Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Electrodermal activity as an indicator of challenging road sections","authors":"Izabela Sudrychova ,&nbsp;Lukas Tomaszek ,&nbsp;Petr Saloun ,&nbsp;Miroslava Miklošíková ,&nbsp;Ladislav Jánošík","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing traffic raises demands for road safety, both active and passive. One way to enhance safety is by detecting challenging sections on roads and alerting drivers accordingly. In this article, we focus on identifying challenging sections of a training course by measuring electrodermal activity and heart rate while driving a fire truck. The results demonstrate that skin conductance measurements and heart rate can indicate areas where drivers are less attentive and also highlight spots that pose challenges to drivers. These findings can be utilized to detect difficult sections and preempt accidents by making necessary adjustments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid motion and heat transfer in an ASTM-E659 apparatus","authors":"Branson Davis ,&nbsp;Charline Fouchier ,&nbsp;Joseph E. Shepherd","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, experimental measurements and three-dimensional numerical simulations were used to characterize the non-reactive gas motion and mixing inside the flask of our laboratories’ Autoignition Temperature (AIT) facility based on the ASTM-E659 standard. Downward plumes of cool air enter through the open top of the flask, through the neck, and into the spherical vessel. This creates a single dominant toroidal vortex that transports fluid upwards along the walls and downward along the center line. Increasing the height of the flask holder caused the average temperature to increase and the magnitude/frequency of fluctuations to decrease. Studies of fuel-air mixing of ethene (C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), n-hexane (nC<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>H₁₄), and n-dodecane (nC₁₂H₂₆) found that the lighter fuels more readily diffuse into air whereas the heavier fuels are more strongly influenced by buoyancy effects and take longer to mix. Further, in some cases the mixing time will be comparable to the time to ignition and long ignition times may result in significant quantities of fuel molecules escaping from the open top of the flask.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic ranking of Hazmat logistics subsystems under uncertainty using fuzzy AHP","authors":"Goran Tepic ,&nbsp;Mirko Djelosevic ,&nbsp;Nebojsa Brkljac ,&nbsp;Marko Vukovic","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) procedure for identifying critical hazardous materials logistic subsystems using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process methodology. The hierarchical structure comprises three criteria, nine sub-criteria, and five alternatives. Expert judgments of criteria and sub-criteria and alternatives for each criterion (sub-criterion) are presented using triangular and trapezoidal membership functions. The proposed ranking algorithm, which involves a serial connection of three functional units with feedback, is suitable for automating the MCDM process in construction. The obtained results align with existing literature on the risks associated with hazardous materials logistics subsystems. Critical logistics subsystems refer to using hazardous materials and their production activities, while storage, handling, and transportation involve proximity to ranked risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing ignition of hybrid mixtures by brush discharges","authors":"Sabine Zakel,&nbsp;Nikhil Tanwar,&nbsp;Michael Hau,&nbsp;Michael Beyer,&nbsp;Carola Schierding","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brush discharges are recognized for their inability to ignite combustible dust mixtures when combined with air. However, they possess the potential to ignite flammable gas mixtures. Experiments conducted thus far have reached a maximum equivalent energy level of 4 mJ. The question now arises, at what composition can hybrid mixtures of dust and gas be ignited by brush discharges? In the case of gases alone, the transferred ignition charges are like those, used to determine the minimum ignition energy. Given that even small admixtures of gases significantly reduce the minimum ignition energy of dust, it is plausible that brush discharge may exhibit a similar effect. In this study, experiments are presented which serve to develop an ignition apparatus in which direct ignition tests are carried out on hybrid mixtures with brush discharge. To achieve this, a charging/discharging mechanism and appropriate measurement techniques were established based on a high voltage source and back charging of the insulating plate. Additionally, the hybrid mixtures will be calibrated based on their Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE), which will be measured using a modified MIKE 3 apparatus. Furthermore, the mechanism of dust dispersion will be investigated, as low turbulence is advantageous for achieving minimum ignition energy values. For this purpose, the whirling up as well as dropping of dust will be compared. An optical analysis system was set up and tested for this purpose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing the impact of solid contaminants on grease viscosity and the theoretical temperature performance of rolling bearings","authors":"Leo Siegle,&nbsp;André Hilliger,&nbsp;Sabrina Herbst,&nbsp;Frank Engelmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the increase in grease viscosity due to solid contamination with common industrial particles and the effects on the theoretical bearing operating temperature before plastic damage occurs. Since around 30 % of explosions in the industry are caused by non-electrical equipment, understanding the development of the ignition potential of rolling bearings at elevated temperatures due to lubricant contamination is of great importance for safety in explosion protection. Empirical data from various test series are analysed using ANOVA and regression analysis. The work results show a statistically significant correlation between contamination concentration and viscosity increase. It is, therefore, scientifically proven that an increase in contamination increases the viscosity of the lubricating grease by a factor of 2.199. The resulting theoretical temperature increase of the bearings analysed with contaminated lubricants amounts to a maximum of 2.42 K, compared to the calculation with viscosity values of clean lubricants. However, further practical investigations on a bearing test rig are necessary to determine whether the theoretical findings can be validated and further unexplored rheological and tribological factors investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in hydrogen storage technologies","authors":"Vladimir Molkov","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gaseous hydrogen storage is the most mature technology for fuel cell vehicles. The main safety concern is the catastrophic consequences of tank rupture in a fire, i.e. blast waves, fireballs, and projectiles. This paper summarises research on the development and validation of the breakthrough microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) safety technology of explosion-free in any fire self-venting Type IV tanks that do not require a thermally-activate pressure relief device (TPRD). The invention implies the melting of the hydrogen-tight liner of the Type IV tank before the hydrogen-leaky double-composite wall loses load-bearing ability. Hydrogen then flows through the natural microchannels in the composites and burns in microflames or together with resin. The unattainable to competitive products feature of the technology is the ability to withstand any fire from smouldering to extreme impinging hydrogen jet fires. Innovative 70 MPa tanks made of carbon-carbon, carbon-glass, and carbon-basalt composites were tested in characteristic for gasoline/diesel spill fires with a specific heat release rate of HRR/A = 1 MW/m². Standard unprotected Type III and IV tanks will explode in such intensity fire. The technology excludes hydrogen accumulation in naturally ventilated enclosures. It reduces the risk of hydrogen vehicles to an acceptable level below that of fossil fuel cars, including underground parking, tunnels, etc. The performance of self-venting tanks is studied for fire intervention scenarios: removal from fire and fire extinction by water. It is concluded that novel tanks allow standard fire intervention strategies and tactics. Self-venting operation of the 70 MPa tank is demonstrated in extreme jet fire conditions under impinging hydrogen jet fire (70 MPa) with huge HRR/A = 19.5 MW/m². This technology excludes tank rupture in fires onboard trains, ships, and planes, where hazard distances cannot be implemented, i.e. provides an unprecedented level of life safety and property protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II","authors":"Stefan H. Spitzer ,&nbsp;Wojciech Adamus ,&nbsp;Enis Askar ,&nbsp;Alexander Benke ,&nbsp;Sebastian D’Hyon ,&nbsp;Zdzislaw Dyduch ,&nbsp;Olivier Dufaud ,&nbsp;Friederike Flemming ,&nbsp;Nicole Gehle ,&nbsp;Michael Hohenberger ,&nbsp;Vojtech Jankuj ,&nbsp;Wang Jian ,&nbsp;Arne Krietsch ,&nbsp;Richard Kuracina ,&nbsp;Miroslav Mynarz ,&nbsp;Frederik Norman ,&nbsp;David Osborne ,&nbsp;Maria Prodan ,&nbsp;Nelly Sandsta ,&nbsp;Adrian Toman ,&nbsp;Shenjung Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Safety characteristics are used for the safe operation of processes. In a first step it is checked whether the used component is combustible and if so, in which quantities respectively in which concentration if mixed with air (explosive region) determining the lower and the upper explosion limit. If it can't be guaranteed that the process is run outside the explosive region, constructive measures may be undertaken, as for technical processes it is often assumed that an ignition source is available. Designing protection measures requires explosion characteristics to be determined, namely the maximum explosion pressure (p_max) and the maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dt)_max.Safety characteristics of single-phase components (solid, liquid or gas) can be determined according to standards that were developed 40 years ago and are continuously improved. For hybrid mixtures containing a flammable gas and a combustible dust there has been an approach in the 80^s but it has never been improved nor applied ever since (ISO 6184-3). A new approach by four German research facilities and the German Institute for standardization (DIN) with the aim of developing a new standard was launched in 2019. In 2022 the key findings led to a first international round robin test with eleven participating facilities from seven countries (Spitzer et al. (2023)). The dust component was corn starch and methane was chosen as gas component.</div><div>In order to strengthen the data foundation before finalizing and publishing the new standard, a second round robin test was initiated with hydrogen as gas component and lycopodium as dust. The dust was provided by Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg (OvGU), tested and sent by the German National Metrology Institute (PTB) to the participating facilities.</div><div>The paper will summarize the findings and their influence on the new standard.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firefighting vehicles’ driving dynamics under extreme load","authors":"Ladislav Jánošík ,&nbsp;Izabela Šudrychová ,&nbsp;Ivana Jánošíková ,&nbsp;Petr Gold","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper summarizes and compares results of an evaluation of basic driving characteristics measurements of fire fighting vehicles. Two tanker trucks used by the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic are compared by different chassis. A TATRA vehicle with a chassis allowing off-road driving and a SCANIA vehicle with a chassis designed for driving on paved city roads. The deceleration and acceleration characteristics of the vehicles are monitored and evaluated. Braking distance, time to stop and deceleration were monitored during the evaluation of braking characteristics. For the acceleration evaluation, start-up time and a distance to reach the desired speed were monitored. These parameters were monitored depending on the type of tyres, the test track surface and the climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplifying standards, opening restrictions Part I: The influence of the test vessel volume on the maximum explosion pressure of dusts","authors":"Vojtech Jankuj ,&nbsp;Jan Skrinsky ,&nbsp;Arne Krietsch ,&nbsp;Martin Schmidt ,&nbsp;Ulrich Krause ,&nbsp;Richard Kuracina ,&nbsp;Zuzana Szabová ,&nbsp;Stefan H. Spitzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosion characteristics are widely used in the process industries to determine the potential hazard of the used substances. In the American and European standards for determination of the maximum explosion pressure of dusts, the measured pressure is corrected if the tests are conducted in the 20L-sphere. This correction formula increases the measured values if they are above 5.5 bar g. It also causes, that the only two volumes for testing that are used are the standard 1m³ and the 20L-sphere because it is unclear whether corrections are necessary and, if so, what correction should be applied at other volumes.</div><div>In this article explosion tests were performed with four different dusts, lycopodium, lignite, aluminum, and nitrocellulose, in four different vessel sizes: 20 L, 250 L, 365 L, and 1000 L to investigate the influence of the vessel size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The working environment of a fire investigator after experimental fires: Challenges and experiences","authors":"Sarka Bernatikova,&nbsp;Jakub Baca,&nbsp;Ales Dudacek,&nbsp;Vit Klecka","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire investigators are key players in determining the causes of fires. Their work has changed over the years, not only in their professional approach to identifying the causes of fire, but also in relation to the protection of their health, where there have been significant improvements in recent years. Unlike firefighters, fire investigators do not usually use an isolation breathing apparatus at fire scenes when fighting a fire. This article focusses on an analysis of the risks that fire investigators face in their work, particularly in terms of physical, chemical, and biological factors. It examines the potential impact of these factors on the health and safety of fire investigators compared to emergency firefighters and proposes measures to minimise these risks. Then it specifically looks at the working environment of a fire investigator in a post-experimental fire area. It concludes with strategies and technologies aimed at protecting the health of fire investigators in the challenging post-fire environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}