Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of S-glycosylated glycocins containing three disulfides.","authors":"Rachel M Martini, Chandrashekhar Padhi, Wilfred A van der Donk","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jimb/kuaf028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glycocins are a growing family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) that are O- and/or S-glycosylated. Using a sequence similarity network of putative glycosyltransferases, the thg biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in the genome of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli showed that the glycosyltransferase (ThgS) encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) adds N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) to Ser and Cys residues of ThgA. The peptide derived from ThgA, which we name thermoglycocin, was structurally characterized and shown to resemble glycocin F. In addition to two nested disulfide bonds also present in glycocin F, thermoglycocin contains a third disulfide bond creating a C-terminal loop. Unexpectedly, ThgA lacks the common double glycine motif for leader peptide removal by a C39-peptidase. Based on AlphaFold3 modeling, we postulated that cleavage between the leader and core peptide would occur instead at a GK motif, which was experimentally confirmed for an orthologous BGC from Ornithinibacillus bavariensis. Its structurally similar product termed orniglycocin was also produced in E. coli and carries two GlcNAc moieties on two Cys residues. The C39 peptidase domain of the peptidase-containing ATP-binding cassette transporter (PCAT) from this BGC removed the leader peptide after a Gly-Lys motif and the orniglycocin so produced demonstrated antimicrobial activity. This study adds to the small number of characterized glycocins, employs AlphaFold3 to predict the leader peptide cleavage site, and suggests a common naming convention similar to that established for lanthipeptides.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Parkinsonian 4-hydroxy-2-pyridones from an endolichenic fungus, Tolypocladium sp. (strain CNC14).","authors":"Jin Won Choi, Chaesun Kwon, Jin Woo Lee, Jae-Seoun Hur, Min-Kyoo Shin, Sang Hee Shim","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>4-Hydroxy-2-pyridone alkaloids have attracted considerable attention because of their intriguing structures and diverse bioactivities. In our previous study, 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone alkaloids were shown to exhibit potent activity against neuron-associated targets. To discover this class of neuroactive compounds, an array of endolichenic fungal extracts was screened by analyzing LC-UV-MS profiles. The screening yielded strain Tolypocladium sp. (strain CNC14), which produced compounds with characteristic UV patterns for 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone alkaloids using our in-house library. Based on these findings, we conducted a chemical investigation, which led to the isolation of four new (1-4) and ten known (5-14) compounds. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic methods such as NMR and MS. The stereochemistry of the new compounds (1-4) was established using ROESY, and the ECD was compared with the calculated data. Interestingly, the side chains of 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone in 1 and 2 were cyclized in different directions to form benzopyrano[3,4-b]pyridinol from previously reported compounds, and all the new compounds were predicted to be biosynthesized from reduced tolypyridone C (7) via the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Among the isolated compounds, 4 significantly protected neuronal cells against treatment with MPP+, a Parkinsonian neurotoxin, in an in vitro Parkinson's disease model.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of cellulose-degrading bacteria and its degradation and growth-promoting applications.","authors":"Mengke Chen, Xuebin Li, Er Meng, Changjun Liu, Qinyu Li","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf026","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than one billion tons of chaff waste are generated globally every year, but traditional recycling methods face the dual challenges of inefficiency and environmental risks, to solve this problem, this study innovatively achieves the dual functions of lignocellulosic synergistic degradation and plant promotion by constructing synthetic microbial communities. Firstly, a cellulose-degrading bacterium cmk-7 (Chromobacterium violaceum) was screened from soil based on Congo red staining method, and the maximum values of CMCase enzyme activity and FPase enzyme activity were 289.12 U/mL and 332.95 U/mL, respectively, and the culture conditions of cellulose-degrading bacteria were optimized by single factor test and response surface experiment, and its production intensity was increased by 2.43 times, respectively. Subsequently, cellulose degrading bacteria were mixed with nitrogen fixing bacterium Enterobacter tabaci lmy-3-2 in a 1:1 ratio to prepare a composite bacterial agent A7 to treat rice husks for potting experiments and seedling experiments. After 80 days of fermentation, the surface structure of rice husk, the soil microbial community structure was significantly reconstructed, and the ratio of carbon and nitrogen content in the soil was changed, and the plant height growth of the compound agent A7 treatment group increased by 96.5 % and 193.9 %, respectively, compared with the Sterile water treatment and nitrogen-fixing single bacteria treatment group, which effectively promoted the growth of buckwheat seedlings. In this study, the triple effect coupling of \" solid waste degradation-soil improvement-crop growth \" was successfully realized, and a mass-produced microbiome solution was provided for the agricultural circular economy, with broad application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12405875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Sustainable Agarwood Production: Integrating Microbial Interactions, Anatomical Changes, and Metabolite Biosynthesis.","authors":"Yashirdisai Sampasivam, Khalisah Khairina Razman, Nor Syakila Mohd Mazlan, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, Yogesh K Ahlawat, Roohaida Othman","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jimb/kuaf025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agarwood is a highly valuable non-timber forest product mainly derived from the Aquilaria genus, widely traded in the perfumery, religious items, and traditional medicine industries. Naturally, agarwood forms within the xylem as part of the tree's defense mechanism against environmental stressors and microbial infection. The escalating demand for agarwood has led to the overexploitation of Aquilaria species, with some now classified as critically endangered. Despite advancements in artificial induction methods for sustainable agarwood supply, the intricate links between physiological and molecular mechanisms governing its formation remain poorly understood. This review addresses these knowledge gaps by examining the interplay between morphological changes in xylem structure during tylose formation and molecular alterations, particularly the biosynthesis of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (PECs), key compounds in agarwood. Additionally, it integrates findings from multi-omics approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metagenomics to reveal how secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including PECs and terpenes, is regulated across various Aquilaria species, regions, and induction techniques. The role of microbial communities, particularly endophytes such as Fusarium, in regulating agarwood formation is also discussed, emphasizing their involvement in both natural and artificial induction strategies. Furthermore, this review explores the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating morphological and biochemical defense responses, alongside the functions of transcription factors (TFs), protein kinases, and signaling molecules in balancing defense and growth. However, the crosstalk between key genes such as chalcone synthases, MAPK, cytochromes, NADPH oxidases, TFs, and miRNAs require further study to fully understand the complex defense mechanisms in Aquilaria trees. Overall, this review aims to bridge the current knowledge gaps by linking morphological and biochemical changes in agarwood formation, particularly PEC biosynthesis, while proposing metabolite engineering using microbial hosts as a promising tool for sustainable and technology-driven agarwood production.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12375897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding of the positive impact of glucose on the production of indican over indigo in engineered Escherichia coli.","authors":"Hyun Jin Kim, Yeda Lee, Yuni Shin, Suhye Choi, Jinok Oh, Suwon Kim, Jungoh Ahn, Kwon-Young Choi, Jeong Chan Joo, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Yung-Hun Yang","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuae048","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuae048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indigo is a plant-based natural blue dye that can be produced via chemical synthesis and biological pathways. However, the toxic reduction processes and intracellular production of indigo through microbial metabolism are often limited by insolubility of indigo and complex downstream processing, causing environmental issues in the dyeing processes. Additionally, indican, a precursor of indigo with a glucose moiety, is highly soluble and can be easily converted into indoxyl by β-glucosidase, forming indigo under mild conditions. We constructed an indican-producing strain Escherichia coli BL21 HI201 by introducing a UDP-glycosyltransferase (ugt) into an indoxyl production system containing tryptophanse (tnaA) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) genes, enabling conversion of tryptophan into indican. Testing of the effect by various carbon sources suggested that glucose is one of the major factors affecting the ratio of indigo to indican, and increase in glucose concentration to more than 1.5% could produce sole indican without indigo. Under optimal conditions, E. coli BL21 HI201 biosynthesized 5.65 mM indican from tryptophan. Additionally, after deletion of various β-glucosidase genes, the bglA knockout strain E. coli BL21 HI204 produced more indican, achieving 6.79 mM after 24 hr of cultivation. This study demonstrated the strategic production of indican through the installation of a production system, deletion of a byproduct pathway, and control of glucose concentration.</p><p><strong>One-sentence summary: </strong>This paper demonstrates the strategic enhancement of indican production in genetically engineered Escherichia coli BL21 by optimizing metabolic pathways and controlling glucose concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"52 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11947661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced amino acid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma via herbicide-induced selection.","authors":"Svetlana Raita, Iveta Kuzmika, Taras Mika, Zane Geiba, Kriss Spalvins","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation 2024 statement, developing single-cell protein technology is important to reduce the burden on conventional feed protein production sectors. In this regard, improved commercial strains rich in amino acids, especially Lys and Met, may provide a sustainable alternative source of protein in aquaculture diets. The developed and laboratory-validated methodology for creating protein-synthesizing mutants will strengthen the competitiveness of SCP production technology. The present work provides unique results on improving the protein-producing properties of wild-type Phaffia rhodozyma DSM 5626 by mutagenesis and screening on herbicide-containing medium as a selective agent for amino acid biosynthesis inhibition. Inhibitory concentrations of pure herbicide actives were determined for S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (AEC) hydrochloride and glufosinate-ammonium (GA) for complete inhibition and strong inhibition of the DSM 5626 strain. GA at a concentration of 50 mM and 100 mM and AEC at 0.5 mM and 2.5 mM were chosen for mutant selection after chemical mutagenesis. The use of herbicides resulted in the selection of mutants with significantly improved synthesis of Met and Lys. Specifically, mutants GA6/4 and GA7/5 exhibited 37% and 26% higher Met levels, respectively, while GA6/3 had a 14% increase in Lys compared to the wild-type strain. The AEC3/9 mutant demonstrated a 35% increase in Met, 24% in Lys, 8% in Ile, and 6% in Phe, underscoring the efficacy of this screening approach in enhancing essential amino acid content. The protein quality parameters essential amino acid index and amino acid score of these mutants became higher compared with commercial strains of SCP yeast such as C. utilis, S. cerevisiae, K. marxianus, etc.</p><p><strong>One-sentence summary: </strong>Mutagenesis combined with selective screening using herbicides is an effective approach to enhancing amino acid biosynthesis in yeast.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of extracellular L-arginase by Alcaligenes aquatilis BC2 isolated from soda lakes (Lake Chitu) of Ethiopia.","authors":"Birhan Getie Assega, Kefyalew Ayalew Getahun, Tamene Milkessa, Tsehayneh Geremew Yohannes, Feleke Moges, Mulugeta Aemero, Berhanu Andualem","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-Arginase is a therapeutic enzyme that hydrolyzes L-arginine to ornithine and urea. The L-arginase extracted from bacteria has an anticancer activity by causing starvation of nutrients for cancer cells. This study aimed to screen and characterize L-arginase-producing bacteria and to optimize different factors influencing L-arginase production. Isolation and primary screening were carried out by using mineral arginine agar media using phenol red as an indicator. Molecular identification of the isolates was employed by using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. L-Arginase assay by colorimetric method was carried out to measure the amount of urea liberated from the hydrolysis of L-arginine for quantitative screening. From 31 water samples, 102 colonies were isolated, and those colonies that convert the media to pink were selected as arginase-producing bacteria. 7 isolates were screened from qualitative screening method. Based on quantitative screening, the highest L-arginase was produced from bacteria Alcaligenes aquatilis BC2 (92.46 ± 0.19 U/ml) followed by Paenalcaligenes suwonensis BCW8 (59.29 ± 0.66 U/ml). Following their mean difference, isolate BC2 was selected for further optimization process of 8 parameters. After optimization, the isolate shows the maximum (163.85 U/ml) enzyme activity. The result of this study implies that novel bacteria were isolated from soda lakes that produce a considerable amount of L-arginase, which can be used as a promising anticancer activity. One-Sentence Summary: This study successfully isolated and characterized a novel L-arginase-producing bacterium, Alcaligenes aquatilis BC2, from Ethiopian soda lakes and optimized its enzyme production parameters for potential anticancer applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-mining-guided discovery of coumarubrin: A novel aminocoumarin-substituted rubromycin antibiotic.","authors":"Heiner G Weddeling, Sven T Sowa, Selina Bosshardt, Lukas Schwimbersky, Malik Rakhmanov, Robin Teufel","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf018","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rubromycins are bacterial aromatic polyketides containing a hallmark spiroketal pharmacophore produced by type II polyketide synthases and accessory enzymes. They generally display cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties, frequently disrupting cellular processes and proteins associated with nucleic acids, such as DNA helicase or telomerase. Among the known rubromycin congeners, hyaluromycin stands out due to a 2-amino-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone (C5N) substitution that is presumably installed by an amide bond synthetase (ABS). Here, we used bioinformatic analysis to identify uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters and potential rubromycin producer strains encoding putative ABSs but lacking the enzymes responsible for C5N formation, suggesting potentially novel substituents. One of these strains, Lentzea tibetensis, was successfully cultivated and confirmed to produce a previously undescribed aminocoumarin-substituted rubromycin polyketide, named coumarubrin, as verified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates an absolute configuration identical to that of previously characterized rubromycins, while the first bioactivity assays demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria. One-Sentence Summary: This study reports the discovery of a novel member of the rubromycins, antibiotic and cytotoxic aromatic polyketides produced by Actinobacteria, which is fused to a distinct aminocoumarin moiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12284476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advancement of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine production using microorganisms: A review.","authors":"Anica Tasnim Protity, Shengde Zhou","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucosamine (GlcN) and GlcN-based supplements, e.g. glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate, and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), provide symptomatic relief to osteoarthritis patients and have been used as one of the most popular nutraceuticals. To meet the increasing demands, scientists have explored cost-effective methods for GlcN and GlcNAc production using low-cost raw materials such as seafood waste. However, the commercially available GlcN and GlcNAc production methods are environmentally harmful because of the use of toxic reagents. Moreover, the raw material used might be unsafe for consumers with shrimp allergies. On the other hand, bio-based GlcN production is gaining popularity because of its eco-friendly production approach and optimum reaction conditions. In this mini-review, we will discuss the recent developments to produce GlcN and GlcNAc through (1) the chemical and enzyme-mediated approaches of crude chitin hydrolysis, primarily obtained from shrimp and crabs; (2) the whole cell-based systems for fungal derived chitin bio-transformation and fungal fermentation; and (3) the metabolic engineering and the adaptive evolution based microbial biocatalyst for a balanced cell growth and optimal production of GlcN and GlcNAc. One-Sentence Summary: This article summarizes the mechanism of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine production using bacteria, fungi, and chemical processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosynthesis of guanidine-containing natural products in cyanobacteria.","authors":"Wenhe Zhang, Richiro Ushimaru","doi":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf024","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jimb/kuaf024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyanobacteria are prolific producers of structurally diverse and biologically potent natural products, a subset of which feature guanidino moieties. Introduction and modification of the guanidine group confer tuned basicity and enable extensive hydrogen bonding, cation-π, and electrostatic interactions, facilitating high-affinity binding to numerous biological targets. Although the enzymatic processes responsible for guanidine modifications in cyanobacterial pathways remain somewhat obscure, recent investigations have begun to clarify the biosynthetic machinery that mediates these distinctive transformations. In this review, we summarize these advances, with particular emphasis on the enzymatic steps responsible for guanidine installation and tailoring. These enzymatic transformations include N-prenylation, cyclization, and tricyclic guanidinium formation, representing rare or previously undescribed biosynthetic strategies in nature. This review provides new insights into the metabolic and enzymatic versatility of cyanobacteria and a foundation for future advances in enzyme engineering and therapeutic discovery. One-Sentence Summary: This review highlights recent advances in understanding how cyanobacteria enzymatically install and modify guanidino groups to produce bioactive natural products.</p>","PeriodicalId":16092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12371840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}