Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Dust explosion risk in polymer powder processing: Review and testing","authors":"Luca Marmo ,&nbsp;Maria Portarapillo ,&nbsp;Almerinda Di Benedetto ,&nbsp;Roberto Sanchirico ,&nbsp;Enrico Danzi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The plastics industry, a global giant employing over 1.5 million people in Europe, faces a formidable challenge. Almost all plastic is combustible, and generating fine particles during processing (such as mechanical operations or recycling) can cause a potential explosion hazard. There is a wealth of literature on polymer powders in their 'pure' form, exploring the basic principles of dust explosions or measuring the effectiveness of inert dust in suppressing or preventing explosions. However, despite their frequent presence in the industry, there is a significant gap in research on polymer powder mixture, and actual industrial samples conditions. Which needs to be investigated urgently. The paper overviews relevant polymer dust explosions and accident dynamics and includes experimental testing and results. Statistical data on polymer dust explosions worldwide were examined to obtain a detailed picture of the materials involved and the severity of the explosion in terms of immediate damage and interruption of operations, furtherly, discussing lessons learned concerning dust explosion risks. Finally the experimental results presented here showed that more than 90% of the samples were combustible according to ISO 80079 and should therefore be considered “explosive.” Polyolefins have more severe explosive properties (regarding maximum explosion pressure and K_St) than more complex molecules (resins or polyesters). The highest value was shown by a mixture of PS/PPE dust collected in a recycling plant. These results revealed information on the likely synergistic effect of some polymers in a mix and the potential hazard that may affect different plastics industry sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105528"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective alarm management to improve safety using a data-driven approach based on Bayesian networks","authors":"Guozheng Song ,&nbsp;Xinhong Li ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proper fault management is important for safe operations in the process industry. Since a critical alarm can have multiple potential fault modes, the diagnosis of a fault may not serve its intended purpose. Incorrect diagnosis of a fault in a critical system may cause severe consequences. It is, therefore, important to detect and diagnose faults and characterize their priority considering the risk of potentially unsafe scenarios. Risk-based fault diagnosis and prioritization help minimize ignorance of the critical fault and, most importantly, enhance safety. This study presents a data-driven methodology applying Bayesian network (BN) to decide the management priority of faults from a risk perspective. The parameters of the process model are learned from operational data to increase model feasibility and reduce input uncertainty. The challenge of incomplete data is handled using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The methodology and model are explained using an accidental oil leak in a processing facility. The assessment results reveal that compared to the previous methods, the proposed approach can avoid the oversight and neglect of a critical fault such as an oil leak, and thus prevent large amounts of oil loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the research on managers’ safety commitment through the prism of leadership. Part 1: A bibliometric analysis","authors":"David Levovnik ,&nbsp;Darija Aleksić ,&nbsp;Marko Gerbec","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the safety literature, managers' commitment to safety has been recognised as an important concept that can play a central role when organisations strive to improve safety performance in the context of process safety, as well as beyond. The concept of managers' commitment to safety is closely intertwined with the concept of leadership, as leadership style represents an important way managers can express their commitment to safety. However, research on this niche field remains scarce and fragmented. To gain a holistic overview and an objective understanding of how research on mangers’ commitment to safety has evolved over time, we conducted a bibliometric analysis (Part 1). By employing different types of co-citation analyses, we gain insight into the knowledge base and determine the intellectual structure of research. In addition, we used bibliographic coupling and co-word analysis to identify recent publications that constitute the research front and to highlight the most important key terms in recent publications to identify possible future directions in which this research field might evolve. The distribution analysis of the publications reveals that publications gained momentum after 2010. The results show that publications primarily draw knowledge from three major disciplines: safety science, management and organisation, and psychology. This indicates the interdisciplinary nature of this research topic. Further, results suggest that recent publications explored the concept of safety commitment not only in the context of climate and culture, which was common in the past but also directly with managers and their leadership, indicating the trend in future research. The bibliometric analysis outlines the intellectual structure of research on this topic, recaps the evolution of the research topic over time and highlights possible directions in which this research field might develop in the future. To gain a deeper understanding of the research topic, we conducted a systematic literature review, which is presented in the second paper (Part 2).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investment in enhancing resilience safety of chemical parks under blockchain technology: From the perspective of dynamic reward and punishment mechanisms","authors":"Chang Su ,&nbsp;Jun Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Wenhong Huang ,&nbsp;jiayi MA ,&nbsp;Caiping Wang ,&nbsp;Xinping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industry and academia have long focused on safety risk management in chemical parks, and resilient safety is becoming a new goal for risk and emergency management in parks. In the context of blockchain, what is the behavioral law of chemical enterprises investing for resilient safety is a scientific question that needs to be studied urgently. This paper effectively combines prospect theory, mental account and evolutionary game theory, considers the herd effect, establishes a hypothetical model of limited rationality of chemical park resilience safety investment actors (core enterprises, supporting enterprises and local government regulators), analyzes the evolutionary stabilization strategies of the core enterprises, supporting enterprises and local government regulators under the static and dynamic rewards and punishments mechanisms, and finally, further conducts a Finally, numerical simulation analysis is further carried out. The results show that (1) the resilient safety investment of chemical park enterprises is jointly influenced by multiple factors, including external incentives and subjective factors of decision makers. (2) The government's dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can more effectively incentivize enterprises to invest in resilience safety. (3) Reducing the psychological pressure among supporting enterprises and reducing the influence of herd effect can push the system to tend to the state of positive investment. The marginal contribution of this paper is to reveal the evolution law of chemical park resilience safety investment behavior under blockchain technology. The findings provide empirical evidence for promoting resilient safety investment in chemical parks and enhancing the level of resilient safety in the parks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of energy release and ignition hazards of ammonium nitrate in storage under strong shock and accidental stimulation","authors":"Yingliang Duan,&nbsp;Yong Han,&nbsp;Wei Cao,&nbsp;Jianlong Ran,&nbsp;Qin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, many accidents caused by deflagration/explosion of ammonium nitrate(AN) have been reported worldwide, which not only cause casualties, property losses, but also cause irreversible damage to local buildings. Facing the increasingly complex explosive behavior of hazardous chemicals that threaten public safety, it is urgent to fully grasp the energy release and destructive characteristics of AN to provide data and technical support for the safety evaluation, management and emergency response of hazardous chemicals. This paper investigates AN in a typical storage state, designs related experiments from its own energy (explosion heat), strong shock-to-detonation transition process(Lagrangian gauge measurements), flow field characteristics of shock waves (free field overpressure distribution, shock wave spectrum analysis), and ignition hazard after explosion (fireball area, ignition radius) to reveal the reaction process and energy release behavior under strong shock stimulation. It was discovered that AN exhibits a characteristic non-self-sustaining detonation phenomenon in which only a portion of the material will explode under strong shock stimulation. This is because AN has a slow energy release rate in the loosely packed state, which leaves insufficient energy to support the stable propagation of the detonation/deflagration wave front. The overpressure energy is only 12% TNT equivalent, and 75% of its energy is concentrated at 0∼150Hz. This means that buildings near the chemical plant should keep as much of a suitable distance as possible during the transportation and storage of dangerous chemicals like AN. Furthermore, excessive building height should be avoided, as increased height generally leads to a reduction in natural vibration frequency, without considering the material's own properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105522"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on jet structure and the virtual nozzle model for high-pressure hydrogen leakage from rectangular nozzles","authors":"Jinghua Shen ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Yi Sun ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shockwave structure generated after high-pressure hydrogen leakage presents a challenge for simulations. To simplify the shockwave structure, virtual nozzle models have been proposed. However, these models are based on circular leak openings, lacking research on rectangular nozzles. This study utilizes OpenFOAM to investigate the characteristics of high-pressure rectangular nozzle hydrogen leakage with pressures up to 90 MPa. A real gas model and a new thermophysical model are adopted to better demonstrate the shock wave structure of the jet under high pressure. The study examines the characteristics of jet structures after leakage from rectangular nozzles with different pressures, aspect ratios, and diameters. The critical conditions for forming Mach disks in rectangular jets are proposed, and an empirical relationship for the position of the central compression wave is summarized. By combining the isentropic expansion equation, mass conservation, momentum conservation, energy conservation, and shock wave relationship before and after, a virtual nozzle model for rectangular nozzles is proposed. Using this model as the boundary condition for calculating large-scale diffusion and comparing the results with previous experimental and simulation data demonstrates its accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven source term estimation of hazardous gas leakages under variable meteorological conditions","authors":"Chuantao Ni ,&nbsp;Ziqiang Lang ,&nbsp;Bing Wang ,&nbsp;Ang Li ,&nbsp;Chenxi Cao ,&nbsp;Wenli Du ,&nbsp;Feng Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Source term estimation (STE) of hazardous gas leakages in chemical industrial parks (CIPs) is important for addressing environmental pollution and improving engineering safety and reliability. For this purpose, some least squares-based STE methods have recently been developed, which performs the real-time STE using an off-line determined response matrix that represents the relationship between the sensor measurements and strengths of hazardous gas leakages. However, these methods require the number and locations of potential hazardous gas leakage sources are known a priori, which is difficult in many practical applications. To resolve this issue, in the present study, a novel multi-sensor data-driven STE (MSDD-STE) approach is proposed, which overcomes the difficulties with existing least squares-based STE methods and can, for the first time, address the MSDD-STE problems in complicated scenarios where meteorological conditions such as wind directions change over a considerable range. A detailed analysis is introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by comprehensive numerical simulation studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new procedure for assessing and predicting the severity of accidents: A case study on freight-train derailments","authors":"Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Yansheng Wang ,&nbsp;Cunbao Deng ,&nbsp;Fan Hou ,&nbsp;Zhixin Jin ,&nbsp;Ling Qiao ,&nbsp;Gaolei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Severity assessment is considered as the key steps of risk assessment in process safety management. A procedure for the assessment and prediction of accident severity to improve industry safety is proposed in this paper. The procedure mainly includes the step that classifies and assesses the accident consequences based on casualties, losses, and emergency rescue (CLE) analysis, and establishes the prediction model to estimate the severity of accidents according to variables selected by the topology of activity-environment. The reliability validation of the procedure is performed using the mainly freight-train derailment data collected by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) from 2015 to 2023 as a case study. The results indicate that the severity of accidents can be quantitatively classified using the CLE method and scoring procedure. Fifteen variables were selected for the prediction model based on the established topology of freight-train derailment, and the accuracy of the best prediction model can reach 74%, confirming the good performance of the prediction model using RF machine learning. In addition, the application of the SHAP method enables the identification of critical variables that can credibly explain the contributions resulting in freight-train derailment severity findings and provide strategies for managers to minimize the severity of accidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct determination of turbulent burning velocity during aluminum flame propagation: A comparison of three experimental methods","authors":"Clement Chanut ,&nbsp;Farès Saad Al Hadidi ,&nbsp;Frédéric Heymes ,&nbsp;Ernesto Salzano","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burning velocity is a key parameter of main flame propagation models. However, its experimental determination while studying propagating dust flame is still challenging. In this work, aluminum flame propagation in a vertical tube is studied. Two aluminum powders with median diameters of 6.2 and 20.7 μm are analyzed for different equivalence ratios with air. The main objective of this work is to compare the methods commonly used in the literature to determine the burning velocity in the case of propagating flames. One of these methods is based on the estimation of the thermal expansion coefficient. This article focuses first on the estimation of this coefficient and presents the limits of considering the adiabatic flame temperature for its estimation. As detailed in the paper, these methods have some limitations and are therefore compared with an innovative method based on a local direct determination of the burning velocity. This local method is based on the measurement of the unburned flow velocity just ahead of the propagating flame front by Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV). The methods commonly used in the literature mainly underestimate the burning velocity when compared with the local method. The local method is then used to study the influence of the particle size distribution and the equivalence ratio on the turbulent burning velocity. Firstly, we observe that the turbulent burning velocity increases while the flame is propagating in the vertical tube. Furthermore, the turbulent burning velocity with the 6-μm powder is higher than with the 20-μm powder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of cryogenic leaks during transferring operations","authors":"Zhimin He ,&nbsp;Yan Zeng ,&nbsp;Shaochun Ye ,&nbsp;Derek Shia ,&nbsp;Jian Wu ,&nbsp;Boon How Lim ,&nbsp;Vinh Tan Nguyen ,&nbsp;Venugopalan S.G. Raghavan ,&nbsp;Raymond Quek ,&nbsp;Eddie Yin Kwee Ng ,&nbsp;Chang Wei Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bunkering of alternative marine fuels such as LNG, methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen presents a high risk of leakage due to temporary connections during transfers. Gas clouds from leakages can result in hazardous events including fires, explosion, and sometimes toxic plumes. Release of fuels which are normally stored under cryogenic liquid conditions, results in complex multiphase phenomena including forming of mixture of droplet-vapor near field. Accumulation of droplets on the ground is normally referred to as rainout which effectively reduce the mass of vapor release into the atmosphere. Understanding the rainout behaviour is imperative in quantitative risk assessment for bunkering leakage to ensure safety and reliability of the bunkering process. In this work we perform field experiment of releasing cryogenic liquids to characterize rainout phenomena and understand dispersion characteristics under realistic wind conditions. The experiment adopts alternative cryogenic gases (namely Argon and Nitrogen) to characterize mass of liquid rainout as well as dispersion behaviour. The experiment focuses on measurements of mass of liquid rainout for liquefied Argon and liquefied Nitrogen in both vertical and horizontal releases and concentration of gas dispersion for liquefied Argon release. The transient leak flow rate and pressure during the leak, as well as the site conditions, including wind velocities, humidity, temperature, and solar radiation are measured to provide detailed information for subsequent validation of numerical models. Through the experiment, it is found that it is likely that the release of cryogenic liquids is multiphase with rainout, especially in the presence of obstacles or in confined space. Experiment results show that the vertical leak for liquefied Nitrogen rainout collection ratio ranges from 15% to 46% of the released cryogenic liquid, and for liquefied Argon 28–56% of released liquid is collected as rainout based on the specified release conditions with different release diameters, heights and pressures. No rainout was collected in horizontal releases of Argon. Argon concentrations measured around the dispersion area for vertical leak range from 0 to 25%, while for horizontal leak range from 0 to 15%. Results from the field experiment shed lights on better understanding of multiphase cryogenic releases and provides valuable information for validation of dispersion models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}