Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"An integrated analysis method for anaerobic reactor leakage and explosion risk","authors":"Bingjie Fan,&nbsp;Kaili Xu,&nbsp;Jiye Cai,&nbsp;Zhenhui Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To strengthen the development and utilization of renewable energy and ensure the safe operation of biogas projects, this paper proposed a risk quantification method based on Fault Tree Analysis - Qualitative Comparative Analysis - Bayesian Neural Network - Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation, which is a risk analysis model of \"Technology - Management - Probability - Consequence\" with multiple dimensions and interdisciplinary integration. Firstly, the Fault Tree analysis was used to analyze the causes of the anaerobic reactor leakage and explosion accidents. Secondly, Qualitative Comparative Analysis was used to find out the necessary conditions and combination path of anaerobic reactor leakage and explosion accidents in management aspect. Next, the Bayesian Neural Network model was used to predict accidents frequency distribution. The frequency range was 0.315–0.380, and the uncertainty of the prediction results was given. Then, CFD simulation was used to simulate the leakage consequences of the manhole and the top biogas pipeline of the anaerobic reactor in windy and windless conditions, and the methane diffusion distribution after leakage was explored. Finally, according to results, an improved explosion hazard area and level division way was proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105768"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous data fusion model for gas leakage detection","authors":"Xinying Wang ,&nbsp;Manna Xu ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a gas identification model based on multi-source data fusion, termed SCGA (Spatio-temporal Cross-attention Gas identification Algorithm). The method initially employs a pre-trained ShuffleNetV2 network to process thermal images, extracting spatial-level feature representations. Subsequently, a hybrid architecture integrating 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1DCNN) and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units (BiGRU) is designed to comprehensively capture temporal dynamics in gas sensor data. To effectively fuse features from these heterogeneous sources, a cross-attention mechanism is introduced to model spatio-temporal dependencies, thereby generating discriminative fused features. Finally, the fused features are fed into the classification module via residual connections to perform gas identification. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SCGA model achieves a recognition accuracy of 99.22 % on real-world datasets while maintaining stable loss values within the range [0, 0.04]. Compared to models using only gas sensor data (SVM, 1DCNN, BiGRU), SCGA improves accuracy by at least 4.12 percentage points. Against models utilizing solely thermal image data (MobileNetV3, ShuffleNetV2, ResNet18), it exhibits an improvement of at least 1.14 percentage points. Furthermore, SCGA outperforms the multi-source fusion baseline with direct feature concatenation (SCG model) by 1 %. These results validate the high precision and robustness of the SCGA framework for gas recognition tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 105767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring and early warning method for material fire accidents in the production process based on thermal infrared imaging and object detection","authors":"Feng Wang,&nbsp;Xinyue Gu,&nbsp;Kaidi Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaozhi Li,&nbsp;Xinru Shan,&nbsp;Jing Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Production equipment frequently operates under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, and high speed, which present significant safety risks, including material leakage, fires, and explosions. Such accidents can result in considerable property loss, environmental damage, casualties, and adverse social impacts. Therefore, real-time monitoring and early warning of the production process are essential to promptly address potential hazards, prevent accidents, and ensure production safety. To reduce the likelihood of misjudgments and enhance early warning capabilities, this paper proposes a monitoring and early warning method for material fire accidents in the production process by integrating thermal infrared cameras with an object detection model. Utilizing thermal infrared imaging and temperature analysis technology, the system monitors temperature changes in the production area in real time, trains and develops a flame identification and detection model, and identifies and locates flames within the production area. A comprehensive flame monitoring and early warning method for production materials was developed, forming the basis of a monitoring and early warning system that facilitates real-time monitoring and prevention of material fires. The system visualizes temperature data trends using data visualization technology and combines this with on-site temperature data collection to enable comprehensive judgments, significantly enhancing monitoring and early warning efficiency. To evaluate the proposed method's effectiveness, the system was applied to an acrylic acid fractionation production unit for real-time flame monitoring and early warning. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately monitors and provides early warnings for flames during the production process, offering an effective solution for preventing material fire accidents and possessing substantial engineering application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling breakdown of industrial thermal insulation during full-scale jet fire exposure","authors":"Amalie Gunnarshaug ,&nbsp;Torgrim Log ,&nbsp;Maria-Monika Metallinou","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equipment and piping containing pressurized flammable gases and liquids represent a significant hazard when exposed to jet fires. To prevent escalation, thermal insulation is often combined with a layer of passive fire protection (PFP). Previous small-scale jet fire tests of thermally insulated steel structures indicated that the insulation alone, during exposure to temperatures above 1200 °C, could keep the temperature of the steel below 400 °C for at least 20 min. In the present study, full-scale jet fire exposure was modelled. The set-up included a 6″ pipe, 25 mm air gap, thermal insulation and a weather protective cladding. Thus, the article presents the numerical model including thermal insulation break down, alone or combined with layers of PFP. The modelled results were compared to results from a full-scale jet fire test of a thermally insulated pipe. The agreement between modelling and the full-scale jet fire test was quite good considering the variations along the tested pipe. The modelling does, however, show that small variations in the properties of the thermal insulation can result in major differences when exposed to jet fire conditions. Horizontal shrinkage, creating gaps in the insulation was the prevailing degradation mechanism for temperatures above 1100 °C. Oven testing of 50 mm cubic insulation specimens, proved to be useful for evaluating the thermal insulation behavior and improving the numerical model. Modelling showed that adding a 25 mm layer of PFP just beneath the weather cladding significantly improved the situation. This should be confirmed in a full-scale jet fire test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular regulatory mechanism of alkyl side chain length on the thermal decomposition of imidazolium nitrate ionic liquid: theoretical calculation and experimental analysis","authors":"Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Xu ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Changfei Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed at the thermal safety hazards of imidazole nitrate ionic liquids under high-temperature working conditions. The influence mechanism of the length of alkyl side chains on their thermal decomposition characteristics was systematically explored.</div><div>In this study, three ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolyl nitrate, were systematically studied at multiple scales from macroscopic to microscopic, based on thermal analysis experiments and density functional theory calculation. The results show that as the alkyl side chain extends from ethyl to hexyl, the thermal stability of the ionic liquid shows a significant downward trend. The initial decomposition temperatures were 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (266.5 °C), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (275.5 °C), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolyl nitrate (173.0 °C). The apparent activation energy decreased from 210.51 kJ/mol (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate) to 168.59 kJ/mol (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolyl nitrate). In addition, the adiabatic temperature rise, heat release and maximum adiabatic pressure all significantly decrease with the growth of side chains, which are 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (600.79 °C, 1756.14 J/g, 15.5 MPa), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (498.75 °C,1603.56 J/g, 6.55 MPa), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolyl nitrate (356.26 °C, 1055.95 J/g, 5.57 MPa), respectively. The thermal runaway risk parameters show a gradient decreasing law. At the microscopic level, the electrostatic potential distribution confirms the energy-containing characteristics of the material. The highest occupied molecular orbital - lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap analysis reveals the law that the molecular dynamic stability decreases with the growth of the alkyl chain, which were agree with the macroscopic thermal behavior. This study analyzed the influence mechanism of the length of alkyl side chains on the thermal decomposition characteristics from both macroscopic and microscopic dimensions. Providing a theoretical basis for the molecular design of this type of ionic liquid and the safety strategy for high-temperature applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 105769"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the deflagrations of H2/air in a 1-m3 vessel with a hinged aluminum vent panel: Effects of hydrogen concentration and ignition position","authors":"Jialin Li ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Guo ,&nbsp;Zelong Wu ,&nbsp;Binhua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of ignition position and hydrogen concentration on the pressure build-up and flame evolution during H₂/air deflagrations were studied in a 1-m³ vessel with hinged aluminum vent panel. Three ignition positions were tested: TI (top ignition), CI (central ignition), and BI (bottom ignition), with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 12 vol% to 27 vol%. Explosion overpressure was simulated using the CFD software FLACS and validated against experimental data. Results revealed that Helmholtz oscillations occurred only for 12–18 vol% H₂/air mixtures at TI. Three overpressure peaks inside the vessel were identified: <em>P</em>_<em>1</em>, <em>P</em>_<em>2</em>, and <em>P</em>_<em>vib</em>, caused by the opening of the aluminum panel, interplay between the external explosion and the venting process, and flame-acoustic oscillations, respectively. Compared to inertia-free venting, the aluminum panel significantly increased <em>P</em>_<em>1</em> at TI. For CI, the panel enhances the external explosion, but it weakens the explosion at BI. When hydrogen concentration exceeded 18 vol%, the maximum explosion overpressure (<em>P</em>_<em>max</em>) at all ignition positions increased with increasing hydrogen concentration. An external overpressure peak, <em>P</em>_<em>ext</em>, was observed at all ignition positions for hydrogen concentration above 18 vol%. For TI, an additional overpressure peak, <em>P</em>_{<em>open</em>}, caused by the propagation of the flame wave after the aluminum panel opening, was recorded. The maximum external overpressure (<em>P</em>_{<em>e-max</em>}) increased with hydrogen concentration. The simulated values of <em>P</em>_<em>max</em> and <em>P</em>_{<em>e-max</em>} closely matched the experimental data for CI. However, simulations overestimated the experimental results for hydrogen concentration above 18 vol% at TI and BI. Additionally, the vent panel obstructed external flame propagation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 105763"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effects of hydrogen addition ratio and diluent gas concentration on the explosion characteristics of methane/hydrogen gas-mixtures","authors":"Yong Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Luo ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingxiang Hao ,&nbsp;Ruikang Li ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Hu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread application of CH₄/H₂/air mixtures in the low-carbon energy transition has elevated their fire and explosion risks to a central safety challenge. A thorough examination of the explosion behaviors of these mixtures, coupled with the implementation of effective preventive measures, is crucial to proactively prevent and minimize catastrophic accidents that could result in severe casualties. This study delved into the CH₄/H₂/air explosion pressure, deflagration time and flame propagation behaviours in a N₂ and CO₂ atmosphere via experiment and simulation. The results demonstrated that CO₂ and N₂ reduced the maximum explosion pressure (<em>P</em>_max) by 34 % and 24 %, respectively; the deflagration time parameters were significantly prolonged with higher diluent gas concentrations. At 30 vol% concentration, CO₂ and N₂ decreased the flame propagation velocity by 46 % and 34 %, respectively. Additionally, CO₂ exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on the molar fractions of H•, •O and •OH radicals at a 5 vol% concentration threshold, whereas N₂ required concentrations exceeding 15 vol% to achieve comparable suppression. Finally, this study concludes with a comprehensive analysis of the inerting and suppression mechanisms of N₂ and CO₂, examining both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. The research findings can provide guidelines for the safe utilization of CH₄/H₂ mixtures and facilitate the industrialization of hydrogen energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105764"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic risk assessment and sensitivity analysis of lightning-induced Natech tank fire based on probabilistic chain model and Bayesian network","authors":"Jiajun Zou ,&nbsp;Zhangkun Zhou ,&nbsp;Yanyu Chu ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Chen ,&nbsp;Dongyao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan He ,&nbsp;Hong Zhao ,&nbsp;Chuyuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lightning-induced Natech events are the key triggers of chemical storage tank fires, which require comprehensive consideration of the multi-factor dynamic coupling of the environment, equipment and hazard chain for risk assessment. In this study, a risk assessment procedure integrating lightning probabilistic chain model and Bayesian network is proposed. Firstly, the whole-process probabilistic chain of “lightning-failure-ignition-propagation” is constructed to quantify the risk of fire accidents based on the IEC 62305 lightning strike model, tank vulnerability analysis and domino effects. Secondly, a Bayesian network model of lightning-induced Natech event is established, and the key sensitive parameters are identified by variance decomposition and univariate perturbation method, which reveals the dominant roles of “Primary tank failure” and “Lightning strike on tank”. In addition, the layered integral cylinder flame model established can be well adapted to the calculation of heat radiation in the terrain difference scenario. The study shows that well-equipped lightning protection can reduce the probability of lightning strike by 22.5 %, and increasing the thickness of tank wall can reduce the failure probability by up to 4.2 %. Finally, risk visualization of critical accident stages based on human vulnerability models and risk acceptability criteria, supports emergency management and optimization of multi-level protection for tank farms in complex terrain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 105762"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bhopal gas tragedy cost factors","authors":"J.P. Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105761","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 105761"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of in-rack sprinkler parameters for ASRS warehouse protection","authors":"Hsin-Hsiu Ho ,&nbsp;Chin-Feng Chen ,&nbsp;Min-Hao Sung ,&nbsp;Tzu-Sheng Shen ,&nbsp;Yu-Jen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Warehouses utilizing automatic storage and retrieval systems (ASRS) are widely accepted as a challenging fire scenario because of the taller heights and concentrated storage of goods. Most fire protection system designs will follow NFPA 13 for ceiling and in-rack sprinkler installation in this type of occupancy. The Taiwanese fire code currently prescribes sprinkler requirements for traditional warehouses, but lacks such provisions for ASRS warehouses. The only requirement is a 114 LPM discharge rate as the minimum design standard. On-site surveys of Taiwanese ASRS warehouses revealed that the majority of in-rack sprinkler installations comply with these standards, but spray distribution and fire suppression experiments from this work show that not all compliant systems possess sufficient fire suppression capabilities for the goods below. Many of the sites were found to have installed in-rack sprinklers between the double-row racks. Using this setup, fire suppression experiments showed insufficient fire suppression performance when using standard design values. In-rack sprinkler performance was observed to improve significantly with adjustments to sprinkler positioning, discharge pressure, and sprinkler-to-goods distance. This study provides insight and recommendations into suitable in-rack sprinkler configurations for adequate ASRS warehouse fire protection. Additionally, this study proposes an in-rack sprinkler flowchart that serves as a reference for in-rack sprinkler installation, offering practical guidance to optimize fire suppression performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 105760"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}