Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying the impacts of typical environmental factors on oil depot fire and explosion risk","authors":"Ye Song ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang ,&nbsp;Qichang Dong ,&nbsp;Zhongyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Zihao Song ,&nbsp;Hui Yang ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Long Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change poses new requirements for fire risk assessment, necessitating methods to quantify the impacts of environmental factors. As a high fire and explosion risk place, crude oil depot, typically exposed to open air, is highly susceptible to such factors. However, conventional risk assessment frameworks usually overlook the quantitative characterization of environmental factors' impacts. Furthermore, existing single-method frameworks are generally inadequate for quantitatively capturing complex and dynamic relationships between environmental factors and risk levels. In response, this study developed a risk assessment method that enabled the quantification of typical environmental factors’ impacts on oil depot fire and explosion risk. Specifically, the method quantified impacts through these pathways that are air temperature-driven, increasing human error probabilities and relative humidity-dependent electrostatic sparks events. To achieve this, the method synergistically combined fault tree analysis, cloud model theory, and information diffusion technique. The results indicated that oil depot fire and explosion risk exhibited a parabolic curve opening upward against air temperature, reaching its minimum at 20 °C. In contrast, the risk decreased monotonically with increasing relative humidity. It was also known that the impacts of relative humidity were relatively much smaller than those from the air temperature, which can be ignored during the analysis of oil depot fire and explosion risk. In practical application, the assessment results support the development of a predictive risk chart, facilitating real-time risk forecasting and enabling customization based on regional climatic conditions. Under the background of climate change, the developed method fulfills the critical demand for reliable risk assessment under evolving weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105800"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing risk tolerance criteria for incident scenarios in LOPA","authors":"Aynur Galeev","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is widely used in process industries as a semi-quantitative method for assessing risks of incident scenarios and evaluating their tolerability. This paper examines a key challenge in LOPA implementation: defining risk tolerance criteria for individual scenarios. It analyzes several approaches to addressing this challenge, including the direct assignment of risk targets to individual scenarios and the allocation of either individual or societal risk criteria to individual scenarios. The strengths, limitations, and suitable applications of each approach are discussed. The paper provides guidelines for establishing risk tolerance criteria for individual scenarios and calculating scenario frequencies consistent with these criteria. These guidelines combine recommendations extracted and systematized from relevant publications with original contributions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105799"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic literature review on the evaporation loss mechanisms and local diffusion characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from petrochemical storage tanks","authors":"Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Sun ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Fu ,&nbsp;Yeyao Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Huang ,&nbsp;Dongfeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hazardous VOCs evaporated from petrochemical storage tanks pose an immediate threat to process safety and environmental health, which has attracted increasing emphasis. Even though a series of source suppression and process safety strategies have been recently implemented to mitigate potential hazards, the practical effectiveness is subject to uncertainties due to the unclear loss and transfer mechanisms<strong>,</strong> thereby limiting the accurate identification of options and optimizations. Despite its significance, there still lacks a thorough summary of evaporation mechanisms and local diffusion characteristics of VOCs from storage tanks. To further promote loss prevention in the petrochemical storage process, this paper focuses on the relevant literature from multiple perspectives: theoretical models, research methods, major influences, loss evaluation methods, and associated safety concerns. The advantages and limitations of theoretical models and research methods are discussed. The evaporation mechanisms in storage tanks under various major influences are analyzed, and the evaluation methods of evaporation loss are illustrated. The source composition characteristics and active toxic species of evaporated VOCs are identified. The local diffusion characteristics of VOCs from EFRTs, IFRTs and DRTs, dynamic variations with wind and obstacle conditions, and associated flammable and toxic risks are overviewed, respectively. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future research directions are proposed accordingly. This study aims to provide valuable reference and implications for loss prevention and emergency response strategies in the petrochemical storage process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105801"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using dimensional analysis to assess dust explosion severity","authors":"Mohammad Alauddin,&nbsp;Albert Addo,&nbsp;Michael J. Pegg,&nbsp;Paul Amyotte","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a dimensional analysis (DA) approach to assess risk and understand the interdependence of various deflagration parameters in dust explosions. Several dimensionless numbers have been derived using the Buckingham <span><math><mrow><mi>Π</mi></mrow></math></span>-theorem and Ipsen's method based on key influencing factors, including particle size, dust concentration, interparticle spacing, characteristic length of the explosion chamber, and several physical and chemical properties (e.g., density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and specific heat of reaction)<em>.</em> The proposed DA framework has been used to study explosibility of high-density polyethylene and aluminum dust samples, which exhibit different reactivity and deflagration mechanisms. Generalized empirical correlations for explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise using the proposed dimensionless numbers have been deduced to predict dust explosibility at varying conditions. This can be useful in understanding dust explosibility and devising safety measures for dust explosion prevention and mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105797"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on overpressure and seismic waves of large-scale vapor cloud explosions and rapid prediction method","authors":"Zuolin Ouyang,&nbsp;Zhongqi Wang,&nbsp;Linghui Zeng,&nbsp;Chi Jia,&nbsp;Jiafan Ren,&nbsp;Linghui Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The destructive impact of large-scale vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) is significant. Rapidly predicting the overpressure field and seismic wave field generated by such explosions is crucial for assessing their damage effects. To gain a deeper understanding of the characteristics of VCEs, this paper presents an integrated methodology that combines experimental data with numerical simulations to establish a comprehensive computational model for large-scale VCEs. The model further investigates the attenuation characteristics of the overpressure field and the seismic wave field under cylindrical vapor cloud morphologies by varying parameters such as the aspect ratio and the explosion height. Furthermore, a predictive model based on Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is constructed to enable swift estimation of overpressure and seismic wave fields for VCEs under different equivalence of vapor cloud and initial states. The findings of this study hold significant value for improving the safety design standards of fuel storage and transportation systems. Furthermore, by quantifying the characteristics of overpressure and seismic waves, this study provides critical data essential for predicting potential losses associated with accidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105791"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the ignition energy of the ejected mixture from thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries under higher temperature","authors":"Yuchong Yang,&nbsp;Qiuping Li,&nbsp;Hongli Lu,&nbsp;Kehan Xu,&nbsp;Chunmiao Yuan,&nbsp;Gang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we investigate the ignition energy characteristics of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and lithium-ion battery vent gas (BVG) during thermal runaway under high-temperature conditions. The effects of varying initial temperatures, equivalence ratios, and DMC proportions on the ignition energy of the gas mixture were experimentally tested. The results indicate that the ignition energy of BVG decreases linearly with increasing initial temperature, whereas the ignition energy of the BVG-DMC mixture exhibits a U-shaped trend with changes in equivalence ratio. Temperature and equivalence ratio influence ignition energy by altering the chemical reaction rate. Furthermore, as the DMC proportion increases, the ignition energy of BVG/DMC mixtures displays varying trends at specific equivalence ratios, attributable to factors including the molecular structure of DMC, chemical reaction kinetics, and mass diffusion. This study's findings enhance our understanding of the hazards associated with ejected mixture from lithium-ion batteries and guide the explosion-proof design of lithium-ion battery transport containers and energy storage facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and assessment of a magnesium hydroxide-enhanced expandable graphite fire suppressant for n-heptane pool fires","authors":"Xin-Yue Ma ,&nbsp;Yan Tang ,&nbsp;Jun-Cheng Jiang ,&nbsp;An-Chi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dry powder fire extinguishing agent, expandable graphite modified with magnesium hydroxide (EGMH), was synthesised via mechanical ball milling. The altered material had a stratified microstructure with markedly decreased particle size and improved thermal stability. The structural characterisation using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis validated the successful surface loading and partial intercalation of magnesium hydroxide inside the graphite matrix. In n-heptane pool fire tests, EGMH demonstrated exceptional suppression efficacy, extinguishing flames in 14 s with a consumption of merely 55 g and a cooling rate of 15.05 °C/s. In comparison to commercial ABC dry powder and unmodified expandable graphite (EG), EGMH exhibited superior flame suppression and thermal insulation efficiency. The improved performance is due to the synergistic effects of EG expansion, water vapour release, and the creation of a dense MgO layer during decomposition. These findings indicate the efficacy of EGMH as a highly effective, cost-efficient, and eco-friendly fire suppression for hydrocarbon fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105794"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress and development on mechanism and risk assessment of coal spontaneous combustion with gas explosion in underground goaf","authors":"Li-Feng Ren ,&nbsp;Fan Tao ,&nbsp;Yang Xiao ,&nbsp;Jun Deng ,&nbsp;Qing-Wei Li ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wei Zhai ,&nbsp;Chi-Min Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupled disaster of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) and gas explosions in the goaf of high-gas mines is a critical focus for disaster prevention. This paper reviewed the current research on these mechanisms and associated risk assessments, aiming to support the development of prevention technologies in China. The review covered three areas: Gas explosion mechanisms, coal spontaneous combustion characteristics and risk assessment, and the coupling laws and risk evaluation of these disasters in goafs. Five key issues for future research are identified: The need for more detailed studies on the explosion mechanisms of multi-component gas mixtures; further exploration of coal spontaneous combustion evolution and risk determination in goafs; systematic improvement of theories on coupled coal combustion and gas explosion disasters; clarification of flame shock wave propagation in gas explosions; and the urgent development of a risk evaluation system for these coupled disasters. Continuous research in this field is of vital importance for enhancing the safety standards of coalmines, promoting the sustainable development of the coal industry, and achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An empirical study on the fire behavior and emergency response technique in gasoline storage tank","authors":"Sungwoo Nam ,&nbsp;Yongsun Cho ,&nbsp;Kihoon Lee ,&nbsp;Euibin Kim ,&nbsp;Bongwoo Lee ,&nbsp;Dongho Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bulk petroleum storage tank fires are relatively rare, but they can result in significant challenges to emergency response teams, oil companies and the environmental impacts. Due to the limited field experience with such incidents, the analysis and verification of response cases are essential for informing preparedness strategies for similar fires. In the Goyang oil reservoir fire in 2018, Korea, the fire suppression was successfully achieved by injecting water into the bottom of a gasoline storage tank on fire through the fuel supply pipeline. This method, termed the floating technique, was intended to protect the heat sensitive flange gasket and control burnout of the residual fuel without fire spread. This study investigates the fire behavior of gasoline storage tank and evaluates the suppression effectiveness of the floating technique through empirical work. The integration of fuel draining, water injection, and a subsequent foam application was proposed to enhance the overall effectiveness of the fire suppression strategies for full surface tank fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105792"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of propane/air explosion-venting characteristics: influence of venting parameters, prediction model establishment and hazardous condition analysis","authors":"Jizhe Wang ,&nbsp;Qianran Hu ,&nbsp;Huijie Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaojie Wang ,&nbsp;Xinming Qian ,&nbsp;Mengqi Yuan ,&nbsp;Pengliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosion-venting, as an effective measure for controlling explosion hazards, plays a significant role in mitigating the consequences of gas explosion in industrial and civil buildings. To systematically investigate the effects of venting characteristic parameters on the hazardous characteristics of premixed propane/air mixture explosion, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with a vented volume of 63.48 m³ was constructed. The parametric study, model prediction, and hazard analysis were conducted to examine the influence of the opening pressure (<em>P</em>_<em>0</em>), the vent weight (<em>W</em>_<em>0</em>) and the vent area (<em>A</em>_<em>0</em>) on the explosion reaction time (<em>R</em>_<em>t</em>), the peak overpressure (<em>P</em>_<em>c</em>) and the peak temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>c</em>). The results indicated that as <em>P</em>_<em>0</em> and <em>W</em>_<em>0</em> increased, <em>R</em>_<em>t</em> showed a gradual decreasing trend (<em>t</em>_min = 0.463 s), while <em>P</em>_<em>c</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>c</em> exhibited an opposite increasing trend (<em>P</em>_max = 23.9 kPa, <em>T</em>_max = 2305 K). Meanwhile, with the increase of <em>A</em>_<em>0</em>, <em>R</em>_<em>t</em>, <em>P</em>_<em>c</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>c</em> initially decreased and then slowly increased. The minimum explosion parameters were achieved when <em>A</em>_<em>0</em> = 4.00 m² (<em>t</em>_min = 0.455 s, <em>P</em>_min = 7.32 kPa, <em>T</em>_min = 2263 K). Besides, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the influence degree of different factors on <em>R</em>_<em>t</em>, <em>P</em>_<em>c</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>c</em> as <em>A</em>_<em>0</em> &gt; <em>P</em>_<em>0</em> &gt; <em>W</em>_<em>0</em>. Multi-factor prediction models for <em>R</em>_<em>t</em>, <em>P</em>_<em>c</em> and <em>T</em>_<em>c</em> were established and validated. The study also identified that the positive feedback effect between indoor and outdoor overpressure, but the negative feedback effect between indoor and outdoor flame temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105790"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}