Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Evolution law of selfish psychology in evacuating crowd and its influence on emergency escape","authors":"Jinghong Wang,&nbsp;Qi Liu,&nbsp;Sisi Sun,&nbsp;Ran Ye,&nbsp;Jialin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical parks possess unique high-risk attributes and catastrophic characteristics of accident consequences. Beyond the immediate casualties, the non-adaptive psychological behaviors of individuals often lead to more severe casualties. During the evacuation process in chemical accidents, the evolution of the crowd's psychological state, especially the development of selfishness and its impact mechanism on evacuation, still require in-depth research. In this study, AnyLogic was used to develop a system dynamics model of selfish psychological transmission, and parameter values pertaining to environmental attributes, crowd interactions, and group emotional development variables was established. The simulation analyzes the correlation between evacuees' psychological states and critical evacuation parameters, revealing the impact of evolving selfish psychology on the evacuation process under the interaction of various circumstances. The results indicate that when the panic level remains below 0.4, evacuation resources significantly influence the prevalence of pathological selfishness. As the availability of evacuation resources diminishes, a growing proportion of individuals exhibit pathological selfishness, resulting in a substantial increase in group competition rates, which can escalate up to 52.83 %. Moreover, increasing the help probability effectively suppresses the emergence of pathological selfishness and fosters cooperative behavior among pedestrians until 0.8. Notably, enhancing the level of social identity within the group facilitates the transition from pathological selfishness to adaptive selfishness, thereby effectively reducing competition rates. The influence of selfish psychology leads to an inequitable use of exits during evacuation. The crowding and competitive actions of pathologically selfish evacuees at exits can obstruct evacuation. This work elucidates the transmission mechanism of evacuation selfishness and could help disaster management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, comprehensive characterization and comparative flame retardancy analysis of three metal-organic frameworks incorporated into epoxy resin","authors":"Qi Cheng ,&nbsp;Chongyang Du ,&nbsp;Haonan Song ,&nbsp;Tingting Chen ,&nbsp;Yong Pan ,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy resin (EP), a prevalent thermoset material, is renowned for its exceptional corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. However, its high flammability and toxic smoke emission pose significant concerns, necessitating the enhancement of its flame retardancy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with their reticulated structures and porous characteristics, exhibit superior thermal insulation and adsorption properties. Through comparative experiments, we aim to optimize MOF flame retardant formulations to bolster the flame resistance of EP and then enhance its fire safety. In this work, Cu-MOF, Fe-MOF, and Co-MOF were successfully synthesized at room temperature for meeting the requirements of intrinsic safety and then incorporated into EP at a 5 wt% loading to create advanced EP/MOFs composites. The investigation revealed that all three MOFs effectively elevated the limiting oxygen index and reduced smoke density rating of EP. Notably, EP/Co-MOF stood out in suppressing smoke and heat release, with reductions of 40.5 % in peak specific heat release rate (PSPR), 26.4 % in total smoke production (TSP), and 44.4 % in peak heat release rate (pHRR) compared to EP. Furthermore, EP/Co-MOF demonstrated superior compatibility compared to EP/Cu-MOF and EP/Fe-MOF, mitigating mechanical degradation. Consequently, Co-MOF emerges as a promising flame retardant and smoke suppressant for EP, showcasing significant application potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105645"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of fuel concentration on intrinsic flame instabilities and flame acceleration in lean H2-CO-air mixtures","authors":"Kajetan Planötscher,&nbsp;Agnes Jocher","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In large scale accident scenarios of nuclear power plants core meltdown and molten-core-concrete-interaction can occur. Large amounts of syngas mainly consisting of hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) might be formed and mixed with the surrounding air, developing a potentially explosive mixture. The ignition of the flammable mixture might lead to flame acceleration and in worst cases to the destruction of the reactor building, causing the detachment of radioactive substances to the environment. To prevent future accidents, the understanding of flame accelerating conditions of syngas-air mixtures, in specific the understanding of the flame topology, must be improved. To the authors’ knowledge, insufficient data on flame topology investigating ignition and early stages of flame propagation in lean H₂-CO-air mixtures is available. Therefore, in this study experiments are carried out to analyze the ignition and slow deflagration of a 50/50 H₂/CO fuel mixture with fuel-to-air concentrations between 13.0 vol.-% - 29.5 vol.-%. A model calculating the flame acceleration in early stages of flame propagation is suggested. The GraVent explosion channel located at Technical University of Munich is used for the experiments in this study in its configuration of 1300 mm in length and a rectangular cross section of 300 × 60 mm. OH-PLIF measurements are used to determine flame front speed, flame acceleration and flame front length. Wrinkling factors are determined by the division of the wrinkled flame front length caused by intrinsic flame front instabilities and the smooth flame front length to quantify the influence of intrinsic flame front instabilities on early stages of flame acceleration. The optical experimental data contains the ignition of the gas mixtures as well as early stages of flame propagation. In conclusion, the results gathered in this study provide information on the topology of H₂-CO-air flames under lean conditions enhancing the understanding of syngas flame acceleration and extending experimental data provided in former studies with relevance to large scale accident scenarios of nuclear power plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic analysis of synergistic domino effects due to multiple combinations of storage tanks under fire or vapour cloud explosion in a major hazardous chemical plant","authors":"Anagha Raveendran ,&nbsp;V.R. Renjith ,&nbsp;G. Madhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Domino accidents are of major concern in hazardous chemical process industries as these can lead to more severe domino effects. A domino effect occurs when at least one lower order accident combines with at least one higher order accident at each domino level. Thus, multiple domino effects can occur at each domino level due to multiple combinations of lower and higher order domino accidents. These multiple domino effects are time-dependent, complex events with varying degrees of consequences. However, many previous studies consider only the occurrence of a domino effect at each domino level without considering all the probable combinations of lower and higher order storage tank accidents involved in it. This leads to an unreliable estimation of the overall risk of domino effects at different domino levels. In this study, we analyse the dynamic probabilities of multiple domino effects arising from multiple combinations of lower and higher order storage tank accidents at each domino level. This is helpful for quicker identification and prioritization of the most critical storage tanks at each domino level during emergency shutdown or isolation procedures. We also consider the occurrence of a fire in each tank after its explosion and dynamic fire burnout probabilities to avoid underestimation of domino effect probabilities at different domino levels. A dynamic Bayesian network is used to analyse temporal variation in the probabilities of state transition in each storage tank during an accident. The methodology provides a more reliable dynamic risk assessment of domino effects in chemical plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability evaluation of emergency shelter site selection based on improved regret theory for toxic gas leakage accidents","authors":"Jinghong Wang ,&nbsp;Congcong Ge ,&nbsp;Yuqing Liu ,&nbsp;Jialin Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During a disaster, shelters can effectively reduce the threat to human life safety and facilitate the rescue operations conducted by emergency responders. Hence, the rationality of emergency shelter site selection directly affects evacuation efficiency and rescue effectiveness. This study evaluates the suitability of emergency shelter site selection in the context of accidents in chemical industry parks. To address the limitations of existing evaluation models in accounting for toxic gas impacts, a risk function was introduced to refine the regret theory, enabling a more accurate reflection of toxic gas effects on shelter layout. Using an improved CTM model with the Tianjin Port area in China as the study site, evacuation route, time, and speed data were obtained and used as input values to calculate the utility and regret values for selecting different shelters. Given the significant impact of wind direction on gas dispersion, simulations, and evaluations were conducted with various wind direction parameters. The evaluation results indicate that under the influence of toxic gases, with ENE and NE wind directions, Shelter S4, located northwest of the Tianjin Port area, has the lowest regret value, with a regret value difference of 42.42 %–82.35 % compared to other location options. Under SE wind direction, the shelter with the lowest regret value is Shelter S2, located southeast of the Tianjin Port area. The regret value differences among the other nearby shelters are insignificant, with the maximum difference within 31 %. Overall, setting the shelter at location S4 is a more rational choice. The results provide a more scientific and reasonable reference for emergency shelter selection under the influence of toxic gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic and integrated safety and security barrier management: A new framework to manage major event risks in chemical plants","authors":"Shuaiqi Yuan ,&nbsp;Genserik Reniers ,&nbsp;Ming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical process industries are threatened by accidental and intentional major events that may lead to catastrophic consequences due to hazardous materials' production, operation, and storage. Remarkably, the digitalization of industrial facilities brings emerging cyber-physical attack risks, which calls for a holistic and integrated safety and security risk assessment and management. Considering the dynamic aspects of risks, the continuous monitoring and assessment of risk-related variations plays a vital role in making timely adaptions to risk treatment strategies and, therefore, accommodating increasing risks. To this end, this study proposes a comprehensive framework for risk-based safety and security barrier management, handling challenges in assessing integrated safety and security risks and deriving timely and cost-efficient barrier improvement strategies in case undesired risks are increasing to unacceptable levels. The fundamental ideas and applicable procedures are elaborated before a case study is demonstrated to offer insights into its feasibility. The case study shows that implementing this framework holds advantages in managing safety and security risks in a unified way, considering the interplays between safety and security and making continuous risk-treatment adaptions to sustain the safety and security of digitalized chemical process systems. Furthermore, the principles and precautionary considerations pertinent to this new framework are discussed to foster its application in real-world settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143678944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating resilience into HAZOP to enhance process safety in industrial facilities","authors":"Abdullah Ali Almousa,&nbsp;Seyed Mojtaba Hoseyni,&nbsp;Joan Cordiner","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the worldwide focus on safety and steady operations, process plants struggle with the inherent complexities of industrial conditions that can lead to unexpected problems. The continuing prevalence of accidents with different root causes underlines the critical need for more robust process safety and risk management approaches. Process plants currently depend on the traditional hazard and operability study (HAZOP) to pinpoint potential hazards. The existing approach to risk assessment often focuses on identifying potential vulnerabilities and neglects the system's ability to endure and bounce back from disruptions. Resilience focuses on a system's ability to survive the initial disruption, adapt and recover back to the normal operation. Integrating resilience into the early design phase and operation of process plants offers a solution to significantly enhance process safety. This paper proposes a novel approach to improve industrial safety by integrating resilience into HAZOP studies during the design and operation phases. The research advocates for a more robust risk assessment, emphasising the importance of resilience throughout the design and operational stages. The proposed method integrates resilience principles as an essential element throughout the entire HAZOP framework and flowchart, ensuring resilience is built into the system's design and operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143678945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flash point prediction of binary mixtures of ionic liquid and flammable solvent","authors":"Horng-Jang Liaw,&nbsp;Qi-Rui Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In chemical processes, ionic liquids (ILs) are commonly applied in mixtures with flammable solvents. To prevent fire and explosion hazards, flammability data regarding these mixtures are required, but these data are lacking in the literature. Moreover, no flash point prediction models have been developed for IL + solvent mixtures. This study developed a model to estimate the flash point of binary mixtures of ILs with flammable solvents. The model was developed based on fundamental theories of the flash point of mixtures and the contribution of IL decomposition to flammability. The proposed model was validated against empirical measurements of the flash points of mixtures of [C₆mim][Cl] + methanol/ethanol and [Emim][EtSO₄] + methanol/ethanol. Because the model includes the contribution of IL decomposition to flammability, the required activation energy for IL decomposition was estimated from the initial mass loss rate, which was obtained using thermogravimetric analysis. The model predictions agreed well with the empirical data for mixtures with various IL content. The flash point deviations were 5.2–8.3 °C for estimations of solvent nonideality by non-random two-liquid (NRTL) model; this was considered accurate for the wide flash point ranges of the studied mixtures of 142.2–165.4 °C. However, the deviation was large (18.4 °C) for [C₆mim][Cl] + ethanol when the NRTL binary interaction parameters from Carvalho et al. (2013)were used. For mixtures with low IL content and flash points well below the IL flash point, a previously developed binary aqueous–organic solution model also accurately describes the flash point.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explosion hazards and mechanisms of hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure","authors":"Yingquan Qi,&nbsp;Yong Pan,&nbsp;Shanshan Liu,&nbsp;Jingran Liu,&nbsp;Ran Ye,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To ensure the safe utilization of hydrogen energy and promote the rapid development of the hydrogen industry, the explosive characteristics and reaction mechanisms of hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures have been studied through both experiments and simulations. The results indicate that the initial pressure is positively correlated with the lower flammability limit of H₂ but is insensitive to changes in initial temperature. Further investigation into the upper flammability limit reveals a significant nonlinear relationship with the initial pressure, following a power function increase. In contrast, the effect of initial temperature on the upper flammability limit shows a more straightforward linear characteristic. Explosion pressure increases proportionally with initial pressure and decreases linearly as the initial temperature rises. The laminar burning velocity of hydrogen at various temperatures and pressures is measured using the constant volume method and compared with simulation results. Sensitivity analysis is employed to identify the key controlling reactions of hydrogen explosions at different pressures and temperatures and to explore their synergistic effects. Finally, a predictive model for hydrogen explosion pressure at high temperatures and pressures is developed using the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm through machine learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-base synergetic effect and thermal risk assessment on homogeneous catalytic production of γ-valerolactone with formic acid","authors":"Yong Pan ,&nbsp;Chaoqin Ren ,&nbsp;Jingshu Jin ,&nbsp;Yanjun Wang ,&nbsp;Sébastien Leveneur ,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable and renewable energy plays a key role in coping with the global energy crisis and increasing demand for development. Biomass valorization is regarded as a potential way to substitute the fossil raw materials in various fields such as electricity, fuel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, etc. Among the numerous chemicals derived from biomass, γ-valerolactone (GVL) is identified to be an important platform chemical with wide applications. Hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) with formic acid (FA) as hydrogen donor for GVL production attracts great attention from the principle of green chemistry. Compared to the enormous efforts on catalyst design, few studies focus on the safety issues of this hydrogenation process, such as thermal runaway risk. Aiming to fill this gap, hydrogenation of LA with FA catalyzed by synthesized homogeneous catalyst Ru-TsDPEN was chosen as a typical efficient process for the production of GVL. In particular, solvent effect and acid-base synergetic effect by adjusting acid-base loading were investigated for process optimization and further calorimetry study. Apparent pH was measured to indicate the strength of acidity and alkalinity of the reaction mixture. Thermal stability of chemicals and thermal risk assessment were performed by differential scanning calorimetry and accelerated rate calorimeter Phi-Tec II, respectively. The results showed significant acid-base synergetic effect on the desired catalytic system and thermal risk was medium under the optimized condition, which needs specific safety measures for loss prevention. Suggestions for inherently safer chemical process for GVL production with FA as hydrogen donor were proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}