Journal of King Saud University - Science最新文献

{"title":"Genetic background of Diego blood group in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Amr J. Halawani ,&nbsp;Saif Elden B. Abdalla ,&nbsp;Abdullah Meshi ,&nbsp;Ghalia Shamlan ,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Habibullah","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Multiply-transfused patients are prevalent in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Alloimmunization may occur in case of red cell incompatibility. Therefore, extensive serotyping for other blood groups is essential. Two alleles of the Diego (DI) blood group system, <em>DI*A</em> and <em>DI*B</em> encode the main DI antigens Di(a + b–) and Di(a–b+), respectively. Anti-Di^a and anti-Di^b can be involved in transfusion reactions and pregnancy issues. This study aimed to investigate the allele and genotype frequencies of the DI blood groups in Jazan Province of Saudi Arabia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>One-hundred-fifty samples were collected from Saudi blood donors in Jazan Province. DNA was extracted and sequence-specific primers were designed to amplify the SNV region (rs2285644), which distinguishes the <em>DI*A</em> allele from the <em>DI*B</em> allele. The resulting PCR amplicons were sequenced.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The frequency of <em>DI*B</em> alleles was 100 %, while the <em>DI*A</em> allele was not observed. Therefore, the only detected genotype was <em>DI*B/DI*B</em> at 100 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study reported the allele and genotype frequencies of the DI blood group system in Saudi Arabia. This study may help establish a national database for blood groups in Jazan region. Moreover, it may help to reduce the risk of alloimmunization by providing matching blood units.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging pathways in electrical, magnetic and thermoelectric performance of different concentration of iron doped cobalt oxide nanoparticles","authors":"Numan Abbas ,&nbsp;Jian-Min Zhang ,&nbsp;Abdul Rehman Gill ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeeshan Asad ,&nbsp;Arslan Mahmood ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ikram ,&nbsp;Sohail Ahmad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Atif ,&nbsp;Muhammad Jehanzaib Aslam","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current study was reported that to tune the magnetic, electrical and thermoelectric properties of Co₃O₄NPs by using different concentration of iron (0, 3 and 5 wt%). The Fe doped Co₃O₄ NPs were synthesized by using co-precipitation method. The XRD was use to identify the cubic spinel structure and crystallite size range from 15 to 24 nm. The porous like surface morphology changed into tiny spherical grain with 5 % Fe doped Co₃O₄ NPs was observed via SEM micrographs. After that the presence of CoO, FeO, CO, CO₂ and OH was identify with the help of FTIR analysis. In addition, VSM analysis shows that magnetization increase (20.918 E-3 to 73.843E-3 emu), corecivity, retentivity and ferromagnetic behavior decreased by increasing Fe concentration in Co₃O₄ NPs. Further, two probe method was used to examine the relation between resistivity and conductivity. It was observed that the resistivity decreases (9 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10³ to 3 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10³ Ω m) and conductivity increased (1.1<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10^-⁴ to 3.3<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10^-⁴ Ω^-1m⁻¹) upto significant level. Finally, thermoelectric property was identified to calculate seebeck coefficient and power factor. Thermoelectric result shows that due to increase the distance between source and substrate then seebeck coefficient and power factor increased. The seebeck coefficient values indicated that due to decrease the resistivity the carrier concentration increase upto significant value at optimum temperature. The synthesized nano-material will be suitable for spintronic devices, supercapacitor for electrode material and temperature sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature importance and model performance for prediabetes prediction: A comparative study","authors":"Saeed Awad M Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Hussah M Alobaid ,&nbsp;Jamilah Alshammari ,&nbsp;Safa A Alqarzae ,&nbsp;Sheka Yagub Aloyouni ,&nbsp;Ahood A. Al-Eidan ,&nbsp;Salwa Alhamad ,&nbsp;Abeer Almiman ,&nbsp;Fadwa M Alkhulaifi ,&nbsp;Suliman Alomar","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Prediabetes is a significant health condition that elevates the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other associated complications. This study aims to (1) explore the potential of machine learning models to improve the prediction of prediabetes, (2) compare the performance of various machine learning models with traditional regression methods, and (3) identify the most influential demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors associated with prediabetes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and employed comprehensive data preprocessing techniques. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess correlations between features and prediabetes risk. Feature importance was quantified using Adjusted Mutual Information values. Multiple machine learning models, including Random Forest, K Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Neural Network, and Logistic Regression, were used for prediction. The best model was selected and validated through cross-validation to ensure robustness.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant associations were observed between prediabetes and key predictors such as cholesterol levels, BMI categories, hypertension status, age groups, and income categories. Among the models tested, Random Forest demonstrated the highest accuracy and robustness, outperforming traditional regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the potential of machine learning to enhance prediabetes prediction and underscores the importance of identifying high-risk individuals for early intervention. The findings contribute to population health strategies by integrating advanced analytical methods with public health data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103583"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New record of Phylloteles hyalipennis (Baranov, 1934) (Diptera: Miltogramminae) from North India, with morphology, life cycle and SEM study of immature stages","authors":"Rohit Kumar ,&nbsp;Althaf Hussain Shaik ,&nbsp;Madhu Bala","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>First time from North India, the immature stages of a species of the genus <em>Phylloteles</em> Loew, 1844, are described, with a redescription of the adults. The research explored the morphological characteristics and distribution of <em>Phylloteles hyalipennis</em> (Baranov, 1934) from India. This study aims to enhance species identification and potentially revise classification of this scientifically important group.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Gravid females of this species were collected from the decomposing chicken meat from the Union territory Jammu and Kashmir (India), and larvae were reared under optimal conditions to get a pure colony. The immature stages were examined under light as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results included descriptions of adult morphology, systematic classification, and detailed analysis of immature stages. The Pseudocephalon, maxillary palpus, anterior and posterior spiracles, and variations of thoracic and abdominal segments, anal region, and details of cephaloskeleton of immatures were utilized as key characters for species identification in case of immature stages and presented along with illustrations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study provides valuable insights into the poorly understood larval morphology of Miltogramminae, specifically in Oriental taxa. This information can stipulate new characteristics for species identification in case of immature stages and enhances systematics of Indian Sarcophagidae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable nanoparticles of Non-Zero-valent iron (nZVI) production from various biological wastes","authors":"T. Sathish ,&nbsp;Jolly Masih ,&nbsp;Anirudh Gupta ,&nbsp;Anuj Kumar ,&nbsp;L. Raja ,&nbsp;Vikash Singh ,&nbsp;Abdullah M. Al-Enizi ,&nbsp;Bidhan Pandit ,&nbsp;Manish Gupta ,&nbsp;N. Senthilkumar ,&nbsp;Mohammad Yusuf","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the growing importance of biological wastes (such as leaves from pomegranate, green tea, oak, lemon, orange, peach, kiwi, and neem) based iron nanoparticles over the past ten years and their applications in the environment, it is important to investigate new methods for nanoparticle production. Significant research has been conducted in this field as synthesizing these materials now requires careful consideration of green chemistry principles, minimization of disposal, cleaner solvents, energy efficiency, and caring precursor ingredients. The goal of this work is to evaluate the characteristics of environmentally friendly, sustainable non-zero-valent Iron (nZVI) nanoparticle production<!--> <!-->from different tree’s’ leaves. The requirements required for a product for environmental cleanup were taken into consideration when examining size, form, reactivity, and aggregation propensity. Three categories can be formed from the results of extracts in terms of antioxidant measurements (reported concentration of Fe (II)): &gt;60 mmol/L, 20 mmol/L to 40 mmol/L, and 2 mmol/L to 5 mmol/L. Neem, oak, and green tea leaves yield the highest effects when compared to other tree leaves. It is possible to inject a different emulsion into the contaminated zone that contains nZVI, vegetable oil, and water. The best leaf extracts and operating conditions for generating sustainable nanoparticles from the bio-wastes of plant leaves must be chosen in order to use green nZVIs in environmental cleanup. These environmentally friendly nZVI nanoparticles can be used to treat impure waters to get rid of heavy metals and can use<!--> <!-->as an emulsion for paints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of antimicrobial, antioxidant and reactive oxygen species and caspases 3/9 mediated Anticancerous activity of β-Glucan particles derived from Pleurotus ostreatus against cervical cancer cells HeLa","authors":"Sara A. Seifeldin ,&nbsp;Tarun Kumar Upadhyay ,&nbsp;Rashmi Trivedi ,&nbsp;Raja Rezgui ,&nbsp;Amir Saeed","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer has been the foremost global cause of death, resulting in over 20 million incidences and 10 million fatalities as per WHO GLOBOCAN 2022 statistics. Cervical cancer ranks 8th among all cancer types, leading an earnest global health burden, and demands innovative therapeutic strategies. While conventional treatments often face limitations, natural bioactive compounds offer potential alternatives. This study delved into the anticancer properties of β-Glucan particles, a polysaccharide derived from the <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> (<em>P. ostreatus</em>) mushroom. <em>P. ostreatus</em> has recently garnered attention for its myriad health benefits. It was reported that Polysaccharide fraction derived from Oyster mushroom stimulated Immunomodulatory effect against cancer cells which lead to further explore active constituents. One of its fiber constituents, β-Glucan, has been documented to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, immunogenic, and prebiotic activities without harm. Given its restricted exploration and enigmatic mechanisms, it presents an excellent opportunity for a thorough investigation of its characteristics. Our findings unravel that β-glucan exhibits significant cytotoxic effects against HeLa cervical cancer cells. Mechanistically, β-glucan induces apoptosis through the generation of oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and morphological changes in the nucleus. Moreover, the activation of caspase 3/9, key apoptotic markers, further supports the pro-apoptotic effects of β-glucan. β-glucan exhibits notable antimicrobial activity, underscoring its diverse therapeutic capabilities. The collective findings of this research indicate that <em>P. ostreatus</em>-derived β-Glucan particles presents a compelling opportunity for the advancement of innovative, natural-based anticancer treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemicals of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal against androgen receptor: An in silico insight","authors":"Ram Lal Swagat Shrestha ,&nbsp;Jhashanath Adhikari Subin","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The androgen receptor is considered a magic target due to its involvement in multiple pathways leading to several maladies and its accessibility for small molecules to bind to it and modulate its normal functioning. The phytochemicals from the plant, Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (common name: Rishyagandha) with traditional practice in healing different diseases were investigated in this regard. The higher safety profile and cost-effective features of plant-based resources in the design and development of drug like candidates seems to be worthy of exploration in the realm of alternate therapeutic options.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Several computational methods involving flexible receptor molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out. Spatially and thermodynamically stable adducts with best docking scores were identified using various parameters extracted from the molecular dynamics trajectory to find the hit candidates capable of inhibiting or disrupting the normal functioning of the target protein leading to the cure of the disease. The server based ADMET prediction was performed to comprehend the druglikeness, bioavailability, and toxicity profile of different phytochemicals.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The molecule, 24-Methyl-9,19-cyclolanost-25-en-3-ol (PubChem CID: 185036) showed the binding score of −10.726 kcal/mol against androgen receptor (PDB ID: 1E3G) better than that of the native ligand, 17-β-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one (PubChem CID: 261000) with −10.268 kcal/mol and selected anticancer drugs (best value of -10.080 kcal/mol for darolutamide). Withacoagulin I (PubChem CID: 71720665) displayed the binding score of −10.108 kcal/mol and was considered the second top molecule. The stability of the protein-phytochemical adducts as calculated from 200 ns long molecular dynamics simulations revealed good geometrical intactness from multiple spatial descriptors (root mean square deviation, radial pair distribution function, and hydrogen bond distribution) and sustained thermodynamical spontaneity from binding free energy changes of the protein-ligand complexes. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics showed acceptable druglike properties, good bioavailability and safety comparable with that of the reference drugs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The hit molecules could be considered as possibly capable of inhibiting the target protein that would perform as anticancer agents and are recommended for further experimental trials for the verification of theoretical inferences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of TRAF1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Saudi patients","authors":"Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi ,&nbsp;Jamilah Alshammari ,&nbsp;Hussah M. Alobaid ,&nbsp;Fatimah Basil Al-Mukaynizi ,&nbsp;Safa A. Alqarzae ,&nbsp;Suliman Alomar","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a genetic malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic precursor cells and evasion of immune surveillance. This study investigates the association between TRAF1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing ALL. Understanding the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRAF1 gene, which has been previously implicated in various immune-related disorders, may provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of ALL and help identify potential therapeutic targets. A total of 265 subjects were recruited for this study, comprising 150 ALL patients and 115 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan PCR, focusing on four TRAF1 SNPs: rs2239657G/A, rs2416804G/C, rs7021049G/T, and rs3761847G/A. The minor allele frequencies and genotype distributions were compared between groups, with relative risks and statistical differences evaluated. Additionally, TRAF1 mRNA expression levels were assessed in both ALL patients and healthy individuals using qRT-PCR. The results demonstrated a significant association between the TRAF1 rs2239657G/A polymorphism and an increased risk of ALL, while the rs2416804G/C polymorphism was associated with a significantly reduced risk. Notably, TRAF1 was overexpressed in ALL patients, indicating its potential role in the pathogenesis of ALL. This overexpression suggests that TRAF1 may contribute to the interaction between inflammation and oncogenesis, providing new insights into the disease’s progression and highlighting TRAF1 as a possible biomarker for therapeutic intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on: Effects on magnetic field in squeezing flow of a Casson fluid between parallel plates","authors":"Joshua Liam Lam,&nbsp;Christopher C. Tisdell","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ahmed et al. (2017) examined the dynamics of a Casson fluid squeezed between two parallel plates where the fluid was also subjected to a constant magnetic field. Therein they claimed to derive a fourth-order boundary value problem from the general governing equations whose solution could be used to form the fluid’s velocity components. The purpose of the present note is to place the ideas in Ahmed et al. (2017) under scrutiny. In doing so we raise some doubts regarding some of the forms therein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: Merging from traditional to potential novel breast cancer biomarkers","authors":"Hanan Alismail","doi":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer biomarkers are the main player in decision-making in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are well-known in breast cancer management. Additionally, the Ki-67 protein is used as a tumor proliferation indicator to asses the cancer aggressiveness. Recently, the field has been rapidly integrating novel biomarkers to develop precise, personalized with high effectiveness in patient care. A group of merging biomarkers, including genomic and transcriptomic signatures, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-L1, all showed promising toward revealing tumor behavior, treatment response, and potential metastatic spread. microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are merging as new potential diagnostic tools. All mentioned merging innovative biomarkers showed promising results, yet challenges remain in their validation, standardization, and integration into routine clinical practice. This review will highlight the transition from traditional to novel strategies, developing more effective treatments that improve breast cancer patients’ outcomes and survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16205,"journal":{"name":"Journal of King Saud University - Science","volume":"36 11","pages":"Article 103551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}