Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"ASTM-E659 standardized test analysis and results for Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene","authors":"Charline Fouchier ,&nbsp;Joseph Shepherd","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improvements on ASTM-E659 apparatus are used to investigate autoignition (AIT) of a Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK). The apparatus injection system has been automated, and the temperature acquisition system has been improved to reduce variability due to human factors. The SPK was compared with a Jet A standard, POSF4658. The two fuels have a similar range of combustion behaviors but the SPK shows a lower AIT and lower effective activation energy than Jet A. A statistical analysis is proposed to quantify the likelihood of ignition for a range of injected fuel volumes and types of ignition events. We observe that luminous ignition (Mode I) and non-luminous cool flame (Mode III) both result in a vigorous reaction and comparable peak temperatures. This highlights the importance of using the temperature signal to detect ignition instead of relying only on flame visualization. Surveys of the temperature distribution inside the hot vessel demonstrate that a single point measurement is not sufficient to characterize the temperature and that subtle changes in the assembly of the apparatus can significantly alter the temperature distribution and the measured AIT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of horizontal liquid tank under impact of explosion fragment based on coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method","authors":"Zilong Deng ,&nbsp;Mingshu Bi ,&nbsp;Di Yu ,&nbsp;Qiangqiang Hao ,&nbsp;Xing Liu ,&nbsp;Weiye Luo ,&nbsp;Shaochen Sun ,&nbsp;Jingjie Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosion fragments are one of the crucial factors leading to catastrophic domino effects. This paper reveals the dynamic response and failure behavior of horizontal liquid tanks caused by explosion fragments. According to material tests, the strain hardening and the strain rate hardening models are modified based on the standard Johnson-Cook (J-C) model, and a damage scalar representing the damage evolution is defined. Subsequently, the fluid-structure interaction model of the horizontal liquid tank under the impact of the explosion fragment is established based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method to describe the dynamic behavior of the tank with gasoline. The state of the fluid is captured, and the role of the fluid in influencing the deformation and fracture of the tank wall is quantized. The results show that the modified material model can appropriately describe the failure process of the tank. In addition, the deformation displacement of liquid tanks and impact force of fragments at different impact velocities are discussed, and the effect of liquid filling degree on tank failures is revealed. The proposed numerical method and findings can guide the safety assessment of tanks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4A zeolite-loaded bicarbonate as an anti-caking dust explosion inhibitor","authors":"Yueshuang Xia,&nbsp;Wenling Guan,&nbsp;Chengjie Dong,&nbsp;Yutong Wang,&nbsp;Chenxiang Zhang,&nbsp;Weijia Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to improve the explosion suppression performance of bicarbonate powders (KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃) against combustible dust and enhance their anti-caking properties by loading bicarbonate onto the surface of 4A zeolite. Using wet impregnation and evaporative crystallization, KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃ particles were successfully attached to the tetrahedral structure of 4A zeolite, resulting in composite dust explosion inhibitors, Zeolite-KHCO₃ and Zeolite-NaHCO₃, with large specific surface areas. The inhibition efficiencies of bicarbonate and 4A zeolite-loaded bicarbonate on wheat starch explosions were tested using a 150 cm Hartmann tube. The anti-caking properties of the composite were also evaluated under high humidity conditions. Results showed that Zeolite-KHCO₃ exhibited enhanced explosion suppression efficiency compared to KHCO₃, with a minimum complete inerting ratio (MIR) of 0.05, while Zeolite-NaHCO₃ exhibited an MIR of 0.12, consistent with NaHCO₃. The accelerated caking tests revealed that in contrast to KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃, Zeolite-KHCO₃ and Zeolite-NaHCO₃ exhibited superior anti-caking properties due to the drying effect of zeolite, with a caking rate of less than 0.1. These findings indicate that 4A zeolite-loaded bicarbonates can drastically reduce the caking tendency of bicarbonate while maintaining or enhancing its explosion suppression efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143353666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of explosion hazard of aluminum powder two-phase mixed system using random forest based on K-fold cross-validation","authors":"Lidong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Luo ,&nbsp;Bin Su ,&nbsp;Zeyang Song ,&nbsp;Jun Deng ,&nbsp;Xinyue Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dust explosion is a significant safety hazard in various industries and trades, with aluminum dust being particularly sensitive to ignition and leading to severe explosion consequences. During the actual industrial production process, there is a risk of aluminum powder dust coming into contact with other metal dust, flammable and explosive gases and liquids. Aluminum dust and other flammable and explosive substances, even if the concentration of aluminum dust and other flammable and explosive substances are below the lower explosive limit, the aluminum dust as the dominant multi-phase mixing system still has the potential to explode. Compared to a single aluminum dust, the aluminum powder multiphase system has a higher explosion hazard. Thus, the rapid prediction of the explosion intensity of the gas-liquid-solid multiphase system with aluminum dust as the main body is of great significance for the assessment of the explosion hazard of the mixed dust. On the other hand, the explosion properties of the gas-liquid-solid multiphase system with aluminum powder as the main body are affected by a number of factors such as powder particle size, powder concentration, combustible material concentration, and different systems have a large variability between. This is a significant challenging for the rapid and precise prediction of the explosive intensity of aluminum powders in multiphase systems. In this study, machine learning methods (random forest (RF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP)) were applied to deeply excavate the nonlinear relationship between the explosion index (<em>K</em>_<em>st</em>) of gas-liquid-solid multiphase system with aluminum dust as the main body and the explosion influencing factors. Feature engineering was employed during the model building process for improving the data representation model. The grid search method, including the K-fold cross-validation and three-model performance evaluation metrics, were incorporated to optimize, assess, and test the model's state and performance. A total of 233 <em>K</em>_<em>st</em> samples were gathered, with 163 samples (70% of the total samples) were allocated for training while the other 70 samples (30% of the total samples) were adopted for testing. By adopting the same dataset, compared with the MLP model, the RF model exhibits enhanced generalization capability and higher prediction accuracy, with a prediction accuracy of about 90%. Furthermore, the gas-solid two-phase dominated by aluminum powder had the highest prediction accuracy in the RF model, followed by liquid-solid and solid-solid systems. This study could help to rapidly predict the explosion intensity of the multi-phase system of aluminum powder occurring under complex conditions, and paved a way for decision-making of multi-factor affected emergency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105574"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical modeling for emergency planning support: Gas dispersion simulations in urban and rural areas","authors":"Hana Chaloupecká ,&nbsp;Václav Nevrlý ,&nbsp;Barbora Martiníkova ,&nbsp;Jan Suchánek ,&nbsp;Michal Dostál ,&nbsp;Jan Wild ,&nbsp;Pavel Dobeš ,&nbsp;Melánie Barabášová ,&nbsp;Zbyněk Jaňour","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protecting public health and ensuring environmental safety are essential for sustainable urban development, especially in the vicinity of industrial sites. This study evaluates the performance of ISC3, a Gaussian gas dispersion model, by comparing its predictions with wind tunnel data for idealized urban and rural environments. The analysis shows that the ISC3 model significantly underestimates pollutant concentrations in urban areas, particularly along transversal streets near the source, e.g. due to its inability to accurately represent complex flow patterns such as recirculation zones. This underestimation poses a risk to emergency preparedness and urban planning. In contrast, in rural areas, the ISC3 model generally overestimates concentrations, but this overestimation remains within acceptable limits, providing a more reliable prediction. The case study concludes that while Gaussian models are useful for initial assessment in areas of low roughness, their accuracy decreases in complex urban environments. For more accurate predictions in such environments, wind tunnel modelling is recommended as a more robust tool for site-specific risk assessment for land-use planning and emergency preparedness purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143353864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD model of dust unsteady flame propagation in the 20 L bomb","authors":"Alain Islas ,&nbsp;Maria Portarapillo ,&nbsp;Adrián Pandal ,&nbsp;Roberto Sanchirico ,&nbsp;Almerinda Di Benedetto","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for dust unsteady flame propagation presents a major challenge, particularly in the selection of a suitable combustion sub-model. Particle-based Lagrangian models provide a detailed description of the thermochemical conversion of fuels, but are often computationally expensive and impractical for most industrial applications. Premixed combustion models, on the other hand, treat the air/dust mixture as a single homogeneous fluid, with the chemical reactions occurring predominantly in the gas phase. These models are suitable for the simulation of biomass dust explosions, where the rapid release and combustion of volatile gases dominates the flame propagation. In this paper, a CFD model of unsteady flame propagation of biomass is developed using OpenFOAM. The model relies on a novel equation previously developed for the evaluation of the laminar flame speed of air/dust mixture inspired by the Mallard-Le Chatelier theory. Model validation is performed by comparing CFD simulation results with the literature data on cornstarch dust explosions in a 20 L bomb.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution characteristics of vertical hydrogen jet flame length at sub-atmospheric pressure","authors":"Ke Guo ,&nbsp;Yawei Tang ,&nbsp;Yongjiang Liu ,&nbsp;Xuxu Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, an experimental investigation about the hydrogen jet flame was carried out at sub-atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressures range from 40 kPa to 100 kPa. And the effects of volume flow rates (from 10SLPM to 25SLPM) and nozzle diameters (including 2 mm and 4 mm) were considered. The universality of the scale parameters given in previous studies were further confirmed at sub-atmospheric pressure. The critical Froude number for the transition from buoyancy-controlled to momentum-controlled jet flame was adjusted to the value of 30. Moreover, it can be found that the flame length at sub-atmospheric pressure is nearly independent of Froude number. The excellent correlation between the dimensionless heat release rate to the 0.4 power and the hydrogen jet flame length can be obtained at sub-atmospheric pressure. Ambient density was introduced into the dimensionless heat release rate to explain the change of atmospheric pressure. Through the formal transformation of dimensionless heat release rate, the quantitative correlation between flame length and mass flow rate, ambient density and temperature was presented. This paper proposes a hydrogen jet flame theory at sub-atmospheric pressure considering continuous pressure levels. Current results also provide a valuable reference for developing new standards to prevent hydrogen jet flames at high altitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time monitoring of life extension risk in the offshore oil & gas sector","authors":"Isaac Animah","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the growing number of frameworks developed to assess and monitor life extension (LE) risk in the offshore oil and gas (O&amp;G) industry, the existing frameworks are restricted to quantifying the probability of risk events resulting from material degradation of critical assets, neglecting human factors. These existing frameworks do not ensure proactive risk mitigation during the LE phase of operation in the O&amp;G industry. To fill this gap, a LE framework combining human reliability analysis and aging probabilistic models is developed to support quick and real-time monitoring of risk associated with the LE phase of operation. The proposed framework consists of accident susceptibility and equipment vulnerability modules. The accident susceptibility module estimates the accident susceptibility index (ASI) while the equipment vulnerability module involves a pre-calculated probabilistic index from aging failure mechanisms which is stored in a database. A “life extension risk index” (LERI) is determined by combining the ASI and equipment vulnerability index (EVI), respectively. An applied case involving a three-phase separator on an offshore O&amp;G installation operating beyond its original design life is used to test the efficacy of the proposed framework. The outcome of the applied case indicates that the framework is capable of supporting LE decision-making in real-time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty assessment of improved multistate reliability in the sociotechnical systems based on the polymorphic fuzzy entropy fault tree analysis and triptych cost-benefit-safety analysis","authors":"Samia Daas ,&nbsp;Fares Innal","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The firewater system is a critical system related to the fire safety process of the LPG storage tanks. However, installing an effective firewater system can control fire accidents. Therefore, the multistate reliability of the firewater system must be evaluated and uncertainties must be taken into account to improve the firewater systems and provide fire safety measures in the sociotechnical systems. However, obtaining multistate failure probability (MFP) data for basic events in polymorphic fuzzy fault tree analysis (PFFTA) has always been a major challenge. Quantifying the minimum cut set (MCS) in PFFTA and determining the critical components for improving the multistate reliability is also difficult. In this study, we propose the polymorphic entropy fault tree analysis (FTA) using the similarity aggregation method (SAM) and a Pythagorean fuzzy cost-benefit–safety analysis. In the proposed methodology, the entropy method was used to judgment expert evaluate the weight experts. The similarity aggregation method was used to aggregate of experts’ opinions and assess the multistate failure probability of basic events in the PFFTA. As a result, a triptych cost-benefit–safety analysis based on Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) was estimated to reduce expert subjectivity and support an improved cost-effectiveness index to rank critical components. To clarify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed methodology, a case study of the firewater system related to LPG storage was demonstrated. Both evaluations of the cost-benefit-safety analysis of the critical component were performed and improved the multistate reliability of the firewater systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143296601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculation technique CSN for smoke layer interface assessment during fires in industry","authors":"Dagmar Dlouha ,&nbsp;Jiri Pokorny ,&nbsp;Marek Podkul ,&nbsp;Lenka Brumarova ,&nbsp;Dawid Szurgacz ,&nbsp;Marianna Tomaskova ,&nbsp;Vladimir Vlcek ,&nbsp;Sergey Zhironkin","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fires are a significant threat to people, property, and the environment. One of the requirements for the buildings during fires is ensuring the safe evacuation of persons. The evacuation assessment has usually been based on a comparison of the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) and the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET). One of the important factors influencing the safe evacuation of persons is smoke, which is an important accompanying phenomenon of fires in industry. The smoke layer interface is one basic barrier for effective evacuation. The current calculation technique for assessing the smoke layer interface in the Czech Republic is unsatisfactory. For this reason, a calculation technique CSN has been derived, which has been compared with the selected simple calculation techniques, the zone fire model Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) and the field type model Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The CSN technique was also compared with a real large-scale experiment. The data were also subjected to statistical evaluation using the root mean square error method (RMSE). The deviations between the NFPA, ISO and CSN calculation techniques, the CFAST and FDS fire models and the implemented experiment ranged from 0.05 to 2.41. The established deviations indicate that the calculation technique CSN will be practically useable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}