Journal of invertebrate pathology最新文献

{"title":"Purification, molecular characterization, and bioinformatics analysis of putative antimicrobial peptides isolated from the haemolymph of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori.","authors":"Deeya Ghosh Dastidar, Barna Chakraborty, Suman Kumar Halder, Aveek Samanta","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial peptides were isolated from haemolymph of non-challenged and Escherichia coli-challenged fifth-instar Bombyx mori L. larvae by solvent extraction and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column. Selected fractions were examined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and five peptide sequences with reported molecular masses of 1999.1731-3777.1000 Da were taken forward for computational analysis. Sequence composition, hydropathy, two-dimensional chemical representation, topology, and de novo three-dimensional models were evaluated using PEPTIDE 2.0, ProtScale, PepDraw, Protter, and PEP-FOLD. The candidates differed in length, charge-related residue content, and hydrophobicity. Leucine was abundant in all five sequences. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) validated peptide-induced bacterial morphological alterations, such as pore formation, cytoplasmic leakage, and cell lysis. Overall, B. mori-derived AMPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, either beating or rivalling broad-spectrum antibiotics, and provide good candidates for the development of alternative therapeutics against bacterial pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":" ","pages":"108767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149227916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathological evidence links white feces syndrome in farmed Penaeus vannamei to severe hepatopancreatic Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei infection in China.","authors":"Yuan Wang, Juan Zhang, Jin-Yang Zhou, Ying Na, Shi-Ting Lin, Di Peng, Gan-Xiang Wang, Shou-Hu Li, Yan-Qing Huang, Jun-Fang Zhou, Xin-Cang Li, Wen-Hong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White feces syndrome (WFS) remains a major health problem in global Penaeus vannamei aquaculture, yet its etiology and pathogenesis remain debated. In this study, WFS outbreaks were investigated in 24 shrimp ponds across four provinces in China between 2013 and 2024, using light microscopy, histopathology, in situ hybridization, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular diagnostics. Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei (EHP) was detected in all WFS-affected ponds examined. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses showed that both fresh white feces from intestinal tract and pond-floating white feces were dominated by mature EHP spores, empty spore shells, and limited excretory debris, whereas bacteria were not a predominant structural component. Histopathology and in situ hybridization demonstrated that severe EHP infection was present in the hepatopancreas of WFS-shrimp, while the shrimp midgut and hind gut remain structurally intact. The observed hemocytic infiltration, encapsulation, and melanization suggest that host immune response contributes to the degradation of sloughed necrotic epithelial cells while leaving the resilient EHP spores within the hepatopancreatic tubule lumens. These massive, relatively pure spore loads were subsequently discharged into the midgut to form white feces. These findings indicate that WFS in the investigated field cases was strongly associated with severe hepatopancreatic EHP infection. The characteristic white coloration was most likely due to intense light scattering by dense spore aggregates, rather than to extensive intestinal epithelial injury or massive bacterial accumulation. WFS is recommended as a practical clinical indicator of high EHP burden in EHP-endemic shrimp farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":" ","pages":"108770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleic acid technologies in crustacean disease management: Diagnostics, therapeutics, and surveillance.","authors":"Yuvaraj Dinakarkumar, Rizwan Abdulrajak, Sowmiya Gnanaprasad, Muthezhilan Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crustacean aquaculture, particularly shrimp, crab, and lobster production, contributes around US$10 billion annually to the global food supply but remains highly vulnerable to viral and bacterial diseases. Pathogens such as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Yellow Head Virus (YHV), Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), and Vibrio species continue to cause substantial economic losses, and conventional management based on visual inspection, histopathology, and antimicrobial treatment is often slow and insensitive. This review examines how nucleic acid technologies are reshaping diagnostics, therapeutics, and surveillance in crustacean health management. Molecular diagnostic platforms including PCR, quantitative PCR, reverse transcription PCR, loop mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and multiplex assays allow rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogens, often before clinical signs appear. RNA interference shows strong therapeutic promise against viral pathogens, with experimental studies reporting 40 to 80% reductions in cumulative mortality, although stability, dosing, delivery, and production cost continue to limit commercial use. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and Cas (CRISPR-associated) has emerged as a powerful platform for functional genomics, immune gene characterisation, and the future development of disease resistant strains, though application in crustaceans remains largely proof of concept. Environmental DNA and molecular biosurveillance enable early pathogen detection through water and sediment sampling, supporting proactive biosecurity and precision aquaculture. Persistent barriers include scalability, infrastructure gaps in producing regions, regulatory uncertainty, and public acceptance. Future progress will rely on improved delivery systems, expanded crustacean genomic resources, and integration of molecular tools with digital farm management to deliver sustainable disease control.</p>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":" ","pages":"108769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemolin modulates IMD-related immune responses and promotes cellular immunity in Ostrinia furnacalis.","authors":"Xiangyi Wei, Yanzhe Qi, Shuzhong Li, Honglun Bi, Congjing Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ostrinia furnacalis is one of the most destructive Lepidopteran pests in Asia and worldwide, reducing yields of corn and other grain crops. Hemolin, an immunoglobulin-like protein with both developmental and immunological functions, has been implicated in protecting insects from pathogen infections. However, the specific regulatory mechanism by which Hemolin modulates innate immunity in O. furnacalis remains unknown. In this study, the full-length Of-Hemolin cDNA sequence was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and characterized through bioinformatic analysis. Expression levels of Of-Hemolin in different tissues and developmental stages of O. furnacalis were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcript levels of Of-Hemolin and immune-related genes in O. furnacalis larvae were detected after bacterial infection or dsHem injection. Of-Hemolin knockdown altered the expression of IMD pathway-related genes and antimicrobial peptides, suggesting that Of-Hemolin modulates IMD signaling-associated immune responses at the transcriptional level. As an opsonin, Of-Hemolin also substantially augments cellular immune reactions, including phagocytosis, encapsulation and nodulation, demonstrating its critical contribution to cellular immunity. These findings elucidate Of-Hemolin's function and suggest it may be a candidate target for green pest control.</p>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":" ","pages":"108771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and spatial distributions of pathogens in managed Florida honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies.","authors":"Julia St Amant, Hannah Connell, James D Ellis, Cameron J Jack","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) pathogens are a major concern for beekeepers and pose a significant threat to colony health. From January - December 2024, adult honey bees were sampled monthly by beekeepers in twenty counties distributed throughout Florida. Honey bees from each colony sample were analyzed using PCR (all pathogens) and microscopy (Nosema spp. only) to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of the following honey bee pathogens: Ascosphaera apis, Crithidia mellificae, Melissococcus plutonius, Malpighamoeba mellificae, Lotmaria passim, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, and Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV). In total, 710 samples were collected, of which 4.4% were positive for A. apis, 65.5% were positive for L. passim, 25.5% were positive for M. plutonius, 85.5% were positive for N. ceranae, <0.01% were positive for M. mellificae, and 97.4% were positive for AmFV. Crithidia mellificae and N. apis were not detected in any of the samples. There were significant differences in the prevalence of L. passim, M. plutonius, and N. ceranae pathogen load based on the time of year and location of the colony, with pathogens trending towards higher abundance in summer. These data highlight the need to augment monitoring efforts to determine the geographic and seasonal distribution of pathogens that infect honey bees.</p>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":" ","pages":"108768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular profiling of pathogenic Varroa strains and Tropilaelaps mites in Myanmar honey bees.","authors":"Saw Bawm, Hlaing Min Oo, Shwe Yee Win, Aye Pyae Pyae Khaing, Myint Myint Mu, Hla Myet Chel, Yadanar Khaing, Lat Lat Htun, Nariaki Nonaka, Ryo Nakao, Than Naing Tun","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honey bee mites are a major threat to the worldwide apiculture, causing substantial losses in honey bee colonies. The present study aimed to detect and characterise mites in honey bee colonies in Myanmar using molecular approaches. We employed PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and DNA sequencing to identify the honey bee mite species present in the region. Our findings indicate the presence of Varroa destructor, Varroa jacobsoni, and Tropilaelaps mercedesae in several honey bee colonies across Myanmar. The phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relationships between the V. destructor found in Myanmar and those reported elsewhere in Asia, with all detected V. destructor belonging to the pathogenic Korean (K) haplotype. Additionally, the identified sequences of V. jacobsoni and T. mercedesae were identical to those from Asian countries. This study highlights the necessity of appropriate management measures to control mite infestations of honey bee populations in Myanmar.</p>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":" ","pages":"108766"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Splicing factor SC35 inhibits Nosema bombycis proliferation by regulating the alternative splicing of Bmupp1","authors":"Qiong Yu ,&nbsp;Qingsheng Qu ,&nbsp;Shiyi Lu ,&nbsp;Pingyang Wang ,&nbsp;Li Sui ,&nbsp;Jie Cheng ,&nbsp;Xudong Tang ,&nbsp;Ping Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism in higher eukaryotes that enhances the structural complexity of the transcriptome and augments protein functional diversity. The regulation of alternative splicing is governed by splicing factors, which influence disease development by modulating this process. Pebrine disease, caused by <em>Nosema bombycis</em> (<em>N. bombycis</em>) infection, is a significant disease affecting the sericulture industry. Recent years have seen an increase in omics research, with numerous biochemical and molecular biological studies focusing on the complex interactions among various biomolecules (genes, RNA, proteins, metabolites) within the silkworm (<em>Bombyx mori</em>). However, there is a paucity of research on the alternative splicing gene response of silkworm during <em>N. bombycis</em> infection, and the role of alternative splicing genes in this process remains unclear. This study analyzes a differential alternative spliced gene <em>Bmupp1</em>, which responds to <em>N. bombycis</em> infection in silkworm. Subcellular localization revealed that Bmupp1-X1 is located in the cytoplasm, while Bmupp1-X2, X3, and X4 are localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of Bmupp1 demonstrated that Bmupp1-X2 and Bmupp1-X4 exhibit uridine phosphorylase (UPP) enzymatic activity. Bmupp1-X2 and Bmupp1-X4 inhibit <em>N. bombycis</em> replication, while Bmupp1-X1 and Bmupp1-X3 have no effect. Mini-gene assays and RNA interference of the splicing factor SC35 revealed that SC35 regulates the alternative splicing of <em>Bmupp1</em> in a dose-dependent manner, specifically influencing the splicing of Bmupp1-X2 and Bmupp1-X4. RT-qPCR analysis suggested that splicing factor SC35 may play distinct roles during the early and late stages of <em>N. bombycis</em> infection. In conclusion, during the early and late stages of <em>N. bombycis</em> infection, splicing factor SC35 regulates the alternative splicing of <em>Bmupp1</em>, thereby enhancing uridine phosphorylase enzymatic activity to suppress <em>N. bombycis</em> proliferation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol potential of Metarhizium spp. against Myzus persicae and beet mild yellowing virus in the post-neonicotinoid era","authors":"Ibtissem Ben Fekih ,&nbsp;Kenza Dessauvages ,&nbsp;Mathilde Scheifler ,&nbsp;Grégoire Noël ,&nbsp;Tariq M. Butt ,&nbsp;Joachim Carpentier ,&nbsp;Frédéric Francis","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are promising biocontrol agents that can also function as plant endophytes, mediating interactions within plant–insect–pathogen systems. Here, we evaluated four EPF isolates, two endemic (<em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> strain GxABT-2 and <em>Metarhizium majus</em> strain GxABT-3) and two reference strains (<em>M. brunneum</em> ARSEF4556 and V275), for their efficacy against the green peach aphid (<em>Myzus persicae</em>) and their ability to limit beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) transmission. Concentration-dependent bioassays assessed aphid mortality, fecundity, and post-mortem fungal development, while seed treatments evaluated the endophytic colonization and impact on BMYV establishment. All isolates caused &gt; 80% aphid mortality at the highest concentration (1 × 10⁸ conidia ml⁻¹), whether applied directly (spray or immersion of aphids) or indirectly (spray or immersion of leaves), with GxABT-2 producing the greatest reduction in fecundity. Three post-mortem developmental stages (melanized, non-sporulating, and sporulating) were primarily observed at lower concentrations (1 × 10⁵ and 1 × 10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹). Overall, melanized aphid cadavers were more frequent with endemic isolates, whereas sporulating cadavers predominated in the V275 and ARSEF4556 treatments. Endophytically colonized plants exhibited significantly lower BMYV loads, with GxABT-2 being the most effective. These results highlight the potential of endemic <em>Metarhizium</em> spp. as sustainable biocontrol agents in a post-neonicotinoid era and underscore the importance of understanding isolate-specific variability in plant–fungus interactions for optimizing viral suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized cloning and expression workflow for Cry proteins from Bacillus wiedmannii biovar thuringiensis","authors":"Enrique E. Posada Vaquerano ,&nbsp;M. Florencia Gil ,&nbsp;Marina E. Battaglia ,&nbsp;Corina M. Berón","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient heterologous expression of insecticidal Cry proteins, such as those produced by the bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (<em>Bt</em>), remains essential for their structural and functional characterization. This article describes an optimized workflow for the amplification, cloning, and expression of <em>cry</em> genes identified in <em>Bacillus wiedmannii</em> biovar <em>thuringiensis</em> (<em>Bwt</em>). The <em>Bwt</em> genome harbors multiple <em>cry</em> genes that display high sequence conservation, especially in their flanking regions, and feature a high adenine/thymine content organized in short domains surrounding the start and stop codons. These regions often share homology with other <em>cry</em> genes, pseudogenes, or chromosomal fragments, making targeted amplification and cloning challenging. To overcome these difficulties, a nested PCR strategy was implemented to ensure high sequence specificity and fidelity. As a proof of concept, the <em>cry4Ea1</em> and <em>cry4Fa1</em> genes were cloned into the pSTAB vector, which combines the sporulation-dependent <em>cyt1Aa</em> promoter with the STAB-SD stabilizing sequence, and expressed in the <em>Bt</em>-derived acrystalliferous strain 4Q7. For genes containing internal restriction sites, the ligation-independent AQUA method provided an efficient alternative to conventional cloning. Optimization of the culture conditions demonstrated that inoculum physiology and nutrient availability significantly influenced biomass accumulation and Cry protein production, using the recombinant <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> subsp. <em>israelensis</em> 4Q7 strain expressing Cry4Fa1 as a representative case. This article analyzes these findings and compares them with other <em>Bt</em> expression systems, highlighting similarities, limitations, and complementary advances reported in other studies. Altogether, these approaches expand the molecular toolbox for Cry protein expression and characterization, offering promising biotechnological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing the impact of HaHV-1 in Australian abalone: The role of age and immune priming","authors":"Jacinta R. Agius ,&nbsp;Danielle Ackerly ,&nbsp;Angus C. Watson ,&nbsp;Monique L Smith ,&nbsp;Lachlan Hulands ,&nbsp;Joshua McIntyre ,&nbsp;Travis Beddoe ,&nbsp;Karla J Helbig","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2026.108554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abalone (<em>Haliotis sp</em>.) are marine organisms of significant ecological and economic importance. However, disease outbreaks, particularly caused by Haliotid herpesvirus (HaHV-1), pose a major threat to the global aquaculture industry. HaHV-1 causes Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis (AVG) and has led to significant economic losses due to mass mortality in farmed and wild abalone in regions such as China, Taiwan, and Australia. The current study investigated the effect of age on the susceptibility of Australian hybrid abalone to HaHV-1 and the potential of immune priming as a strategy to protect abalone from HaHV-1 infection. Using a co-housed immersion challenge model, we found that abalone less than one year of age were significantly less susceptible to HaHV-1 infection and exhibit less pronounced clinical signs of HaHV-1 infection when compared to adults. Additionally, immune priming adult abalone with poly(I:C) prior to viral challenge provided protection against HaHV-1 when compared to abalone primed with a bacterial antigen, Flagellin-A and unprimed controls. We also determined that the use of pedal swabs is a less invasive method for confirming positive HaHV-1 infections, but not for determining comparative viral loads. These findings are pivotal in developing preventative strategies against HaHV-1 in aquaculture and highlight the need for further research on immune priming and age-related susceptibility in abalone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}