Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogen safety for systems at ambient and cryogenic temperature: A comparative study of hazards and consequence modelling","authors":"Donatella Cirrone,&nbsp;Dmitriy Makarov,&nbsp;Vladimir Molkov","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transport and storage of hydrogen as a liquid (LH₂) is being widely investigated as a solution for scaling up the supply infrastructure and addressing the growth of hydrogen demand worldwide. While there is a relatively well-established knowledge and understanding of hazards and associated risks for gaseous hydrogen at ambient temperature, several knowledge gaps are yet open regarding the behaviour in incident scenarios of cryogenic hydrogen, including LH₂. This paper aims at presenting the models and tools that can be used to close relevant knowledge gaps for hydrogen safety engineering of LH₂ systems and infrastructure. Analytical studies and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling are used complementarily to assess relevant incident scenarios and compare the consequences and hazard distances for hydrogen systems at ambient and cryogenic temperature. The research encompasses the main phenomena characterising an incident scenario: release and dispersion, ignition, and combustion. Experimental tests on cryogenic hydrogen systems are used for the validation of correlations and numerical models. It is observed that engineering tools originally developed for hydrogen at ambient temperature are yet applicable to the cryogenic temperature field. For a same storage pressure and nozzle diameter, the decrease of hydrogen temperature from ambient to cryogenic 80 K may lead to longer hazard distances associated to unignited and ignited hydrogen releases. The potential for ignition by spark discharge or spontaneous ignition mechanism is seen to decrease with the decrease of hydrogen temperature. CFD modelling is used to give insights into the pressure dynamics created by LH₂ vessels rupture in a fire using experimental data from literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105606"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based accidents analysis and risk early warning of hazardous materials transportation","authors":"Huo Chai ,&nbsp;Kaikai Dong ,&nbsp;Yiming Liang ,&nbsp;Zhencheng Han ,&nbsp;Ruichun He","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we conduct a comprehensive statistical analysis of the increasing frequency of hazardous materials accidents in the U.S. highway transportation sector. Based on these findings, we propose an enhanced model designed to provide robust data support for risk warning initiatives. After analyzing over 600,000 accidents from 1971 to 2023, we observe that the annual number of accidents has exceeded 20,000 since 2021. This trend underscores the urgent need to enhance the accuracy of accident risk warnings to mitigate economic losses. The study further reveals that most accidents occur between 6:00 and 11:00, with 91.7% of these incidents resulting in spillage. This finding underscores the critical need for a robust emergency response plan specifically tailored to address spillage events. To address the issue of performance degradation of models in large-scale datasets, the “SF-T0.25” model using a stacking algorithm was developed, which was validated using more than 70,000 spillage accident records from 2021 to 2023. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the model reaches 0.9628, which is better than the parameter-adjusted ET model (0.94981). The SF-T0.25 model also performs well in indicators such as the Jaccard similarity coefficient and the cross-entropy. The mean value of Jaccard similarity coefficient in predicting the type of accident weather conditions is more than 0.97 and the mean value of Cross-Entropy Loss in predicting the range of instantaneous speed of vehicles during accidents is less than 0.05, which proves that the model can provide reliable data support for early risk warning of hazardous materials transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new small-scale dust cloud minimum ignition energy apparatus","authors":"Stanley Kolis ,&nbsp;Chad V. Mashuga","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dust explosions pose a serious threat to safety and capital in many process industries. The proper management of this hazard is partially reliant on accurate ignitability data for flammable dusts. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) of a dust is one such quantification, which quantifies the likelihood of ignition for a flammable dust based on experimental evidence. Since the industrial revolution, many experimental methods have been developed for testing the MIE of ignitable dusts. This manuscript presents a novel, small-scale device for testing dust cloud MIEs. This device was designed to be modular and to easily integrate into the existing hardware of the popular Kühner MIKE3 MIE testing device. Since the Kühner MIKE3 is a well-trusted device that produces repeatable MIE results, the new small-scale device was designed specifically to return comparable MIEs. The device was designed to create a dust dispersion similar in dynamics to those of the Kühner MIKE3, such that ignition behavior in the two devices would be similar. A novel technique of using high-speed video to holistically analyze in-tube dust dispersions is presented. Experimental data from the video technique was used to optimize the dispersion dynamics in the small-scale device. Functionality of the small-scale device was verified by the testing of three control dusts in both the new small-scale device and the MIKE3, with MIE results in agreement for each dust. The small-scale device presented in this work is fast and simple to operate and requires much less sample than traditional MIE testing methods. These features make it ideal for testing expensive or hazardous dusts., or dusts for which sample quantity is limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105580"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonwovens used for the production of respiratory protective equipment and its ecotoxicological impact on specific soil samples","authors":"Petra Roupcová ,&nbsp;Jan Slaný ,&nbsp;Jana Suchánková ,&nbsp;Melánie Barabášová ,&nbsp;Kateřina Smutná ,&nbsp;Michaela Skřížovská ,&nbsp;Karel Klouda","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At the time of COVID-19, the production and consumption of respiratory protection products, as well as the amount of waste generated from these products, was huge. A part of this amount got into the free landscape. This study addresses the toxicity of two materials that have been used to manufacture respiratory protection products, these are mainly laminated and non-laminated nonwovens. Three bearing experiments were carried out. (1) Ecotoxicity testing the inhibition test on <em>Lactuca sativa</em> seeds, (2) Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests, and (3) Avoidance test with earthworms <em>Eisenia andrei</em>. All experiments are a part of a broader framework of environmental toxicity assessments, particularly focused on soil health. These tests, though different in their specific procedures, share common goals of evaluating the effects of chemicals or contaminated environments on organisms and ecosystem functioning. Although acute toxicity has not been confirmed, avoidance behaviour of the earthworms was evident and nonwoven material mechanically adhered to their tissue. Moreover, the lack of demonstration of acute toxicity does not mean that nonwoven micro(nano)plastics cannot accumulate in the organisms and cause negative long-term effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105603"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Random risk assessment model and risk-based maintenance decisions for natural gas pipelines","authors":"Yujia Zheng ,&nbsp;Zengshou Dong ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pipeline failures can lead to interruptions in natural gas supply, incur downtime and maintenance costs, and easily trigger major accidents. Corrosion has been identified as a major cause of pipeline failure. The consequences of pipeline corrosion vary depending on the characteristics of the pipeline laying area. However, accident consequence assessment models that can address the randomness in pipeline corrosion are limited. We evaluated the random risk of natural gas pipelines, while considering the failure probabilities and consequences, and constructed a non-periodic preventive maintenance decision model based on the corrosion state and potential risk. First, we developed a random process model for simulating the corrosion of natural gas pipelines; a random risk assessment model was established by considering the failure probability with respect to the random corrosion depth and failure consequence with respect to the random corrosion length. Second, based on the results of random risk assessment, a preventive maintenance policy was developed pertaining to the corrosion conditions and future risks. Third, a maintenance decision model, with the aim of minimising the average maintenance cost in a finite horizon, was established to determine the optimal preventive maintenance risk threshold and inspection cycle for natural gas pipelines. Finally, we conducted an experiment while considering the corrosion data of a real pipeline. The results indicated that the proposed policy can effectively control pipeline failure risk during operation and reduce maintenance costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of water mist and their use in practice","authors":"Marek Miskay ,&nbsp;Karla Barcova ,&nbsp;Miriam Kadlubcova ,&nbsp;Michal Lesnak ,&nbsp;Lucie Kralova ,&nbsp;Dominik Jursa","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water mist systems are being increasingly used in nowadays and these systems can be found in wide range of applications. Water is a cheap, effective and environmentally friendly extinguishing medium based on water mechanisms. Mechanisms are divided into primary and secondary mechanisms. One of the primary mechanisms is capability of water in reducing ambient, flame and fuel temperature. Water is capable to displace oxygen and flammable gases from fire area and attenuate radiant heat. Water is also capable of wetting the fuel and preventing the spread of flames to unburned fuel. Secondary mechanism is ability of trapping toxic particles and other smoke or dust particles from the air. Kinetic and dilution effect should also be mentioned. Due to these mechanisms, water mist systems are considered effective in fire suppression and extinguishing. In practice, we can encounter water mist systems from commercial buildings, historical buildings to marine vessels. Water mist can also be used in other applications beyond fire protection. Water mist systems are used in industry, where the water's ability to reduce temperature and dust in the workplace is exploited or in agriculture, where are used to humidify operation of poultry and cattle breeding. The mechanisms of water and the use of water mist are described in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of deflagration of selected industrial dusts during large-scale tests","authors":"Stanislav Lichorobiec ,&nbsp;Miroslav Mynarz ,&nbsp;Jakub Zdebski","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an experimental investigation of the deflagration characteristics of selected industrial dusts during large-scale testing. The aim of the research was to assess the ignition and explosion behaviours of various dust samples commonly encountered in industrial environments, such as metal, coal, and organic dusts. Large-scale tests were conducted in a controlled environment using a standard explosion chamber and in particular experimental adits stamped in the limestone massif equipped by pressure sensors and flame monitoring devices. The tests focused on key parameters, including pressure rise and flame propagation velocity to understand the deflagration properties of the dusts.</div><div>The materials mentioned below, which are found in powder form in production industrial operations, either as a finished product or as a layer of settled dust, were tested in turn. The tests were aimed at determining the explosion parameters of the selected materials in a confined space with predominantly 1D propagation. Specifically, the parameters studied were the lower explosive limit, the maximum flame front range, the maximum flame front velocity and the maximum pressure wave velocity. The materials that were tested are found in certain types of industrial operations. This is mainly the field of energy, food industry, metal processing industry, wood industry or agriculture. Brown coal, flour, aluminium dust and wood dust were used as samples. Explosion parameters were determined for all substances.</div><div>The experiments have highlighted how, from the point of view of dust explosion prevention and the study of dust explosiveness, different environments, geometries and combustible systems (mixtures) cause different manifestations and, with that, consequences on the surroundings. The findings contribute to a better understanding of dust explosion risks in industrial settings, highlighting the importance of tailored safety measures and dust control strategies to mitigate hazards. This study provides valuable insights for improving explosion prevention and protection systems in industries handling combustible dusts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas safety entropy model research in Chinese urban gas system","authors":"Runzhao Zhang,&nbsp;Qiong Li,&nbsp;Xiaole Liu,&nbsp;Chen Zhao,&nbsp;Yujie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas safety is an important part of the urban safe operation. The gas safety entropy (GSE) model and urban gas accident risk factor index are built in this paper based on an analysis of 101 published reports of major urban gas safety accidents in China from 2011 to 2023. Furthermore, the safety entropy of the gas system is analyzed year by year using the entropy weight method, taking into account personal, object, environmental, and management factors. The GSE shows a periodic variation pattern with an average value of 0.082 and a period of 3–4 years. This result can provide a quantitative evaluation method for the urban gas accidents identification of hidden dangers and risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed ignition of high-pressure hydrogen releases – Experiments and engineering models","authors":"Vincent Blanchetière ,&nbsp;Adam Armstrong ,&nbsp;Yanshu Wang ,&nbsp;Romain Jambut ,&nbsp;Brian Wilkins ,&nbsp;Nicolas Salaün","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Before operating its first hydrogen transmission pipelines, GRTgaz is developing methods and engineering models for risk assessment and consequences analysis. In this framework, GRTgaz decided in 2022 to launch an experimental campaign to understand the consequences of delayed ignition of high-pressure pure hydrogen releases, in open field. The tests also included ignited releases of methane-hydrogen mixture, with 2% and 20% of hydrogen. GRTgaz was associated with Storengy to fund this campaign performed by Gexcon AS. The tests took place at the test facility of Gexcon in Sotra island, close to Bergen (Norway).</div><div>The campaign was divided in two test series. The phase 1 aimed at characterising gas concentration in the release axis to provide validation data for simple models and to facilitate the positioning of igniter for the explosion tests, in phase 2. In this second phase, the releases were ignited by chemical devices or electrical sparks, located in the axis at different equivalence ratio. The release system designed by Gexcon enabled to perform 40 barg releases through calibrated orifices of 4 and 6 mm. In total, 15 tests were performed for the first phase with unignited releases and 29 explosion tests for the second phase. All tests are steady-state horizontal releases.</div><div>The test results provide comprehensive data to better understand hydrogen jet explosion and challenge engineering models. The maximal overpressures were well above the blind predictions, with records over 650 mbar close to ignition region, where about 200 mbar were expected. High-speed videos showed a tremendous acceleration around the ignition source that cause these intense overpressures coupled with very short-duration positive pulses. These results tend to indicate that the overpressure is produced in a limited volume compared to the flammable plume.</div><div>Then, simulations with the PERSEE + software are compared to the experiments. Dispersion results are in good agreement with the recorded concentration with a relative deviation around ± 30%. For overpressures, the prediction in the far field is also acceptable, whereas effects in the near field are often underpredicted. The article finally discusses about improvement of engineering models to estimate consequences of a delayed ignition of high-pressure hydrogen releases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Multi-risk NaTech vulnerability indicator: A step further”","authors":"David Javier Castro Rodriguez,&nbsp;Antonello A. Barresi,&nbsp;Micaela Demichela","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NaTech events involve technological disasters triggered by natural hazards, leading to hazardous material releases. Their multi-risk nature necessitates comprehensive vulnerability assessments to enhance system preparedness. This research presents a further step towards a multi-risk NaTech vulnerability assessment for industrial plants, refining a previous methodology with reference to a case study. A wide flexible selection of natural hazards is proposed, emphasizing the need for a “location priority factor” that considers hazard spatial influence, the conditional probability of NaTech events based on industrial macro-sectors, and cascading effects between hazards. Additionally, interactions among neighboring infrastructures are introduced as an extra hazard factor. To ensure consistency with prior research and historical NaTech data, a broader set of harmonized industrial item categories is defined. The study highlights the dynamic vulnerability of critical items within a plant, considering their layout proximity and functional interconnections. Moreover, multi-risk assessment is improved by integrating quantitative criteria for ratings derived from historical NaTech analyses. An enhanced index for assessing major industrial accident potential based on hazardous substance criteria is proposed in alignment with European legislation. The proposed decision matrix combining independent evaluations of infrastructure and substance-related factors may support risk assessment through varying levels of tolerance, guiding preparedness strategies for industrial systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 105588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}