain RNA viruses identified indicate that RNA viruses may be significant for the applicability and efficacy of <em>O. laevigatus</em> in biocontrol programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201124001186/pdfft?md5=607d16a5f63baec73abbd3c940a90a3b&pid=1-s2.0-S0022201124001186-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northern coral triangle coral ciliates diseases and disease prevention: A first record","authors":"Wei-Ting Sun ,&nbsp;Chieh-Yu Pan ,&nbsp;Xpark ,&nbsp;De-Sing Ding ,&nbsp;Chih-Hung Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study is the first to report ciliate infection on soft corals in the Northern Coral Triangle. Infected <em>Briareum violacea</em> will undergo tissue ulceration and death within a short period of time. This ciliate was identified as <em>Scuticociliatia</em> sp. through 18S rRNA gene identification. In this study, the body length of the ciliate was approximately 80–85 μm before parasitizing the <em>B. violacea</em>. After being parasitizing, the body length was approximately 200–250 μm, and the body width was 50 μm. Body size increased three times after parasitism. According to observations, ciliates will first parasitize the coral endoderm in the early stage of infection, and no ciliates were found in the ectoderm. Preliminary judgment suggests that it may invade the coral endoderm through the mouth for parasitism. After parasitism, the ciliate eats the coral tissue and zooxanthellae. The antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and MDA of infected corals were significantly increased, which also means that the corals are in a stress response. Ciliates will eat the zooxanthellae in the coral body, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of zooxanthellae and chlorophyll <em>a</em>. To effectively prevent and treat this disease, <em>Combretum indicum</em> extract was used in this study. It is a tropical plant commonly used medicinally to treat roundworms, pinworms and parasitic diseases. The results showed that at a concentration of 1500–2500 ppm, <em>Combretum indicum</em> extract can be used to treat ciliates and can applied via medicinal bath therapy for long periods without causing coral stress reactions. The results of this study regarding coral disease prevention are in line with SDG 14 and promote the practical application of coral reef ecological sustainability and large-scale coral aquaculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141982484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The virulence plasmid associated with AHPND in shrimp appears to have originated from Vibrio owensii through a process of homologous recombination of parental plasmids and the transposable insertion of two large fragments","authors":"Yesheng Yan ,&nbsp;Haojie Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaosha Liang ,&nbsp;Tianqi Xu ,&nbsp;Shuling Yan ,&nbsp;Yongxin Yu ,&nbsp;Yongjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2024.108173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a highly contagious and lethal disease of shrimp caused by <em>Vibrio</em> strains carrying the virulence plasmid (pAHPND) containing the <em>pirAB</em> virulence genes. Through analysis of plasmid sequence similarity, clustering, and phylogeny, a horizontal transfer element similar to IS91 was discovered within the pAHPND plasmid. Additionally, two distinct clades of plasmids related to pAHPND (designated as pAHPND-r1 and pAHPND-r2) were identified, which may serve as potential parental plasmids for pAHPND. The available evidence, including the difference in G+C content between the plasmid and its host, codon usage preference, and plasmid recombination event prediction, suggests that the formation of the pAHPND plasmid in the <em>Vibrio owensii</em> strain was likely due to the synergistic effect of the recombinase RecA and the associated proteins RecBCD on the pAHPND-r1 and pAHPND-r2, resulting in the recombination and formation of the precursor plasmid for pAHPND (pre-pAHPND). The emergence of pAHPND was found to be a result of successive insertions of the horizontal transfer elements of <em>pirAB</em>-Tn903 and IS91-like segment, which led to the deletion of one third of the pre-pAHPND. This plasmid was then able to spread horizontally to other <em>Vibrio</em> strains, contributing to the epidemics of AHPND. These findings shed light on previously unknown mechanisms involved in the emergence of pAHPND and improve our understanding of the disease’s spread.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 108173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141912996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}