Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Convergence of safety and security within process plants","authors":"David Rehak ,&nbsp;Alena Splichalova ,&nbsp;Tomas Lovecek ,&nbsp;Martin Hromada ,&nbsp;Simona Jemelkova ,&nbsp;Alena Oulehlova","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Process plants safety is currently an integral part of process industries. This fact is evidenced by a number of important directives, standards, and regulations, such as the Seveso III Directive, Process Safety Management Standard or Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. By implementing them, personnel safety, process safety, functional safety, etc. are constantly ensured. However, on the other hand, it is necessary to point out that process plants can be a significant source of risk not only from a process point of view, but also as a result of intentional or unintentional external damage. In this context, it is also necessary to pay attention to process plants security. Currently, only a few directives related to the critical infrastructure protection or cyber security pay attention to this area. Based on these facts, the aim of the article is to present possibilities, tools and benefits of the convergence of process plants safety with the physical protection system and organizational resilience. As part of the physical protection system, convergence mechanical barriers, alarm systems, security forces and regime measures can be used for this purpose at the operational level. In contrast, organizational resilience processes can be used to strengthen process plants safety at the management level. In both cases, these security measures can be used in all three-time phases of the accident, i.e. before the accident, during the accident, and after the accident.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic prediction of multisensor gas concentration in semi-closed spaces: A unified spatiotemporal inter-dependencies approach","authors":"Shikuan Chen ,&nbsp;Wenli Du ,&nbsp;Bing Wang ,&nbsp;Chenxi Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flammable gas leakage in industrial environments poses significant risks to human health and environmental safety. Developing accurate and efficient spatiotemporal models for gas dispersion is essential for mitigating these dangers. The gas diffusion is inherently a spatiotemporal process, yet most research has focused on modeling spatial or temporal correlations separately, failing to capture the dynamic relationships between various variables. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel approach based on FourierGNN, a multivariate time series forecasting (MTS) method, which treats concentration values from multiple sensors as multivariates and predicts their future trends. By utilizing a fully-connected hypervariate graph structure, the model adaptively learns high-resolution representations across different timestamps and variates simultaneously. Experimental data are generated by simulating a methane leak scenario in a semi-closed gas turbine enclosure using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The method is evaluated on the dataset with three distinct prediction horizons and compared with FC-LSTM and StemGNN. Results indicate that the approach outperforms others in terms of MAPE, MAE and RMSE across different prediction horizons while reducing parameter counts by 61.26% and 82.83%, respectively. Furthermore, the method demonstrates robustness under varying noise levels, confirming its reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human factors analysis and classification system - positive experience (HFACS-PE): New approaches to aviation accident and incident investigation","authors":"Ondrej Zavila","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article is aimed at presenting a new systematic approach to working with the positive elements of the chains of causes of aviation accidents and incidents in the process of their investigation. This new systematic approach is based on the principles of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) method and thus constitutes a modification of it (HFACS-PE). By combining the original concept of the HFACS method, aimed at identifying the causes of human failures, and its new modified concept, HFACS-PE, aimed at identifying the causes of human successes, the possibility of a comprehensive view of the air accident or incident under investigation is enabled. After a trial application of the combination of both methods to several case studies from real-life civil and military air traffic practice at national and international level, the validity, practicality, functionality and effectiveness of this new analytical approach with potential for further development can be concluded.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105578"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ignition characteristics of mixtures of micro-sized wood dusts and centimeter-sized flakes and fibers initiated by deposit fires","authors":"Chang Li ,&nbsp;Zhiyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Sun ,&nbsp;Caodi He ,&nbsp;Chunmiao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a highly flammable biomass dust, the explosion potential of wood dust has been widely recognized. However, compared with wood dust, other larger-sized wood processing by-products, such as wood flakes and wood fibers, pose a lower explosion risk due to their difficulty in forming dust clouds. Nevertheless, their fire risk should not be underestimated. Accident case analyses have shown that the explosion risk may increase when wood dust is mixed with wood processing by-products like wood flakes. This study experimentally investigated the ignition characteristics of mixtures of wood dust, wood flakes, and wood fibers, with a focus on the effects of mixing ratios, particle sizes, and spatial confinement on explosion risk. Whether in confined or open spaces, smoldering wood dust (D50 = 137 μm) as an ignition source was found to be insufficient to trigger a dust explosion. In mixtures of wood dust with wood flakes or wood fibers, the mixing ratio played a significant role in explosion risk. When the wood dust content exceeded 50 wt %, explosions occurred at both 0.2 MPa and 0.4 MPa dispersal pressures, with the key factor being the contact between the fireballs generated by burning wood flakes or wood fibers and the wood dust cloud. Conversely, when the wood dust content was lower (25 wt %), no explosion occurred. This study provides experimental evidence for the safe management of wood processing and biomass fuels. It recommends that enhanced preventive measures be implemented during storage and handling, particularly for mixtures with a high wood dust content, to mitigate explosion risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105575"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASTM-E659 standardized test analysis and results for Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene","authors":"Charline Fouchier ,&nbsp;Joseph Shepherd","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improvements on ASTM-E659 apparatus are used to investigate autoignition (AIT) of a Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK). The apparatus injection system has been automated, and the temperature acquisition system has been improved to reduce variability due to human factors. The SPK was compared with a Jet A standard, POSF4658. The two fuels have a similar range of combustion behaviors but the SPK shows a lower AIT and lower effective activation energy than Jet A. A statistical analysis is proposed to quantify the likelihood of ignition for a range of injected fuel volumes and types of ignition events. We observe that luminous ignition (Mode I) and non-luminous cool flame (Mode III) both result in a vigorous reaction and comparable peak temperatures. This highlights the importance of using the temperature signal to detect ignition instead of relying only on flame visualization. Surveys of the temperature distribution inside the hot vessel demonstrate that a single point measurement is not sufficient to characterize the temperature and that subtle changes in the assembly of the apparatus can significantly alter the temperature distribution and the measured AIT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of horizontal liquid tank under impact of explosion fragment based on coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method","authors":"Zilong Deng ,&nbsp;Mingshu Bi ,&nbsp;Di Yu ,&nbsp;Qiangqiang Hao ,&nbsp;Xing Liu ,&nbsp;Weiye Luo ,&nbsp;Shaochen Sun ,&nbsp;Jingjie Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosion fragments are one of the crucial factors leading to catastrophic domino effects. This paper reveals the dynamic response and failure behavior of horizontal liquid tanks caused by explosion fragments. According to material tests, the strain hardening and the strain rate hardening models are modified based on the standard Johnson-Cook (J-C) model, and a damage scalar representing the damage evolution is defined. Subsequently, the fluid-structure interaction model of the horizontal liquid tank under the impact of the explosion fragment is established based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method to describe the dynamic behavior of the tank with gasoline. The state of the fluid is captured, and the role of the fluid in influencing the deformation and fracture of the tank wall is quantized. The results show that the modified material model can appropriately describe the failure process of the tank. In addition, the deformation displacement of liquid tanks and impact force of fragments at different impact velocities are discussed, and the effect of liquid filling degree on tank failures is revealed. The proposed numerical method and findings can guide the safety assessment of tanks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4A zeolite-loaded bicarbonate as an anti-caking dust explosion inhibitor","authors":"Yueshuang Xia,&nbsp;Wenling Guan,&nbsp;Chengjie Dong,&nbsp;Yutong Wang,&nbsp;Chenxiang Zhang,&nbsp;Weijia Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to improve the explosion suppression performance of bicarbonate powders (KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃) against combustible dust and enhance their anti-caking properties by loading bicarbonate onto the surface of 4A zeolite. Using wet impregnation and evaporative crystallization, KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃ particles were successfully attached to the tetrahedral structure of 4A zeolite, resulting in composite dust explosion inhibitors, Zeolite-KHCO₃ and Zeolite-NaHCO₃, with large specific surface areas. The inhibition efficiencies of bicarbonate and 4A zeolite-loaded bicarbonate on wheat starch explosions were tested using a 150 cm Hartmann tube. The anti-caking properties of the composite were also evaluated under high humidity conditions. Results showed that Zeolite-KHCO₃ exhibited enhanced explosion suppression efficiency compared to KHCO₃, with a minimum complete inerting ratio (MIR) of 0.05, while Zeolite-NaHCO₃ exhibited an MIR of 0.12, consistent with NaHCO₃. The accelerated caking tests revealed that in contrast to KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃, Zeolite-KHCO₃ and Zeolite-NaHCO₃ exhibited superior anti-caking properties due to the drying effect of zeolite, with a caking rate of less than 0.1. These findings indicate that 4A zeolite-loaded bicarbonates can drastically reduce the caking tendency of bicarbonate while maintaining or enhancing its explosion suppression efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143353666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of explosion hazard of aluminum powder two-phase mixed system using random forest based on K-fold cross-validation","authors":"Lidong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Luo ,&nbsp;Bin Su ,&nbsp;Zeyang Song ,&nbsp;Jun Deng ,&nbsp;Xinyue Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dust explosion is a significant safety hazard in various industries and trades, with aluminum dust being particularly sensitive to ignition and leading to severe explosion consequences. During the actual industrial production process, there is a risk of aluminum powder dust coming into contact with other metal dust, flammable and explosive gases and liquids. Aluminum dust and other flammable and explosive substances, even if the concentration of aluminum dust and other flammable and explosive substances are below the lower explosive limit, the aluminum dust as the dominant multi-phase mixing system still has the potential to explode. Compared to a single aluminum dust, the aluminum powder multiphase system has a higher explosion hazard. Thus, the rapid prediction of the explosion intensity of the gas-liquid-solid multiphase system with aluminum dust as the main body is of great significance for the assessment of the explosion hazard of the mixed dust. On the other hand, the explosion properties of the gas-liquid-solid multiphase system with aluminum powder as the main body are affected by a number of factors such as powder particle size, powder concentration, combustible material concentration, and different systems have a large variability between. This is a significant challenging for the rapid and precise prediction of the explosive intensity of aluminum powders in multiphase systems. In this study, machine learning methods (random forest (RF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP)) were applied to deeply excavate the nonlinear relationship between the explosion index (<em>K</em>_<em>st</em>) of gas-liquid-solid multiphase system with aluminum dust as the main body and the explosion influencing factors. Feature engineering was employed during the model building process for improving the data representation model. The grid search method, including the K-fold cross-validation and three-model performance evaluation metrics, were incorporated to optimize, assess, and test the model's state and performance. A total of 233 <em>K</em>_<em>st</em> samples were gathered, with 163 samples (70% of the total samples) were allocated for training while the other 70 samples (30% of the total samples) were adopted for testing. By adopting the same dataset, compared with the MLP model, the RF model exhibits enhanced generalization capability and higher prediction accuracy, with a prediction accuracy of about 90%. Furthermore, the gas-solid two-phase dominated by aluminum powder had the highest prediction accuracy in the RF model, followed by liquid-solid and solid-solid systems. This study could help to rapidly predict the explosion intensity of the multi-phase system of aluminum powder occurring under complex conditions, and paved a way for decision-making of multi-factor affected emergency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105574"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical modeling for emergency planning support: Gas dispersion simulations in urban and rural areas","authors":"Hana Chaloupecká ,&nbsp;Václav Nevrlý ,&nbsp;Barbora Martiníkova ,&nbsp;Jan Suchánek ,&nbsp;Michal Dostál ,&nbsp;Jan Wild ,&nbsp;Pavel Dobeš ,&nbsp;Melánie Barabášová ,&nbsp;Zbyněk Jaňour","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protecting public health and ensuring environmental safety are essential for sustainable urban development, especially in the vicinity of industrial sites. This study evaluates the performance of ISC3, a Gaussian gas dispersion model, by comparing its predictions with wind tunnel data for idealized urban and rural environments. The analysis shows that the ISC3 model significantly underestimates pollutant concentrations in urban areas, particularly along transversal streets near the source, e.g. due to its inability to accurately represent complex flow patterns such as recirculation zones. This underestimation poses a risk to emergency preparedness and urban planning. In contrast, in rural areas, the ISC3 model generally overestimates concentrations, but this overestimation remains within acceptable limits, providing a more reliable prediction. The case study concludes that while Gaussian models are useful for initial assessment in areas of low roughness, their accuracy decreases in complex urban environments. For more accurate predictions in such environments, wind tunnel modelling is recommended as a more robust tool for site-specific risk assessment for land-use planning and emergency preparedness purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143353864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD model of dust unsteady flame propagation in the 20 L bomb","authors":"Alain Islas ,&nbsp;Maria Portarapillo ,&nbsp;Adrián Pandal ,&nbsp;Roberto Sanchirico ,&nbsp;Almerinda Di Benedetto","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for dust unsteady flame propagation presents a major challenge, particularly in the selection of a suitable combustion sub-model. Particle-based Lagrangian models provide a detailed description of the thermochemical conversion of fuels, but are often computationally expensive and impractical for most industrial applications. Premixed combustion models, on the other hand, treat the air/dust mixture as a single homogeneous fluid, with the chemical reactions occurring predominantly in the gas phase. These models are suitable for the simulation of biomass dust explosions, where the rapid release and combustion of volatile gases dominates the flame propagation. In this paper, a CFD model of unsteady flame propagation of biomass is developed using OpenFOAM. The model relies on a novel equation previously developed for the evaluation of the laminar flame speed of air/dust mixture inspired by the Mallard-Le Chatelier theory. Model validation is performed by comparing CFD simulation results with the literature data on cornstarch dust explosions in a 20 L bomb.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}