Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Explosion hazards and mechanisms of hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure","authors":"Yingquan Qi,&nbsp;Yong Pan,&nbsp;Shanshan Liu,&nbsp;Jingran Liu,&nbsp;Ran Ye,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To ensure the safe utilization of hydrogen energy and promote the rapid development of the hydrogen industry, the explosive characteristics and reaction mechanisms of hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures have been studied through both experiments and simulations. The results indicate that the initial pressure is positively correlated with the lower flammability limit of H₂ but is insensitive to changes in initial temperature. Further investigation into the upper flammability limit reveals a significant nonlinear relationship with the initial pressure, following a power function increase. In contrast, the effect of initial temperature on the upper flammability limit shows a more straightforward linear characteristic. Explosion pressure increases proportionally with initial pressure and decreases linearly as the initial temperature rises. The laminar burning velocity of hydrogen at various temperatures and pressures is measured using the constant volume method and compared with simulation results. Sensitivity analysis is employed to identify the key controlling reactions of hydrogen explosions at different pressures and temperatures and to explore their synergistic effects. Finally, a predictive model for hydrogen explosion pressure at high temperatures and pressures is developed using the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm through machine learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-base synergetic effect and thermal risk assessment on homogeneous catalytic production of γ-valerolactone with formic acid","authors":"Yong Pan ,&nbsp;Chaoqin Ren ,&nbsp;Jingshu Jin ,&nbsp;Yanjun Wang ,&nbsp;Sébastien Leveneur ,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable and renewable energy plays a key role in coping with the global energy crisis and increasing demand for development. Biomass valorization is regarded as a potential way to substitute the fossil raw materials in various fields such as electricity, fuel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, etc. Among the numerous chemicals derived from biomass, γ-valerolactone (GVL) is identified to be an important platform chemical with wide applications. Hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) with formic acid (FA) as hydrogen donor for GVL production attracts great attention from the principle of green chemistry. Compared to the enormous efforts on catalyst design, few studies focus on the safety issues of this hydrogenation process, such as thermal runaway risk. Aiming to fill this gap, hydrogenation of LA with FA catalyzed by synthesized homogeneous catalyst Ru-TsDPEN was chosen as a typical efficient process for the production of GVL. In particular, solvent effect and acid-base synergetic effect by adjusting acid-base loading were investigated for process optimization and further calorimetry study. Apparent pH was measured to indicate the strength of acidity and alkalinity of the reaction mixture. Thermal stability of chemicals and thermal risk assessment were performed by differential scanning calorimetry and accelerated rate calorimeter Phi-Tec II, respectively. The results showed significant acid-base synergetic effect on the desired catalytic system and thermal risk was medium under the optimized condition, which needs specific safety measures for loss prevention. Suggestions for inherently safer chemical process for GVL production with FA as hydrogen donor were proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on ignition and flame propagation of hydrogen/carbon black hybrid mixtures in a vertical tube","authors":"Peng Zhao ,&nbsp;Dejian Wu ,&nbsp;Arne Krietsch ,&nbsp;Dieter Gabel ,&nbsp;Ulrich Krause","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under incomplete oxidation or carbonaceous nanoparticle formation, hybrid mixture of nano-size carbon powders and combustible gases may arise. These mixtures display specific explosive behaviours. Therefore, it is vital to get insight into the explosion characteristics of these hybrid mixtures before the completion of risk assessments. In this work, the ignition behaviour and flame characteristics of hydrogen and carbon black dust hybrid mixtures were experimentally investigated in a transparent vertical tube with a diameter of 60 mm and a length of 1 m. Clear and intuitive flame images of the hybrid mixture, initiated by a 10-J electrical spark ignition source, were obtained by using a high speed-infrared camera. The results showed that the hydrogen was involved in the combustion reaction in the initial stage of ignition, even with 1 vol H₂. However, the flame propagation of hybrid mixture with 1 vol H₂ could not be able to self-sustained due to the trace amount of fuel. Moreover, the addition of carbon black dust did not significantly influence the lower flammable limit of the hybrid mixture. Under the condition of low carbon black concentration (50 g/m³), increasing H₂ concentration to 7 vol changed the flame structure from a coupled flame front to two separated flame fronts. Furthermore, with increasing carbon black dust concentration, the combustion transitioned from “gas driven” to “dual-driven” under the condition of low hydrogen concentration (less than 7 vol). In contrast to hydrogen, the increase in carbon black concentration had little effect on the flame propagation speed, indicating that the thermodynamics of the hybrid mixtures was mainly controlled by the combustion of H₂. These results improve our understanding of the ignition behaviour and flame propagation characteristics of hybrid mixtures containing hydrogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage assessment of buildings under combustible gas explosion resulting from urban gas pipelines leak","authors":"Xinhong Li,&nbsp;Mengdi Yang,&nbsp;Jie Ma,&nbsp;Xin Ning,&nbsp;Runquan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban natural gas pipeline leak and explosion accident can cause the catastrophic consequences, which threaten the safety of adjacent buildings. This paper presents a nonlinear dynamics simulation model for damage assessment of buildings under combustible gas explosion from urban gas pipelines leak. The dynamic response characteristics of the buildings adjacent to natural gas pipelines during the explosions are investigated considering the varying filling methods and gas concentrations. The model was verified by a real accident case. It can be seen that the damage is the most widespread when the combustible gas cloud is filled to the upper part of confined space, and the concentration increase of combustible gas can lead to the increase of damage in building. About 9.5 % concentration of combustible gas cloud cause the highest damage degree. The outcomes can support the safety design of building adjacent to urban natural gas pipelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic literature review on the risk assessment of ammonia refrigeration systems in the food industry","authors":"Muhammad Najib Jaafar ,&nbsp;Masli Irwan Rosli ,&nbsp;Darman Nordin ,&nbsp;Junaidah Buhari","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refrigeration technology plays a crucial role in sustainable development due to its usage in a wide range of fields, including air cooling, food preservation, chemical processing, and biological applications. However, employees in the food industry face significant occupational hazards due to insufficient preventive measures and mitigating protocols. This study conducts a systematic literature review on the safety and health of workers in the food industry using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach. A stringent eligibility procedure yielded 15 articles that were systematically analysed. A thematic analysis of these studies revealed four main themes: the main risk factors associated with ammonia refrigeration systems, comparisons of various risk assessment approaches, software used in quantitative risk assessment calculations, and the efficacy of risk management measures that have been proposed or implemented in the food industry. A further exploration of these themes revealed an additional 12 sub-themes. This review highlights the benefits of consolidating findings from a diverse range of research studies, which can help stakeholders formulate strategies that are aligned with the requirements, capabilities, and interests of food industry manufacturers. This study also provides recommendations for future research to prospective scholars in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digitalisation in the fight against major accidents","authors":"Michal Lesňák ,&nbsp;Vendula Laciok ,&nbsp;Aleš Bernatík","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of the dynamic digital age, the prevention of major accidents has become a critical priority. The advent of digitalisation facilitates the development of innovative tools to help prevent the causes of such incidents. The use of simulation and virtual reality (VR) enables the realistic replication of hazardous scenarios, facilitating the practice of safe working procedures. This approach has been shown to increase risk awareness, improve safety skills and knowledge, and facilitate the implementation of enhanced preventive measures.</div><div>A review of historical data reveals a large number of cases where serious accidents have occurred as a result of human factors and inadequate safety measures. In this context, digitalisation offers a wealth of opportunities. The use of simulations and VR allows for more accurate risk identification and assessment, improved worker training and education, and the evaluation of novel work practices. As a result, human error can be minimised and the risk of major accidents significantly minimised. This article examines the role of digitalisation in the prevention of major accidents, with a particular focus on its ability to avert such incidents. The paper examines the principles of simulation and VR, highlighting their importance in preventing tragic events. The conclusion summarises the key points of the preceding discussion and underscores the significance of digitisation in building a safer industrial environment for the digital age.</div><div>In addition to simulations and virtual reality, digitalisation provides a range of further tools, including the collection and analysis of process safety data, the use of artificial intelligence for risk prediction, and the development of smart safety systems. Collectively, these tools contribute to a safer workplace and offer stronger protections for workers, thereby advancing accident prevention in the digital age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105608"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk evaluation of submarine pipelines using improved FMEA model based on social network analysis and extended GLDS method under a linguistic Z-number preference relation environment","authors":"Meng Zhan ,&nbsp;Yan-Lai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the lifeline of offshore hydrocarbon resources advancement and transmission, conducting risk evaluations is crucial to mitigate potential endangers related to submarine pipelines. The improved failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method has been widely applied in the risk analysis of submarine pipelines. But most studies evaluated the failure items directly, ignoring the risk attitudes of groups and individuals. Moreover, the impact of trust relationships in social network, consistency and credibility of risk references on final results are not considered. Thus, a novel FMEA method based on social network analysis and extended gained and lost dominance score (GLDS) is presented for risk assessment of submarine pipelines with enhanced reliability. Firstly, the linguistic Z-number preference relations (LZNPRs) are adopted to describe the risk preferences of experts through pairwise comparisons of failure items. And consistency checking and repairing algorithms are proceeded on contradictory evaluations. Secondly, a synthetic weighting model is raised to measure the expert weights considering the trust relationships in social network, the consistency and credibility of expert comments. Finally, the key failure modes considering the differentiated risk attitude are derived by extending GLDS with LZNPRs. The results of case analysis indicate that device failure is the most critical failure item, standing out with its maximum group utility value (1.0463), minimum individual regret value (0.1435), and corresponding maximum overall risk performance (0.2565). On this foundation, more targeted measures can be supervised to further improve safety level. The reliability and validity of the developed model are demonstrated through comparative and sensitivity analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling failure time of atmospheric tanks with safety barriers under multiple pool fires","authors":"Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xueliang Tan ,&nbsp;Jiahao Yang ,&nbsp;Junjie Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical parks are often characterized by the layout of numerous large atmospheric storage tanks, which may trigger domino effect when they encounter pool fire accidents, eventually leading to major damage that cannot be prevented. Safety barriers are necessary to effectively mitigate and prevent the possibility of incidents. Previous studies have not focused on the expansion of domino accidents caused with pool fires under safety barriers. To address this shortcoming, this study investigates failure scenarios with the coupling influence of multiple pool fires in safety barriers. Three atmospheric storage tanks were selected and analyzed as domino accident scenarios and were laid out as isosceles triangles. which conforms to the national standard GB50341-2014. Numerical simulation study of atmospheric storage tanks with multiple pool fires under safety barriers. The atmospheric tanks with volumes of 1000 m³, 2000 m³, 3000 m³ and 5000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature derived from Pyrosim was inputted into the finite element model. The fireproof coating and water sprinklers are selected as typical safety barriers, and this design criterion meets the domestic requirements. ABAQUS was used to conduct intricate numerical simulations of temperature and stress fields within the targeted tanks. The results showed that the target tank with safety barriers had a longer failure time than the target tank without safety barriers under multiple pool fire conditions. The comparison of stress and yield strength was used to determine whether the target tank failed or not. The failure time of tanks under safety barriers and multiple pool fires was modeled. Through the verification, the model was validated to have a deviation of 4.02%, which is superior to the 15.76% deviation of Cozzani's model. This study provides valuable insights for improving the safety and risk management of chemical parks, offering a foundation for the design of more resilient storage tank systems in industrial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of favorable conditions within chemical process units on vapour cloud explosion overpressures","authors":"Zhenmin Luo ,&nbsp;Gang Wu ,&nbsp;Fangming Cheng ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accidents of flammable gas leaks and explosions are very likely to occur in process units of chemical plants due to various devices. Moreover, these facilities cause serious turbulence in the flow field, which may result in an explosion intensity that is difficult to be observed in previous conventional experiments. In this paper, we used the professional industrial disaster assessment software FLACS to reconstruct a real-size production unit, and obtained explosion overpressures under several cases by changing the size, concentration, location and ignition point of gas clouds. The experimental results demonstrate that the congestion of objects in an open environment can cause the explosion overpressure of cube-shaped gas clouds to reach a threshold sufficient to cause death or serious damage to facilities. However, this is not the case for pancake-shaped clouds. Furthermore, the explosion of confined spaces with large <em>L/D</em> ratios, as well as gas clouds covering multiple confined spaces, produce significantly greater blast overpressures than a single confined space, particularly if the ignition occurs in any one of these confined spaces. For a particular type of confined space, a reasonable method of characterizing the peak overpressure in terms of a degree of confinement parameter is proposed, and the two have a good linear correlation. There exist significant variations in the most sensitive concentrations during the overpressure rise phase corresponding to different operating conditions, whereas the range of most sensitive concentrations during the overpressure decline phase is concentrated within <em>Φ</em> = 1.3–1.4. Finally, the overpressure distribution patterns in the circumferential and elevational directions under a variety of cases are obtained for the most common cylindrical devices, and the determining factors affecting the results are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjustment of generic frequencies for major accident hazards: Case of SEVESO establishments","authors":"Hefaidh Hadef ,&nbsp;Wafa Boulagouas ,&nbsp;Mebarek Djebabra","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The direct use of generic frequencies from databases to assess Major Accident Hazards (MAH) can introduce substantial biases in risk assessment. These generic data are inherently uncertain, as they fail to reflect the specific operational conditions of a given facility. Such biases may result in either overestimation, which can lead to excessive and costly safety investments, or underestimation, which compromises the adequacy of risk mitigation measures.</div><div>To address these limitations, this paper proposes an integrated adjustment approach specifically designed for quantitative risk analysis to manage the uncertainties associated with generic data. The proposed approach enables the adjustment of generic failure frequencies by incorporating technical factors related to safety barriers (e.g., the probability of failure on demand), and operational management factors. Additionally, it considers the time-dependent degradation of equipment, i.e., the degradation factor.</div><div>The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach in industrial risk management are illustrated through a case study involving a pressurized equipment system (a three-phase separator). The findings highlight its significant advantages in managing industrial risks, particularly in SEVESO Establishments, when compared to existing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105610"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}