Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Ammonia combustion under oxygen-enriched conditions: Explosion characteristics and chemical kinetic mechanism","authors":"Hongwei Li ,&nbsp;Cangsu Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Li ,&nbsp;Francis Oppong ,&nbsp;Wenjian Wei ,&nbsp;Yuntang Li ,&nbsp;Jia Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While ammonia combustion in oxygen-enriched conditions offers low-carbon potential, its explosive behavior under practical pressurization and preheating is not yet well understood. To address this gap, this study aims to characterize ammonia explosions in a 1.67 L constant-volume combustion chamber under oxygen-enriched conditions (25 % and 30 %), across equivalence ratios (<em>Φ</em> = 0.8–1.2), initial pressures (<em>P</em>_i = 1–3 bar), and initial temperatures (<em>T</em>_i = 313–373 K). Results indicate that with increasing initial pressure and oxygen concentration, the maximum explosion pressure (<em>P</em>_max), maximum pressure rise rate (<em>dP/dt</em>_max), and deflagration index (<em>K</em>_G) all increase, significantly enhancing explosion intensity. While <em>P</em>_max, <em>dP/dt</em>_max, and <em>K</em>_G exhibit low sensitivity to initial temperature. This simultaneously increases the combustion and explosion heat released rate (<em>HRR</em>) and elevates the maximum heat release rate (<em>HRR</em>_max). The heat loss (<em>Q</em>_loss) decreases with rising oxygen concentration and initial temperature, but increases with a higher initial pressure. Chemical kinetics simulations reveal that the reactions R1 (H + O₂ ⇔ O + OH), R50 (NH₂ + HO₂ ⇔ H₂NO + OH), R48 (NH₂ + NO ⇔ NNH + OH), and R157 (HNOH + NH₂ ⇔ H₂NN + H₂O) are most sensitive to pressure changes, while <em>P</em>_max exhibits a strong, nearly linear correlation with [H + O + OH]_max. The global reaction pathway elucidates that the oxygen-enrichment enhances combustion efficiency and suppresses NO_x accumulation by promoting the multi-step oxidation pathway of NH to generate N₂. Under high-pressure conditions, the primary pathway for NO consumption shifts from N₂O to NNH, thereby generating N₂. These findings provide key insights for the safe utilization of oxygen-enriched ammonia combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and fire suppression efficiency of potassium salt-modified dry water agents","authors":"Weiyi Ding ,&nbsp;Feihao Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiaping Zhao ,&nbsp;Jun-Cheng Jiang ,&nbsp;An-Chi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dry water (DW) fire extinguishing material was developed to enhance the extinguishing efficiency of early-stage oil spill fires. The material is composed of a hydrophobic fumed silica shell and an aqueous core that has been modified with four potassium salts: potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃), potassium acetate (CH₃COOK), and potassium oxalate (K₂C₂O₄). Bulk density, water retention, fluidity, particle size distribution, and thermogravimetric behaviour were the physical and thermal properties of the modified DW samples that were systematically assessed. Potassium salt-modified DW outperformed unmodified DW in fire suppression experiments conducted on n-heptane pool fires, achieving superior cooling performance and faster flame extinction speed. It is important to note that the shortest extinguishing times were obtained by DW modified with potassium oxalate and potassium carbonate, which were 3 and 4 s, respectively. Within 150 s, all formulations achieved a reduction in core flame temperatures below 200 °C, surpassing the performance of commercial ABC dry powder agents. These results offer an optimistic foundation for the creation of high-efficiency, environmentally friendly fire extinguishing materials that are suitable for oil-related fire situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic optimization of hazardous materials vehicle transportation routes based on real-time risk","authors":"Zhanzhong Wang,&nbsp;Tingting Li,&nbsp;Meng Yang,&nbsp;Zhihao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>—As industrialization continues to advance, the volume of hazardous materials transportation continues to increase. Given the inherent risks associated with hazardous materials, such as flammability and explosiveness, accidents involving hazardous materials vehicles during transportation can have catastrophic consequences. To mitigate the risk of accidents during hazardous materials transportation caused by factors such as road congestion or sudden incidents, this paper proposes a real-time risk-based dynamic optimization model for dangerous materials transportation routes, guiding vehicles to avoid congested or incident-affected sections of the road. A dual-objective initial path planning model for transportation risk and cost is constructed to obtain the optimal driving path for hazardous materials vehicles under static road network conditions. Based on the initial path, vulnerability indicators are applied to evaluate real-time road segment risks, and the optimal path is selected to minimize dynamic risks, thereby achieving dynamic guidance for hazardous materials vehicles. Taking the road network of Changchun City, Jilin Province, China, as an example, this paper verifies that the proposed model can effectively reduce potential risks during transportation and enhance the safety of the road transportation network. This paper provides a dynamic path optimization algorithm to assess risk levels in different regions at different times, achieving dynamic optimization of hazardous materials vehicle routes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105864"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the variation of CO concentration and temperature in the directional drilling process","authors":"Furu Kang ,&nbsp;Jiahao Song ,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Pan ,&nbsp;Dengke Wang ,&nbsp;Zujin Bai ,&nbsp;Shixing Fan ,&nbsp;Jun Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During drilling operations, the drill bit continuously rubs against the coal seam, generating heat and releasing CO gas, which may lead to severe CO poisoning accidents. To address this issue, we construct an experimental monitoring platform to analyze the variations in CO concentration and temperature during coal seam drilling under different drilling feed rates and drilling rig rotational speeds. The results indicate that no CO is produced at the initial stage of drilling. Subsequently, CO concentration increases linearly, accompanied by an increase in the CO generation rate, which leads to an exponential increase in CO concentration. A higher drilling rig rotational speed results in a faster CO generation rate and higher CO concentration. Similarly, a higher drilling feed rate also accelerates the CO generation rate. Specifically, at a drilling rig rotational speed of 990 r/min and a drilling feed rate of 0.5 cm/s, the CO concentration reaches a peak of 29.6 ppm. The temperatures of both the drill bit and coal body initially increase rapidly and then stabilize. Higher drilling rig rotational speeds lead to faster temperature rises in both the drill bit and coal body, causing them to enter the steady growth phase earlier and resulting in higher final temperatures. In contrast, higher drilling feed rates cause the drill bit temperature to rise more rapidly, while the coal body temperature increases at a slower rate. As a result, both temperatures reach the steady growth phase earlier but lead to a lower final temperature. At a drilling rig rotational speed of 990 r/min and a drilling feed rate of 1.5 cm/s, the drill bit and coal body temperatures enter the steady growth phase earliest, at 30 s. At a drilling rig rotational speed of 990 r/min and a drilling feed rate of 0.5 cm/s, the highest temperatures for the drill bit and coal body are reached, 118.2 °C and 68.2 °C, respectively. The temperature rise in both the drill bit and coal body follows a linear relationship with the average CO generation rate. This study provides valuable insights for ensuring safety during coal seam drilling operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network-aware multi-step hazard prediction using temporal knowledge graphs: A chemical industry case study","authors":"Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Zhuqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proactive hazard prediction in complex industrial environments like the chemical sector is critical yet challenging due to dynamic, interconnected risks often overlooked by traditional methods. Existing data-driven approaches frequently fall short by failing to model evolving temporal dependencies and multi-step risk propagation across diverse hazard relationships. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces the Temporal Knowledge Graph-Autoregressive Multistep Prediction Model (TKG-AM). Our core innovation lies in representing dynamic, multi-relational hazard data using Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) and coupling this rich representation with an autoregressive deep learning engine specifically designed for accurate multi-step forecasting, providing crucial lead time for interventions. Validated on extensive hazard records from a chemical industrial park in Ningxia, China, TKG-AM demonstrated strong predictive power, achieving a direct hit rate (Hits@1) of 58.5 % and top-ten accuracy (Hits@10) of 67.3 %. Our analysis revealed the network's small-world properties, facilitating rapid risk diffusion, and identified 75 critical bridging nodes central to information flow. We further analyzed how network topology and specific relationship types impact prediction accuracy, finding, for instance, that inter-community predictions are inherently more challenging. To enhance practical application, we developed a data-driven prediction score threshold enabling risk prioritization (e.g., scores &gt;20 yielding &gt;90 % accuracy). These integrated findings validate TKG-AM as a robust and insightful methodology, offering significant improvements in the efficiency, specificity, and strategic targeting of hazard prevention and differentiated risk management efforts in the chemical industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105787"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating cybersecurity measures around industrial control systems (ICS) within the petrochemical sector","authors":"Lushen Rajaruthnam,&nbsp;Rina Peach","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fast adoption of technologies that enable the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in the South African industrial sector has been well noted, and is advancing to meet global pressures. Cybersecurity countermeasures to protect and safeguard the expanding interconnected nature of several industrial sectors have not kept pace. The steadfast march toward digitalization and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) optimization increases industrial control systems' (ICSs) vulnerabilities, and they become ripe targets for the wicked. This study aimed to identify the current level of the cybersecurity maturity of ICS assets in the South African petrochemical sector and to investigate the root causes of that level of maturity. Extensive research was done into industry best practices, lessons learned, and global governing bodies of knowledge. A target maturity (from NIST 800-xx and IEC 62443-x-x) and possible contributing factors to poor adoption were identified and tested with a population in a cluster of South African petrochemical facilities. The research propositions concurred with the results, showing systemic barriers to adequate ICS cybersecurity adoption. A risk-based approach and a high-level recommendation roadmap were developed to address poor maturity levels. More specific sector studies could be conducted in the future to refine the findings, but this framework and roadmap could be implemented directly as a starting point for an organization's ICS cybersecurity journey.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing risk tolerance criteria for incident scenarios in LOPA","authors":"Aynur Galeev","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is widely used in process industries as a semi-quantitative method for assessing risks of incident scenarios and evaluating their tolerability. This paper examines a key challenge in LOPA implementation: defining risk tolerance criteria for individual scenarios. It analyzes several approaches to addressing this challenge, including the direct assignment of risk targets to individual scenarios and the allocation of either individual or societal risk criteria to individual scenarios. The strengths, limitations, and suitable applications of each approach are discussed. The paper provides guidelines for establishing risk tolerance criteria for individual scenarios and calculating scenario frequencies consistent with these criteria. These guidelines combine recommendations extracted and systematized from relevant publications with original contributions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105799"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the scope of impact of consequences of leakage of hydrogen blended with natural gas pipeline","authors":"Jun Li ,&nbsp;Ding Li ,&nbsp;Xuting Du ,&nbsp;Zengfeng Jin ,&nbsp;Xin Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of low-carbon energy transition, Hydrogen blended with natural gas (HBNG) technology has attracted much attention due to its carbon reduction potential, but its leakage risk poses higher requirements for safety control. This study aims to analyze the impact of the consequences of HBNG pipeline leakage. The PHAST software is used to analyze the consequences of leakage accidents with its characteristics, and the role of three factors, namely, hydrogen blending ratio, leakage hole diameter and ambient wind speed, on the range of influence of jet thermal radiation and explosion overpressure is investigated by constructing a physical model and applying numerical simulation, combining the flame cone model and the TNT-equivalent method. The results show that the influence range of jet fire radiation increases with the increase of leakage hole diameter and ambient wind speed, but decreases with the increase of hydrogen blending ratio; the influence range of explosion overpressure increases with the increase of leakage hole diameter, decreases with the increase of ambient wind speed, and increases first and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen blending ratio. Based on this result, the corresponding hazardous and safety zones are delineated. This study can provide some technical support for the development of safety measures for jet fire and explosion accidents caused by HBNG leakage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scenario-based resilience framework for gas compressor stations under fire and explosion hazards","authors":"Amir Aminshokravi,&nbsp;Gholamreza Heravi,&nbsp;Behnood Rahbari,&nbsp;Mohadese Elahi","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas compressor stations are pivotal nodes in gas transmission networks; therefore, assessment of their resilience against fire and explosion hazards is crucial for improving process safety. While traditional process safety risk assessments identify potential hazards, a critical gap exists in quantifying the dynamic resilience of these plants following major incidents. This study presents a novel approach in the field of process safety by introducing an integrated framework to model and quantify the resilience of gas compressor stations against fire and explosion. The methodology combines HAZID-based hazard identification with modelling the consequences of fires and explosions using PHAST software. To move beyond static consequence metrics, a time-dependent Resilience Loss (RL) index is proposed, which captures both functional degradation and the recovery process, a key component of loss prevention. A case study of the Dorahan Gas Compressor Station demonstrates the framework’s application. Results illustrate that the most vulnerable sections of gas compressor stations that lead to the most severe resilience degradation are turbocompressors and the type of flange connections. Finally, a sensitivity analysis proves the impact of increasing repair crew sizes in reducing logistical delay and recovery time. The approach introduces a novel tool for process safety decision-making and the capability to use risk-informed approaches to improve the resilience of gas compressor stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105809"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel integrated multi-source heterogeneous uncertainty fusion framework for reducing the complexity of uncertainty characterization in domino effect risk assessment","authors":"Hongrui Jiang,&nbsp;Long Ding,&nbsp;Jie Ji,&nbsp;Jiping Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The risk assessment result of domino accidents in chemical industry can be influenced by uncertainty, and the multi-source heterogeneous data fusion makes the uncertainty analysis, especially the characterization, complex and difficult. This paper proposed an integrated framework of uncertainty analysis considering multi-source heterogeneous data, and provided different characterization methods for common multi-source heterogeneous data types in order to reduce the complexity of uncertainty analysis. In order to deal with the influence of expert cognitive bias on fuzzy information, the interval type-2 fuzzy set suitable for domino accidents in chemical industry was established based on questionnaire data. The proposed framework was applied to a real tank farm to obtain the intervals and the corresponding probability envelopes of time to failure and escalation probability, and the most likely accident scenario. Compared with the competitive method, the superiority of the proposed method was verified. The sensitivity analysis of inherent safety design parameter was carried out to obtain the priority of the material, size and storage of LNG storage tank considering the fire-induced domino risk. The integrated framework can reduce the complexity of uncertainty analysis of chemical domino accident risk assessment and provide reference information for decision makers to control domino effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"99 ","pages":"Article 105804"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}