Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Addressing the challenges of operational mechanisms within safety case regime: A case study of China","authors":"Hao Chenyu ,&nbsp;Fan Yunxiao ,&nbsp;Xu Luyao ,&nbsp;Yang Xiao ,&nbsp;Ju Xing ,&nbsp;Xu Haoyi ,&nbsp;Pei Jingjing","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Originally developed in the UK offshore sector, the Safety Case is a regulatory regime requiring operators to demonstrate that risks are adequately managed, and has been adopted by more countries and industries. However, many studies show that the operational mechanisms within Safety Case regime are highly susceptible to failure under differing regulatory contexts. This study aims to investigate how such failures occur and how to analyze and address the challenges of cross-contextual implementation. The Chinese case, characterized by long-standing implementation and a contrasting institutional context, provides an opportunity to examine how such regimes evolve and potentially fail under different regulatory contexts. This study examines the Chinese case through a combination of literature review, statistical analysis, and Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). The findings indicate that differences in regulatory contexts induce functional variabilities in Safety Case, which may result in their diminished effectiveness or failure. For countries that have similar regulatory contexts to China, increasing business responsibility in Safety Case, enhancing third-party independence, and adopting a more cooperative and service-oriented position by regulators can help enhance the adaptability of the Safety Case regime. The study also demonstrates the value of FRAM in modeling institutional systems with complex interactions. By revealing how regulatory context shapes operational mechanisms, this research contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical reform of safety governance in diverse institutional settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105936"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of cathode chemistry and state of charge on flammability and explosion parameters of lithium-ion battery vent gas","authors":"Domenico Enicchiaro,&nbsp;Almerinda Di Benedetto","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for energy storage systems highlights the need for safe and efficient lithium-ion batteries. A major safety concern is thermal runaway, which leads to the release of flammable battery vent gases (BVGs). This study systematically investigates the flammability characteristics of BVGs from LIBs with different cathode materials and state of charge levels through numerical simulations. Key combustion properties, including laminar flame speed, radical production and ignition delay time were evaluated under varying temperatures and equivalence ratios. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to gain deeper insight into the roles of radical interactions in the combustion behaviours. Simulations were performed using CHEMKIN's Sandia PREMIX module for 1-D freely propagating flames and 0-D closed batch reactors using the San Diego mechanism. Results show that cathode chemistry significantly affects BVG flammability. NCA and NCM90505 produce vent gases with high H₂ and CO content, leading to higher S_u (65–70 cm/s) and shorter IDT. In contrast, NCM811 and NCM622 generate fewer flammable gases with lower S_u (35–45 cm/s) and longer IDT due to their higher concentrations of CO₂, CH₄, and C₂H₄. LFP, despite its high H₂ production, exhibits a balanced combustion profile. Laminar flame speed data for all BVG compositions are well described by a simple power-law correlation. SOC levels also strongly influence flammability. For SOC above 50 %, S_u, IDT, and radical production remain relatively stable, as vent gas composition changes minimally impact combustion properties. However, below 50 % SOC, S_u decreases, IDT increases, and radical production declines, with the strongest suppression at 0 % SOC. This effect is primarily due to the higher CO₂ concentration, which acts as a thermal sink, absorbing heat and slowing flame propagation rather than affecting combustion kinetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105939"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dynamic decision framework for improving tank fire emergency decision-making using influence diagrams and micro-economics","authors":"Shile He ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Genserik Reniers","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a dynamic decision-making framework for fire emergency management in hazardous chemical storage tank areas, based on Bayesian networks and influence diagrams. The framework comprises two core components: the generation of initial response strategies and the evaluation of them. By analyzing the thermal radiation coupling effect between tanks, this study introduces the closeness centrality metric to identify key tank nodes, for which multiple emergency response strategies are further formulated. To evaluate these emergency response strategies, this study employs influence diagrams to evaluate the utility of each strategy and proposes a simplified utility function. The study further evaluates the impact of domino effects by dynamically updating the influence diagram, recalculating the closeness centrality, and adjusting the key nodes based on the assumption that a fire spreads to adjacent tanks. A case study illustrates that, across a range of firefighting and cooling efficiency assumptions, the framework successfully adapts to changing scenarios, optimizing strategies to improve the timeliness and accuracy of emergency responses. This provides a viable optimization method for complex tank fire emergency decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effect of safety barriers on the diffusion behavior of crude oil in flood","authors":"Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Fatong Gong ,&nbsp;Shengzhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Rongxue Kang ,&nbsp;Ruipeng Tong ,&nbsp;Zongzhi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As climate change intensifies, the impact of natural disasters on chemical facilities and infrastructure — along with the resulting threat of hazardous material leaks — has been recognized as an emerging risk. Flood-induced Natech events often result in the release of hazardous substances, which can lead to fires and explosions during dispersion. This study focuses on crude oil storage tanks to investigate the patterns of hazardous chemical leakage and dispersion in flood-induced Natech events, employing a scaled-down model method to establish a tank farm model. Crude oil diffusion similarity experiments were designed based on the Froude similarity criterion. Through experimental observations, we qualitatively described the diffusion patterns of crude oil under different flood conditions. The dispersion process was categorized into four phases: initial leakage, rapid overflow, dynamic equilibrium, and leakage termination. Based on the flow state of the crude oil, each phase was subdivided into specific zones with qualitative descriptions of the flow characteristics in each zone. This work helps emergency responders identify the phase of crude oil dispersion during Natech events and develop effective emergency response plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105941"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on accident evolution analysis of hazardous gas leak based on graph neural networks","authors":"Xinqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yujie Lin ,&nbsp;Shubo Yang ,&nbsp;Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Anfeng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the propagation underlying leakage risk evolution is essential for enhancing emergency response in process safety management. However, traditional risk evolution modeling approaches remain rely on expert judgment, which introduces analytical uncertainties and inherent temporal delays in capturing accident progression dynamics, thereby undermining the efficacy of emergency response interventions. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel accident evolution analysis method named GraphSAGE-DEMATEL-ISM. This hybrid model integrates knowledge graph inference mechanisms with deep learning architectures to achieve autonomous discovery of risk factor interdependencies. Specifically, the framework employs Graph Sample and Aggregate neural networks (GraphSAGE) to systematically extract and model complex interaction relationships among risk factors. Subsequently, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Interpretive Structural Modeling (DEMATEL-ISM) is applied to elucidate the hierarchical structure and identify critical factors governing risk evolution dynamics. The framework's efficacy is validated through evolution analysis of a real gas leakage explosion, providing direct insights into the critical risk factors and propagation structures. The proposed method demonstrates significant advantages through its capacity for efficient risk evolution analysis without dependence on expert. The integration of graph neural networks with risk evolution analysis method offers a paradigm shift toward proactive risk management strategies in process industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault detection method for complex chemical processes based on MSCNN-DRSN-Transformer","authors":"Fubo Zhang,&nbsp;Qibin Huang,&nbsp;Haifan Liao,&nbsp;Yisheng Liu,&nbsp;Aihua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the key challenges of strong nonlinearity, multi-scale dynamic characteristics, and noise interference in fault detection of complex chemical processes, this paper proposes a hybrid fault detection model based on MSCNN-DRSN-Transformer. The model is built upon a “local feature perception – adaptive noise suppression – global coupling modeling” framework, enabling effective fusion of multi-scale features and long-range temporal dependencies. Initially, a Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network (MSCNN) extracts local features across different time scales in parallel. Subsequently, a Deep Residual Shrinkage Network (DRSN) enhances the feature signal-to-noise ratio via an adaptive soft-thresholding mechanism. Finally, a Transformer encoder captures global temporal dependencies. Experimental validation on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) standard process dataset demonstrates that the proposed model achieves an average fault detection rate (FDR) of 99.12% and an average false alarm rate (FAR) of only 0.19% across six typical fault types. Compared with state-of-the-art methods such as DPCA, OSCAE-CNN, and MFA-Transformer, it improves the average FDR by 13.91%, 1.72%, and 1.75%, respectively. These results verify the model's superior performance and engineering applicability for fault detection in complex chemical processes, offering an effective technical solution for intelligent monitoring in the process industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105962"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the degree of pyrophoricity for gaseous silanes","authors":"Trung Thanh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Hsiao-Yun Tsai ,&nbsp;Jenq-Renn Chen ,&nbsp;Eugene Y. Ngai","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A pyrophoric gas is defined as a flammable gas having an autoignition temperature (AIT) below 54 °C. However, determining AIT below ambient temperature is difficult. On the other hand, pyrophoric gases, such as silane, when releasing steadily into ambient air with a velocity above a critical flow velocity may lead to delayed ignition in which the ignition is delayed indefinitely. The <em>V</em>_<em>c</em> is found to be a function of the vent size (D). A simple critical shear rate, defined as 8 <em>V</em>_<em>c</em>/D, is considered a potential useful indicator for assessing the relative degree of pyrophoricity. Monochlorosilane (SiH₃Cl), a pyrophoric gas with reported AIT of &lt;20 °C is used as an example and results of steady release tests are compared with those of silane and disilane. The results are surprising. Degree of pyrophoricity for the three gases are: disilane &gt; silane &gt; monochlorosilane. Lower degree of pyrophoricity implies lower reactivity towards air and thus delayed ignitions and vapor cloud explosions are favored. The critical shear rate required to quench the autoignition kernel will be a useful indicator for assessing the hazards of pyrophoric gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105935"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas leakage and diffusion patterns in buried natural gas pipelines: Effect of soil properties and burial depth","authors":"Zeyuan Ding ,&nbsp;Kun Chen ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Li ,&nbsp;Hongfu Mi ,&nbsp;Chi-Min Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buried natural gas pipelines, as the primary mode of gas transportation, have exhibited pronounced risks due to complex soil environments that hinder accurate prediction of gas leakage diffusion patterns, posing severe threats to life and property. This study employed COMSOL Multiphysics to create a three-dimensional numerical model, systematically investigating the combined effects of soil porosity (0.2–0.6), moisture content (0.01–0.6), permeability (0.5–50 Darcy, 1 Darcy = 10⁻¹² m²). Furthermore, pipeline burial depth (0.3–3 m) affects gas leakage dynamics. Key findings revealed that under low moisture conditions (1% water content), elevated soil porosity accelerates vertical gas migration by 35%–48%, enabling expeditious surface accumulation with methane concentrations exceeding 15% LEL (lower explosive limit). Conversely, at typical moisture levels (20% water content), porosity variations showed a negligible impact on gas distribution. Soil moisture emerges as a dominant inhibitory factor: Increasing moisture from 0.05 to 0.6 lessened high-concentration zones (≥5% methane) by 40%–62% through improved capillary resistance. Permeability escalation amplifies hazardous boundaries exponentially, with 50D permeability scenarios showing a 2.5–fold expansion compared with 0.5D cases. Shallow burial (0.3–1 m) prioritises vertical diffusion, elevating surface concentrations to 8%–12% LEL within 100 min, while deeper burial (&gt;2 m) redirects 70%–85% of gas laterally, creating expansive subsurface plumes (&gt;4 m radius) with delayed surface arrival (&gt;300 min). By integrating multi-physics simulations, this study clarified the mechanistic interactions between soil parameters and gas leakage behaviour, offering scientific insights for optimising leak detection, risk assessment, and emergency management in buried pipelines. These findings rendered vital engineering guidance for ameliorating pipeline loss prevention and mitigating environmental hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105930"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryogenic storage safety: Experimental evaluation of insulation under extreme conditions","authors":"Aliasghar Hajhariri ,&nbsp;Robert Eberwein ,&nbsp;Davide Camplese ,&nbsp;Giordano Emrys Scarponi ,&nbsp;Valerio Cozzani ,&nbsp;Holger Seidlitz","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is recognized as a keystone of the global energy transition, offering a clean, high-energy-density energy carrier ideal for storage and transportation. Among various storage options, liquid hydrogen (LH2) is especially advantageous for both mobile and stationary applications. However, ensuring the safety and performance of LH2 storage systems under extreme thermal conditions, such as fire exposure, remains an engineering challenge.</div><div>This study introduces an experimental framework, called the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), designed to investigate the thermal-hydraulic response of vacuum-insulated cryogenic tanks under fire-like conditions. The apparatus enables evaluation of insulation performance, such as perlite and multilayer insulation (MLI), with a focus on thermal degradation, heat ingress, and vacuum stability.</div><div>Results indicate that combustible MLIs undergo substantial thermal degradation, leading to heat ingress rates of up to 6.5 kW and the formation of hazardous combustion by-products. In contrast, non-combustible MLIs and bulk insulation materials restrict heat ingress to approximately 3 kW while more effectively preserving vacuum integrity. Combustible MLIs also exhibit pronounced pressure increases in the evacuated section, reaching ∼6 × 10⁴ Pa, nearly six times higher than those observed for non-combustible counterparts. Analysis of effective emissivity further reveals an enhancement in radiative heat transfer, approximately five times, for combustible MLIs following degradation. Additionally, marked thermal stratification develops under both nominal and extreme heat loads, with temperature gradients approaching 10 °C per 100 mm during sustained thermal exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105961"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliable dynamic causality analysis for efficient prescriptive maintenance of degraded industrial equipment","authors":"Karim Nadim ,&nbsp;Ahmed Ragab ,&nbsp;Hakim Ghezzaz ,&nbsp;Mohamed-Salah Ouali","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing efficient prescriptive maintenance strategies is essential in mitigating the performance degradation of equipment in energy-intensive process industries. This paper proposes an innovative approach that integrates data-driven causality analysis and reinforcement learning (RL) to reduce/slow-down the equipment degradation. The degradation is first modeled by constructing representative health indicators (HIs) using deep learning autoencoders. The HIs are then exploited using clustering and interpretable machine learning techniques to identify the degradation's root causes. Afterward, a dynamic causal model is discovered in the form of a Petri net (PN) using process mining techniques. The causal model incorporates the temporal information and sequential relationships between the identified root causes. Finally, an RL agent is integrated with the PN model to recommend the optimal sequence of events that diminishes the performance degradation rate. The proposed approach is tested successfully on a complex case study of a black liquor concentrator in a Kraft pulp mill that is subjected to a decline in operational performance and capacity due to the fouling degradation phenomenon. The obtained results show that the fouling rate was minimized, leading to an approximate 30 % saving in maintenance costs and a reduction of around 4.8 kt CO2/year in greenhouse gas emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 105922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}