Journal of invertebrate pathology最新文献

{"title":"Accurate and rapid detection of six viral pathogens in penaeid shrimp by using a novel multiplex PCR","authors":"Pei Wang,&nbsp;Qiu-Ya Zhang,&nbsp;Qin Liu,&nbsp;Yong-Hou Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrimp viral diseases, primarily caused by Taura syndrome virus (TSV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)/<em>Penaeus stylirostris</em> penstyldensovirus 1 (PstDV1), hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), <em>Penaeus monodon</em>-type baculovirus (MBV)/<em>P. monodon</em> nudivirus (PmNV) and yellow head virus (YHV), posed a significant global challenge and resulted in enormous financial losses in the shrimp cultivation industry. In this research, six pairs of specific primers of the above six viruses were designed according to the highly conserved sequences of the viruses to amplify conserved gene segments of each virus and generate the corresponding PCR products of different sizes. Following system optimization, a multiplex PCR method was established to simultaneously detect and differentiate the six viruses mentioned above in penaeid shrimp. The assay exhibited high specificity with no cross-reactivity towards other non-target shrimp viruses or shrimp nucleic acids. The limit of detection (LOD) of the multiplex PCR assay was 5 × 10² copies/μL for TSV, WSSV, IHHNV, HPV and YHV, and 5 × 10³ copies/μL for MBV. Using this assay, 1180 shrimp samples that were divided into 236 pools of five samples each pool were tested for further assessment. The total positive rate for all pools was 30.5 %, with IHHNV at 22.88 %, WSSV at 7.2 %, HPV at 0.42 %, and TSV, MBV, and YHV were undetected. The agreement rates between the multiplex PCR and conventional singleplex PCRs as well as real-time singleplex PCRs were all higher than 98.5 %. Overall, the multiplex PCR developed here is thus a sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tool for the detection and daily monitoring of TSV, WSSV, IHHNV, HPV, MBV and YHV in shrimps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle and transmission paths of the apicomplexan Aggregata valdessensis parasitizing octopus tehuelchus on the Patagonian coast, SW Atlantic","authors":"Gustavo Mariluan ,&nbsp;Antonella Frizzera ,&nbsp;Carolina Davies ,&nbsp;Camino Gestal ,&nbsp;Silvina Van der Molen ,&nbsp;Nicolás Ortíz ,&nbsp;Nuria Vázquez ,&nbsp;Florencia Cremonte","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The species of the genus <em>Aggregata</em> are intracellular parasites that infect cephalopods. In this study, <em>A. valdessensis</em> descripton is expanded from cecum and intestine samples of <em>Octopus tehuelchus</em> by <em>in vivo</em> observations as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy of gametogonic and sporogonic stages. Infection in <em>O. tehuelchus</em> is noticeable as white spherical cysts, visible to the naked eye. Additionally, merogony stages were found in field-collected <em>Cyrtograpsus</em> spp. crabs, and described from histological slides and TEM images. We established two transmission paths by coproparasitological analyses and experimental infections, confirming that the crustaceans acquire infection by feeding on octopus feces, but also by scavenging octopuses’ dead bodies. Genetic analyses using the 18S molecular marker from octopus and crab stages allowed us to to confirm that they are conspecific, establishing the complete life cycle of <em>A. valdessensis</em>. For the first time in the southern hemisphere, a life cycle for the genus <em>Aggregata</em> is elucidated, being the second worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microalgae functional feed additives strengthen immunity and increase longevity in honey bees","authors":"Allyson Martin Ewert ,&nbsp;Alexander McMenamin ,&nbsp;Daniela Adjaye ,&nbsp;Victor Rainey ,&nbsp;Vincent Ricigliano","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera)</em> are faced with a myriad of immunological threats, often worsened by poor nutrition. The use of functional feed additives offers a promising strategy to address colony nutritional deficiencies while helping strengthen bee immune responses and mitigate stress. Microalgae have gained recognition as beneficial diet ingredients for livestock due to their abundance of essential nutrients and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we tested the effects of microalgae-containing feed on honey bee immunity, lifespan, and nutrient assimilation. Caged bees were fed a commercial artificial diet or the same diet with added pollen, spirulina (<em>Arthrospira platensis</em>) or <em>Chlorella</em> (<em>Chlorella vulgaris</em>). Immune-related gene expression, longevity, and body weight were measured following six days of <em>ad libitum</em> feeding. All diets resulted in similar body weights, indicating adequate nutrient assimilation. While bees fed the pollen-containing diet lived the longest (median lifespan = 51 days), bees fed spirulina- and <em>Chlorella-</em>containing diets lived significantly longer (median lifespan = 48 and 46 days, respectively) than those fed the base diet (median lifespan = 40 days). Spirulina-fed bees exhibited significantly higher expression of several antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes relative to the base diet and had superior bacterial clearing ability after injection with live <em>E. coli</em> cells. We propose that this increased immunocompetence is at least partially due to elevated AMP levels. Our findings suggest that the tested microalgae can improve honey bee longevity and immune functions with negligible health costs relative to a commonly used artificial diet. Determining the effects of microalgae feed additives in field-relevant contexts and in the face of diverse pathogen challenges should be the focus of future research efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variable prevalence of protective Spiroplasma infection over time in two natural populations of Drosophila hydei","authors":"Jordan E. Jones ,&nbsp;Rebecca Court ,&nbsp;Daisuke Kageyama ,&nbsp;Darren J. Obbard ,&nbsp;Gregory D.D. Hurst","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temporal dynamics of protective symbionts have rarely been characterized outside of aphid hosts. Here, we determine the prevalence of <em>Spiroplasma</em> in two populations of <em>Drosophila hydei</em> where <em>Spiroplasma</em> infection had been previously recorded (UK and Japan). We observe that infection in both populations is variable over time and confirm the persistence of <em>Spiroplasma</em> in the UK population for 9 years. Thus, variable prevalence over time appears to be a common feature of these symbioses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet-induced mechanical stress promotes immune and metabolic alterations in the Drosophila melanogaster digestive tract","authors":"Abeer Qush ,&nbsp;Hadi M. Yassine ,&nbsp;Asad Zeidan ,&nbsp;Layla Kamareddine","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A fundamental query in immunology is how cells recognize danger in the tissue milieu. For many years, standpoints were mainly centered around damaged cells or structures of invading pathogens, like lipopolysaccharide, being the initiators of danger signals to activate immunity. Today, rising evidence presents “biophysical signals” as potential regulators of immune cell functions too. This emerging notion of the ability of tissue mechanotransduction to tune the immunological system appears to likewise exist in other body system, among which is the metabolic system, where startling connection between mechanotransduction and enzymes<!--> <!-->known to regulate metabolism have been also reported. Being continuously subjected to mechanical forces, and owing to its multifaceted role in not only absorbing and digesting nutrients, but also in supporting important immunological defense strategies as well as metabolic responses, attention has been lately given to organs making up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, predominantly the intestine, with growing interest in unravelling the impact of mechanotransduction on the intestinal environment is on the rise. As such, we investigated in this study the impact of mechanical stress introduced by ingesting diet containing the indigestible fiber methylcellulose (MC) on gut immune and metabolic activities using the <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> model organism. Our findings reveal that feeding on MC-containing diet causes consequential alterations in the fly gut environment manifested by enlargement of the midgut diameter, remodeling of the microbiota community, activation of immune responses, differential regulation of the <em>tachykinin</em> (<em>Tk</em>) peptide hormone expression and modulation of lipometabolism. Particularly, we show that feeding on MC-containing diet promotes a marked increase in the relative abundance of Leuconostocaceae/<em>Leuconostoc</em>, microbiota-dependent Reactive Oxygen Species <strong>(</strong>ROS) production, IMD pathway activation, and IMD-dependent elevation in <em>Tk</em> expression. We also demonstrate that maintaining flies on MC-containing diet for several days leads to a reduction in body weight and in systemic glucose and triacylglycerol levels and modulates lipid droplets accumulation and storage in the gut and fat body. Taken together, these findings provide novel insight into the effect of diet induced-mechanical forces on the intestinal physiology and pathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel RNA viruses in a commercial colony of Tenebrio molitor","authors":"Luis Hernández-Pelegrín ,&nbsp;Vera I.D. Ros ,&nbsp;Salvador Herrero ,&nbsp;Carlotta Savio","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insect mass rearing for food and feed purposes is rapidly expanding in response to the current increase in protein demand. The mass reared insect strains are characterized by interactions with microorganisms, including viruses, that can be either beneficial or pathogenic and might lead to improved or decreased host health. The yellow mealworm, <em>Tenebrio molitor</em>, is a coleopteran species mainly reared for food and feed purposes showing high susceptibility to the Tenebrio molitor densovirus (TmDNV), which can lead to the loss of the entire population in a few days. The potential effect of viruses on mass-reared yellow mealworm highlights the need to screen for additional insect viruses associated with this insect species. In this study, we described and characterized five novel viruses associated with a European commercial <em>T. molitor</em> strain: Tenebrio molitor virga-like virus 1 (TmViLV1), Tenebrio molitor virga-like virus 2 (TmViLV2), Tenebrio molitor iflavirus 1 (TmIV1), Tenebrio molitor tombusvirus 1 (with two segments) (TmToV1), and Tenebrio molitor associated narnavirus 1 (TmAsNaV1). Then, we assessed the prevalence of these viruses in <em>T. molitor</em> samples derived from <em>T. molitor</em> rearings located worldwide. Assessing host-virus interactions aids in unravelling the effect of viruses on insect development, giving insights into possible implications for mass-rearing facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting academia and industry: Advancing the use of entomopathogenic nematodes to tackle emerging challenges and opportunities in modern agriculture","authors":"Raquel Campos-Herrera ,&nbsp;Ramon Georgis ,&nbsp;Diana K. Londoño ,&nbsp;Antoinette Malan ,&nbsp;Carlos Molina ,&nbsp;David Shapiro-Ilan ,&nbsp;Roxina Soler ,&nbsp;S. Patricia Stock ,&nbsp;Bart Vandenbossche","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The collaboration among academia, industry, and government is crucial for scientific progress and innovation. Academia generates fundamental knowledge, which industry translates into sound applications, considering government policies. This partnership is vital to feed progress and constant development and address global challenges like climate change and food security. Sustainable crop protection is a topical theme, with efforts to reduce pesticide reliance and promote alternatives to chemical pest management, and it continues to grow and be accepted worldwide. In this respect, biopesticides such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) offer a promising solution for pest and disease management as an eco-friendly alternative. However, EPN continue to face adoption barriers due to regulatory, commercialization and basic and applied knowledge gaps. Thus, stronger collaborations are needed to unlock their full potential, as highlighted in the 2024 congress organized in La Rioja (Spain) to commemorate the 100 years since the discovery of the first EPN. This review examines the gap between academia and industry, suggesting strategies to bridge it, thereby promoting the advancement of EPN in 21st-century agriculture. Despite decades of research demonstrating their efficacy, EPN commercialization remains limited by production, formulation, and application challenges. Universities and government research agencies have driven fundamental innovation through the discovery of new EPN-bacteria partnerships in new regions of the world, which are helping us understand their distribution and habitant adaptations which are required for their registration and in establishing global regulations. Research conducted both in academia and the private sector (both big and small start-up companies) has and continues to play a key role in the characterization of EPN and in assessing their performance for their subsequent formulation, product optimization, and commercialization. These are fundamental steps to reach the ultimate goal, which is to provide growers with reliable products that are cost-effective and sustainable. In this review, we summarize key findings that have led to the commercialization and application of EPN, spanning from the characterization of EPN and their symbiotic bacteria to production, formulation, and the requirements for their registration. We also highlight critical knowledge gaps and opportunities for collaboration between academia, government agencies, and industry. Strengthening these partnerships will drive EPN adoption in agriculture, establishing them as a desirable biocontrol solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue and cell types infected by Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei (EHP)","authors":"Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Shi-ting Lin ,&nbsp;Ming Zhao ,&nbsp;Peng Di ,&nbsp;Jun-fang Zhou ,&nbsp;Shou-hu Li ,&nbsp;Yan-qing Huang ,&nbsp;Ying Na ,&nbsp;Xin-cang Li ,&nbsp;Wen-hong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ecytonucleospora hepatopenaei</em> (EHP) is a microsporidian pathogen causing significant losses in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. The hepatopancreas is recognized as the primary target tissue, but the broader tissue and cell tropism of EHP and its ability to infect other components of the digestive system or non-digestive tissues remain unclear, especially when infections are intense and the host physiology is compromised. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the histopathology of EHP infections in severely infected <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> to determine its tissue and cell tropism and assess the potential for systemic infection. The severity of infection was graded based on hepatopancreatic lesions. Histopathology showed that EHP spores were distributed in the digestive system of heavily infected shrimp, but not in non-digestive tissues such as gills, heart, gonad, nerves or skeletal muscle. EHP only infected the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas, midgut, and midgut caeca, which lack the protective chitin layers. While the epithelial cells of the esophagus, stomach and hindgut were unaffected due to the protection of the inner chitinous layer, despite the presence of large numbers of EHP spores in these regions. Histopathology and ultrastructural pathology demonstrated that the R (reserve), F (fibrillar), B (blister), E (embryonic) and M (small midget) cells of the hepatopancreas were infected. These findings indicate that EHP does not cause systemic infection and has a strict cell tropism for the epithelium in the shrimp host.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Transcriptome analysis of Beauveria bassiana interaction with Nicotiana benthamiana reveals signatures of N. benthamiana growth promotion and enhanced defense responses”","authors":"Yunxia Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongxiong Fan ,&nbsp;Pengxia Huo ,&nbsp;Shuaishuai Huang ,&nbsp;Huifang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuoyue Lu ,&nbsp;Zhibing Luo ,&nbsp;Yongjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108347","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire ants exhibit self-medication but lack preventive behavioral immunity against a viral pathogen","authors":"Fang-Ling Chloe Liu ,&nbsp;Wei-Jiun Lin ,&nbsp;Liam McMillan ,&nbsp;Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jip.2025.108339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavioral immunity in ants encompasses collective behaviors that help defend against pathogens and parasites by reducing infection risks and limiting disease spread. However, much of the research has focused on fungal pathogens, leaving the behavioral immunity responses to viral pathogens largely unexplored. This study represents the first attempt to characterize behavioral immunity in ants against viral pathogens using the red imported fire ant, <em>Solenopsis</em> invicta and one of its common viruses, Solenopsis invicta virus 3 (SINV-3), as the model system. Given that SINV-3 infection has been shown to cause adverse effects on fire ants, we hypothesized that fire ants may mount behavioral immunity defenses against SINV-3 infection, specifically through avoidance behavior, organizational segregation worker discrimination, and self-medication. Surprisingly, none of the preventive behavioral immunity behaviors we tested were observed, suggesting fire ants’ inability to detect or mount collective defenses against SINV-3 infection. However, SINV-3-infected fire ants exhibited increased consumption of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-containing food, providing evidence of therapeutic self-medication. These findings suggest that while no evidence suggest fire ants employing preventive behavioral immunity against SINV-3, they may mitigate the effects of infection through self-medication, highlighting a different adaptive strategy in response to viral pathogens. This study opens new avenues for understanding the adaptive strategies of ants to cope with viral pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16296,"journal":{"name":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}