Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"A review on the thermal runaway behaviors of non-cylindrical and 18650 lithium-ion batteries used in energy storage systems","authors":"Lingzhu Gong ,&nbsp;Xin Lin ,&nbsp;Yujie Sun ,&nbsp;Gending Yu ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Shuo Zheng ,&nbsp;Jingling Li ,&nbsp;Jinfeng Chen ,&nbsp;Rongguo Chen ,&nbsp;Jiale Huang ,&nbsp;Yih-Shing Duh","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work integrates and assesses the thermal runaway features of non-cylindrical and 18650 lithium-ion batteries under the condition of external heating. Non-cylindrical batteries include large format (LF), prismatic, pouch, and smart phone lithium-ion batteries (SPLIB). Calorimetry can provide characterization data that includes exothermic onset temperature, crucial temperature, maximum temperature, maximum self-heat rate, quantity of non-condensable gas, and enthalpy change. Thermal runaway characteristics play a key role in analyzing and distinguishing these batteries. Most non-LiFePO₄ batteries act similarly with a maximum self-heat rate exceeding 5000 °C per minute and a crucial temperature occurring at approximately 200 °C. The 18650 LiFePO₄ battery has the highest exothermic onset temperature, the lowest maximum temperature, the lowest maximum self-heat rate, the least non-condensable gases, and the lowest enthalpy change, which indicates that it is relatively safer than others. However, the thermal hazard data among non-cylindrical lithium-ion batteries scattered due to differences in capacity, shape, and battery chemistry. This study provides a review of the recent state of the art and suggests future perspectives. A systematic database is provided by the extensive review of commercial batteries that experience thermal failures, which can be used to conduct extensive experiments, theoretical studies, and design safer batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 105668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing hazardous exposure to suspended loads with nudge interventions","authors":"Samuël Costa ,&nbsp;Wouter Duyck ,&nbsp;Nicolas Dirix","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates nudging strategies' effectiveness in enhancing safety practices related to suspended loads in industrial settings. Three field experiments featuring social proof, friction and salience nudges revealed that all interventions effectively increased the distance to suspended loads, promoting safer practices among workers. The social proof experiment found displaying the amount of colleagues following safe pathways increases its usage. The friction experiment found nearby placement of no-touch tools to be more effective than supervisory communication. In the salience experiment, a light projection beneath suspended loads is found to significantly promote keeping distance. These effects persisted over an extended period, signifying long-term safety potential. A layered nudging approach, combining horizontal and vertical strategies, emerged as a key recommendation. Horizontal nudging aims to mitigate risks through multiple simultaneous nudges, while vertical nudging amplifies the impact through a sequence of nudges at different organizational layers. Integrating nudging into current safety practices, guided by cognitive frameworks, offers a holistic approach to safety enhancement. This research contributes practical insights for designing effective workplace safety initiatives, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of safety behavior and the importance of leveraging psychological principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 105665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial accidents triggered by flood events: lessons learned from case studies","authors":"Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Zongzhi Wu ,&nbsp;Ruipeng Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequent occurrence of extreme weather and geological disasters poses challenges to the safety production of chemical industrial parks. When these disasters affect chemical industrial parks, they are highly probability of fire and explosion-level accidents, known as Na-tech events. In this study, a Bowtie model was used to conduct in-depth analysis of the Arkema and La Plata accidents. It was found that the current risk assessment framework mainly focuses on assessing the risk of main equipment failure, while there is little attention paid to the evaluation of civil works and emergency equipment facilities involved in emergency rescue work. This lack of focus may have adverse effects on emergency rescue work after accidents occur. Based on lessons learned from typical cases, some suggestions are made for operators to consider civil works, public works, safety barriers and emergency facilities in risk assessment. In the event of an accident, a comprehensive and dynamic risk assessment of the chemical park can be conducted to assist emergency command personnel in making scientific and reasonable emergency decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 105667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probability risk analysis of petrochemical storage tank areas considering the coupling effect of accident factors","authors":"Xue Li ,&nbsp;Wei'ao Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Zhou ,&nbsp;Bing Chen ,&nbsp;Xuanya Liu ,&nbsp;Xiongjun Yuan ,&nbsp;Weiqiu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quantitative analysis of accident risk in petrochemical storage tank areas is one of the main bases of petrochemical storage tank safety management. The study collected 225 accident reports from petrochemical storage tank areas and performed statistical analysis on the risk data obtained from these reports. The Apriori algorithm is used to mine strong association rules between basic events in the risk data. These association rules are then input as conditional probabilities into the Bayesian Network (BN) model, with directed edges representing the coupling relationships between accident factors. Then, using the constructed BN model, the impact of coupling effects on the failure probabilities of various accident causes and the probabilities of different accident consequences is quantitatively analyzed. In the case of considering coupling effects, the posterior probabilities of certain key events increase significantly. For example, in the analysis of explosion accident influencing factors, the posterior probability changes of \"Improper operation\" (Hu01) and \" Enterprise safety production main responsibility is not implemented\" (Mg07) increased significantly from 0.09 to 0.07 to 0.12 and 0.11, respectively. These changes emphasize the importance of considering coupling effects in petrochemical accident risk analysis. Without considering coupling effects, certain potential hazard factors are overlooked, leading to severe accident consequences. Therefore, considering the coupling effects between accident factors during risk assessment helps to analyze accident causes more accurately, enabling targeted preventive measures, such as strengthening operator training, regular equipment maintenance, and improving safety management systems, to reduce accident probability and mitigate consequences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 105663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression effects of PA@SH-SiC porous materials on hydrogen-air deflagration","authors":"Zhuohui Liang,&nbsp;Bin Zhang,&nbsp;Wanying Yue,&nbsp;Siqi Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanchen Xia,&nbsp;Boqiao Wang,&nbsp;Wenbin Zhu,&nbsp;Jinnan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve effective suppression of hydrogen-air deflagration, a new deflagration-suppressing material PA@SH-SiC is formed by grafting a phosphorus-containing compound, phytic acid (PA), onto the surface of porous silicon carbide (SiC) using a self-assembly technique. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) results show that PA is successfully and uniformly grafted onto the SiC substrate. In a semi-open duct with dimensions of 130∗130∗820 mm, the effects of two deflagration-suppressing materials, SiC and PA@SH-SiC, are being investigated under three pore sizes (30, 40, 50 PPI) and two thicknesses (20, 40 mm), in response to hydrogen-air deflagration at different equivalence ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5). Experimental results show that PA@SH-SiC exhibits superior performance in hydrogen-air deflagration compared to using porous SiC alone, reducing explosion overpressure and flame propagation velocity while minimizing flame distortion. PA coating enhances the chemical suppression effect of SiC by generating HOPO and other groups through endothermic decomposition, which absorb critical radicals like H, O, and OH, thereby weakening chain reactions. Under equivalence ratios of 0.3 and 0.4, porous SiC with 50 PPI effectively blocks most of the flame, reducing explosion overpressure and flame propagation velocity. However, 30 and 40 PPI porous SiC exacerbate deflagration. With a pore size smaller than hydrogen's MESG, 50 PPI porous SiC predominantly exhibits quenching effects, thus suppressing deflagration under equivalence ratios of 0.3 and 0.4. At 30 and 40 PPI, the pore size of porous SiC is too large, resulting in insufficient quenching capability. Instead, the disturbance caused by this leads to elongation and wrinkling of the flame, thereby intensifying the downstream gas deflagration. Taking the 0.4 equivalence ratio conditions as an example, increasing the thickness of 50 PPI porous SiC enhances deflagration suppression. Conversely, increasing the thickness of 30 PPI SiC from 20 mm to 40 mm increases Flame propagation velocity peak (V_max) by 6.3 m/s and overpressure peak (P_max) by 2.82 kPa. This is due to under the conditions of 30 and 40 PPI, increasing the thickness is equivalent to increasing the volume blocking ratio of obstacles, thereby exacerbating the deflagration effect. In addition, under different equivalence ratios, there are differences in the energy release and reaction rates of combustion, which directly affect the deflagration suppression performance of the porous materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated hydrocarbon fire simulation and protection assessment for enhancing offshore platform safety","authors":"M. Pradeepa ,&nbsp;Srinivasan Chandrasekaran ,&nbsp;Rouzbeh Abbassi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Offshore oil platforms face severe fire hazards due to large hydrocarbon inventories, necessitating effective fire protection strategies. This study integrates hydrocarbon fire simulation with fire protection assessment to evaluate the structural response and mitigation measures. Using CFD-based fire simulations in Pyrosim, the study analyzes temperature distribution, flame zones, and critical thermal effects, incorporating wind influence. A parametric assessment is conducted on active (sprinklers, CO₂ suppression, ventilation) and passive (fireproof cladding) fire protection measures to determine their effectiveness in reducing fire-induced risks. Additionally, the study introduces pseudo-emergency Response Planning Guidelines (pseudo-ERPG) to define safety zones based on temperature contours, extending beyond traditional hazard distance evaluations. The results highlight the effectiveness of integrated fire protection strategies in mitigating structural damage and improving offshore fire safety. While this is a preliminary step, it provides a foundation for future advancements in offshore fire risk assessment and emergency response planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 105662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure mechanisms of gas cylinder exposed to fire – a large-scale experimental study","authors":"Vojtech Jankuj ,&nbsp;Jan Hora ,&nbsp;Jiří Rýpar ,&nbsp;Petr Lepik ,&nbsp;Miroslav Mynarz ,&nbsp;Pavel Raška ,&nbsp;Jan Karl ,&nbsp;Aleš Dudáček","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The failure of high-pressure gas cylinders in fire scenarios presents a serious hazard due to the potential for explosion, fragmentation, and fireball formation. This study investigates the behavior of cylinders containing flammable (hydrogen, acetylene, liquefied petroleum gas – LPG) and non-flammable (oxygen, nitrogen) gases when exposed to fire, with an emphasis on destruction mechanisms, explosion pressure, and mitigation strategies. Large-scale experiments were conducted under realistic open-air and confined conditions, with parameters such as internal pressure, surface temperature, fireball size, overpressure, and fragment dispersion recorded. Each gas type was selected to represent a distinct failure mechanism: compressed gases demonstrated rapid rupture and pressure wave propagation; LPG cylinders exhibited BLEVE behavior with violent fragmentation; and acetylene, stored in dissolved form with fragmentation and fireball creation. Even non-flammable gases contributed to overpressure and fireball formation when interacting with ambient flammable vapors. Confined-space tests confirmed significant amplification of overpressure and structural damage compared to open environments. Controlled destruction via shooting through the cylinder shell as an intervention proved effective in preventing uncontrolled explosions by enabling safe venting under fire conditions. These findings provide essential safety data for the development of tactical guidelines, supporting improved risk assessment, emergency planning, and mitigation strategies in incidents involving high-pressure gas storage and transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 105661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the laminar burning velocity of various battery vent gases emitted during the thermal runaway of Li-ion cells","authors":"Paola Russo,&nbsp;Sofia Ubaldi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology across energy storage and transportation sectors raises significant safety concerns due to potential fire and explosion risks. Thermal runaway (TR) events in LIBs can release flammable gases, thereby posing heightened fire hazards. However, data on the flammability characteristics of gases emitted during thermal failure remain limited. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the laminar burning velocity (S_u), a key safety parameter, using both experimental and modeling approaches to understand the influence of cell chemistry on LIB behavior. Three commercial cylindrical cells—Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)—were tested at a 100 % state of charge (SoC). Cells were subjected to controlled heating at a rate of 5 °C/min in a laboratory setup equipped with Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and a micro-GC for real-time gas analysis. Major battery vent gas (BVG) components detected during TR event included H₂, CH₄, CO, CO₂, HF, and vapours of electrolyte solvents like dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethylene carbonate (EC).</div><div>The S_u values were calculated using a one-dimensional laminar premixed flame model within the CHEMKIN software, with continuous gas monitoring throughout the entire thermal failure event. These calculations considered different BVG compositions during specific phases—venting, TR, and overall event phases—each critical depending on cell chemistry. For NCA cells, the TR phase exhibited the most critical BVG composition, while for LFP and NMC cells, the venting phase proved more critical, largely due to H₂ emissions. Furthermore, the effect of TR-induced temperature on S_u was evaluated through simulations conducted at 25 °C, 150 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C at 1 atm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of temperature and oxygen in spontaneous combustion process of cylindrical coal bunker","authors":"Jingyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Kexin Xing ,&nbsp;Jiajia Song ,&nbsp;Shiping Lu ,&nbsp;Tinghao Zhang ,&nbsp;Chi-Min Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cylindrical coal bunker is widely utilized in coal mining sites because of its relatively sound ventilation conditions and short storage of time. It is mainly used to store coal samples for a long time or temporarily. However, based on the current research results, studies into the variation of spontaneous combustion temperature and oxygen concentration is relatively few, and so further research on typical cylindrical coal bunkers is needed. To that end, this study was conducted to look into the shortcomings of the existing test device associated with coal storage in cylindrical coal bunkers, according to the characteristics of actual coal storage in mines, and so an experimental system for spontaneous combustion evolution of coal bunkers was built independently. The Zijing coal sample from Luoyang, Henan Province, was chosen as the research object, the temporal and spatial changes of transverse and longitudinal temperature in the process of spontaneous combustion of coal (SCC) bunker were tested, and the development stage of SCC bunker was divided. Furthermore, an ananlysis of the variation trend of oxygen concentration and oxygen consumption rate at each measuring point in different stages of coal bunker spontaneous combustion was made. The results demonstrated that the spontaneous combustion process of coal bunker were divided into the stages of slow heating, rapid heating, constant temperature, rapid cooling, and slow cooling. Besides, when the air leakage occurred at the position of the coal outlet, the lower coal body could gradually spontaneously combust. In the process of temperature migration, the high temperature points were mainly concentrated in the middle and lower part of the coal bunker, and the temperature of the second layer of coal body tended to reach 655.7 °C. The spontaneous combustion of the lower coal body formed internal voids and was in a high temperature state for a long time. The lowest coal sample in the coal bunker was observed to basically maintain between 400 and 600 °C in the constant temperature stage. The coal sample near the lower air leakage port had a fast combustion rate and a low peak temperature. The duration of the cooling stage was different due to the different oxidation degree of the coal body. The research results have vital theoretical guiding significance for the prevention and control of coal bunker's spontaneous combustion disaster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage-mutation mode of premixed methane-air explosions in a small-L/D vented vessel","authors":"Zehua Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Lv ,&nbsp;Dunyu Liu ,&nbsp;Tonghao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongqi Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Li ,&nbsp;Ming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limited experimental data has led to significant gaps in understanding gas-explosion damage modes in small L/D vessels or constructions. To address this, we developed a novel two-dimensional gas explosion system. In a typical L-shaped vessel, we investigated 10 vol% methane-air explosions under varying vent-ignition conditions and low failure pressures. Influenced by the L-shaped space and vent-ignition relationship, combustion and pressure exhibit strong coupling and mutual reinforcement. Two newly identified flame mutation modes enhance the burning damage of gas explosions. Flame return driven by a pressure gradient, which depends on the volume of unburnt premixed gas, intensifies local combustion and amplifies overpressure, particularly at short vent-ignition distances. Flame collision between two flame fronts, under conditions of abundant unburnt premixed gas and short vent-ignition distances, generates intense turbulence and produces violent combustion. The long vent-ignition distance and L-shaped space mitigate the Helmholtz oscillation while amplifying the overpressure peak <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mn>3</mn><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>. The violent combustion caused by the flame collision dramatically increases <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>. These atypical peaks, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mn>3</mn><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>P</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, further exacerbate the overpressure damage. These findings demonstrate that under specific vent-ignition conditions, flame mutation modes can increase the overpressure peak by up to 141 %, underscoring their crucial role in the investigation and prevention of gas explosion incidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 105658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}