Journal of Infection and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Cause of death in patients with tuberculosis: A study based on epidemiological and autopsy records of Western Norway 1931-47","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Without treatment, nearly 50 % of tuberculosis (TB) patients die. World Health Organization’s definition of TB deaths does not take into consideration whether the cause of death was TB or other non-TB co-morbid conditions. We aimed to improve our knowledge of the causes of death in patients with TB.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Single-center retrospective study conducted at Gade Institute of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. Autopsy data of 269 patients with TB was collected from autopsy journals, and epidemiological data was collected from Norwegian Official Statistics books for period 1931–1947.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of all TB deaths reported in epidemiological reports, pulmonary TB accounted for 81 % and extrapulmonary TB for 19 %. However, in autopsy records, only 21 % of cases with active pulmonary TB died because of TB. Extrapulmonary involvement was significantly associated with higher mortality (OR EPTB as compared to PTB; 3.27, CI 1.91 – 5.61) and constituted 79 % of deaths attributable to TB. A significant burden of extrapulmonary TB was found in autopsy records (63 %), while in epidemiological records, only 4 % of cases were reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Extrapulmonary involvement was a predictor of mortality due to TB in hospitalized TB patients. The contribution of extrapulmonary TB to TB mortality seems to be underestimated because extrapulmonary TB largely remains underdiagnosed and underreported in epidemiological data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the role of PPARG inhibition in enhancing MERS virus immune response: A network pharmacology and computational drug discovery","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) has become a severe zoonotic disease, posing significant public health concerns due to the lack of specific medications. This urgently demands the development of novel therapeutic molecules. Understanding MERS's genetic underpinnings and potential therapeutic targets is crucial for developing effective treatments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Two gene expression datasets (GSE81909 and GSE100504) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using GEO2R. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO), pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to understand the gene’s functions. A possible drug target was identified, and an FDA-approved drug library was screened against the selected target using molecular docking and validated the findings through molecular dynamics simulation, principal component analysis, free energy landscape, and MM/GBSA calculations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study on GSE81909 and GSE100504 datasets with icMERS and MOCK samples at 24 and 48 h revealed an upregulation in 73 and 267 DEGs, respectively. In the network pharmacology, STAT1, MX1, DDX58, EIF2AK2, ISG15, IFIT1, IFIH1, OAS1, IRF9, and OASL were identified as the top 10 hub genes. STAT1 was identified as the most connected hub gene among these top 10 hub genes, which plays a crucial role in the immune response to the MERS virus. Further study on STAT1 showed that PPARG helps reduce STAT1, which could modulate the immune response. Therefore, by inhibiting PPARG, the immunological response can be successfully enhanced. The known inhibitor of PPARG, <strong>570</strong> (Farglitazar), was used as a control. Further, screening using Tanimoto and K-mean clustering was performed, from which three compounds were identified: <strong>2267, 3478</strong>, and <strong>40326</strong>. Compound <strong>3478</strong> showed characteristics similar to the control, indicating robust binding to PPARG. <strong>3478</strong> showed the highest negative binding free energy with −41.20 kcal/mol, indicating strong binding with PPARG.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that <strong>3478</strong> promises to be a potential inhibitor of PPARG, and further experimental investigations can explore its potential as a MERS inhibitor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resurgence of influenza and enterovirus infections in Taiwan post-COVID-19: A nationwide surveillance study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The global impact of COVID-19 has prompted profound shifts in public health policies. The epidemiology of respiratory infectious disease may change in the post-covid era. This study investigates the repercussions of these policies on respiratory infectious diseases, specifically the resurgence of severe influenza and enterovirus infections in the post-COVID-19 era.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Examining the period from January 2020 to December 2023, our nationwide study analyzes data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Our World in Data. Two distinct phases, containing (Week 1, 2020, to Week 43, 2022) and coexisting (Week 44, 2022, to Week 50, 2023), are scrutinized, emphasizing policy changes and their potential impact on epidemiology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Epidemiological trends reveal a decline in COVID-19 and all-cause pneumonia during the co-existing period but a notable rise in severe influenza and enterovirus infections. Interrupted time series analysis confirms the surge in severe influenza and enterovirus cases post-restriction ease.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The post-COVID-19 era introduces challenges with the resurgence of traditional respiratory diseases, necessitating continuous surveillance, timely non-pharmaceutical interventions, and vaccination as crucial strategies. Vigilance and targeted measures by policymakers and healthcare providers are imperative to navigate the evolving landscape of respiratory infectious diseases in the aftermath of the pandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex, vaccination status, and comorbidities influence long COVID persistence","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is interest in the public health impact of Long COVID, defined as symptoms that persist or begin after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to identify demographic and clinical risk factors associated with Long COVID over time in an Upper Middle-Income Country (UMIC) and potential biomarkers predictive of symptom trajectory.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Prospective cohort study of adults with mild SARS-COV-2 during the Omicron period. We tracked symptom persistence and IgG antibody titers against the spike S1 subunit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 383 participants, 276 had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID persisted for ≥ two months in 21 % and ≥ 12 months in 5 %. The most common symptoms were fatigue, upper respiratory symptoms, and myalgia/arthralgia: 15 % had fatigue for ≥ one month, 10 % for ≥ two months, and 5 % ≥ three months. Upper respiratory symptoms lasted ≥ one month in 17 %, ≥ two months in 7 %, and ≥ three months in 3 %. Fully 9 % reported myalgia/arthralgia lasting ≥ one month, 6 % ≥ two months, and 4 % ≥ three months. Risk factors for symptom persistence included female sex, not being fully vaccinated, and comorbidities. Participants experiencing persistent fatigue had lower anti-S1 IgG titers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In this population, symptom persistence declined after the acute phase, but 5 % of participants did not fully recover. Even in a population that was almost fully vaccinated, women, individuals with comorbidities, and the few remaining people who were unvaccinated were at greater risk for Long COVID. Immunoglobulins may have utility as a biomarker of Long COVID fatigue in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of chronic fatigue syndrome after COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study of 3227281 patients","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Many patients who recovered from COVID-19 still suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It was observed that patients with comorbidities were more prone to developing CFS. This research investigates the risk of post-COVID-19 CFS to assist healthcare professionals in reducing the risk of CFS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cohort study is conducted to investigate the risk of post-COVID-19 CFS based on the TriNetX-sourced electronic health records. Factors including age, sex, race, vaccination, and severity of COVID-19 are analysed. Propensity score matching was applied to balance COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cohorts. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were used to perform the relationship between COVID-19 and CFS risk.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This research involved 3227281 patients with COVID-19 and 3227281 with non-COVID-19 between 1st January 2020 and 31st December 2023. The incidence of CFS was higher in the COVID-19 group compared to the non-COVID-19 group at 1 follow-up intervals (HR 1.59, 95 % CI = 1.54–1.63). Subgroup analysis revealed increased CFS risk across different age groups (&gt;18), sexes, races, and comorbid conditions, with notable variations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>COVID-19 patients have a higher risk of developing CFS compared to individuals without COVID-19. The increased risk is particularly significant in adults aged 18 years and older.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The epidemiology and phylogenetic trends of Omicron subvariants from BA.5 to XBB.1 in Taiwan","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Omicron, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, entered Taiwan at the end of 2021. The Taiwanese government ended its \"zero-COVID\" policy in March 2022. Multiple coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks began in April 2022. We monitored the replacement of Omicron subvariants after BA.1/BA.2 and analyzed their correlation with COVID-19 outbreaks.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We collected SARS-CoV-2 real-time qRT<img>PCR-positive nasopharyngeal swabs from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, and performed sequencing for specimens exhibiting a cytopathic effect in Vero E6 cells to determine their clades and lineages. We analyzed the medical records of COVID-19 patients and identified hospitalization risk factor(s). We retrieved SARS-CoV-2 sequences identified in Taiwan from GISAID and analyzed their correlation with COVID-19 data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We analyzed the phylogenesis of KMUH-47 to KMUH-104 (SARS-CoV-2 isolates identified herein) and all of the Omicron subvariants from BA.5 to XBB.1 (n = 1930). Age and comorbidities were hospitalization risk factors. Men generally exhibited a greater fatality rate than women. COVID-19-related deaths predominantly occurred in individuals over 70 years old. The COVID-19-related case fatality rate increased as nucleotide (NT) and amino acid (AA) substitutions increased. The number of COVID-19-related cases and deaths progressively decreased with each outbreak between August 2022 and October 2023.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Hospitalization was associated with age and the presence of comorbidities. COVID-19-related fatality was linked to sex, age, and the accumulation of NT and AA substitutions in emerging Omicron subvariants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global burden and incidence trends of zika virus infection among women aged 15–49 years from 2011 to 2021: A systematic analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy presents a significant health risk in women of reproductive age and their offspring due to severe neurological complications. It is meaningful to assess its global burden and temporal trends.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study extracted annual incidence cases and rates of ZIKV among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) between 2011 and 2021 from Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021, including global level, 21 GBD regions, 5 socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, 7 age groups, and 204 countries and territories. Relative percent change in cases and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of incidence rates were used to quantify the temporal trends.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The incidence rate of ZIKV infection exhibited a pronounced peak in 2016 at 174.27 per 100,000 population, with an EAPC of 158.30 % from 2011 to 2016 and −51.86 % from 2016 to 2021 at 3.06 per 100,000 population. And only 5 out of the 21 GBD regions reported ZIKV infection in 2021, predominantly concentrated in Latin America and Caribbean. The outbreaks were primarily concentrated in low-middle and middle SDI regions. In 2021, at the global level, the incidence rates of ZIKV infection among women of reproductive age were similar across different age groups, ranging from 2.41 to 3.39 per 100,000 population. The proportion of ZIKV infection cases was slightly higher in women aged 25–29 and 30–34 years compared to other age groups in 2021, whereas a higher proportion of cases were observed in younger age groups in 2011 and 2016.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Women of reproductive age in Latin America and Caribbean continue to face the threat of ZIKV. Regions with lower SDI had a disproportionately severe burden. Future public health strategies should focus on high-risk areas and populations of reproductive age, enhancing surveillance, prevention, and education efforts to further mitigate the public health threat posed by ZIKV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global prevalence patterns and distribution of Vibrio cholerae: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 176,740 samples","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This global systematic review and meta-analysis of <em>Vibrio cholerae</em> prevalence, covering environmental, food, animal, and human samples, analysed 111 studies from five databases. The meta-analysis, adhering to standard reporting guidelines, revealed a pooled prevalence of 10.6 % (95 % CI; 8.2 – 13.5; <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 99.595 %, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) from 176,740 samples, including 27,219 cholera cases. Despite significant publication bias (Egger’s test, <em>p</em> = 0.00018), prevalence estimate remained stable in leave-one-out analysis. Subgroup analysis showed prevalence varied by region, with Indonesia highest (55.2 %) and Jordan lowest (0.2 %). Asia continent had the highest prevalence (13.9 %), followed by South America (12.1 %), and lowest in Europe (3.8 %). Environmental samples exhibited the highest prevalence (24.9 %), while human samples had the lowest (7.1 %). The pervasive presence of <em>V. cholerae</em> in environmental resources highlights the persistent risk of global cholera outbreaks, necessitating urgent proactive measures and ongoing surveillance for effective cholera control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Berlin-Neukölln nursing homes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has affected various urban population groups in different ways. Earlier studies have shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disproportionally impacts nursing home residents by increasing morbidity and mortality following viral exposure. However, little is known about the epidemiology of this disease in detail. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in 14 nursing homes across Berlin-Neukölln, Germany, during pandemic waves 1 to 5 (Feb 2020 - May 2022).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Reporting data to the Neukölln Department of Public Health on COVID-19 cases in connection with nursing homes were extracted from the SORMAS database. The case fatality rates (CFRs) and odds ratios (ORs) of demographic parameters, prevalent variants of concern (VOCs) and vaccine availability were calculated. In addition, the temporal course in waves 1–5 in Neukölln and the relevant government measures were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data collected from nursing homes providing age-dependent physical care revealed that 1.9 % of the total 108,600 cases registered in Berlin-Neukölln during the study period were related one of the 14 facilities. Compared to the general population in Neukölln, nursing homes exhibited a 20-fold increase in the CFR. Notably, nursing homes with higher bed capacities displayed a greater CFR than did smaller nursing homes. Similarly, elderly residents living in nursing homes faced a much greater mortality rate than did their counterparts living outside of medical settings (OR = 3.5). The original wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain had the most severe direct impact, with a CFR of 16.7 %, compared to the alpha (CFR = 6.9 %), delta (CFR = 10.2 %) and omicron (CFR = 2.8 %) variants in nursing homes. Interestingly, the number of infections increased following vaccination campaigns, but this trend was accompanied by a decrease in the number of deaths from 2.6 to 1.1 per week. As a result, the CFR significantly decreased from 18.4 to 5.5, while still exceeding the mean CFR compared to that of the general population of Neukölln.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings reveal the changing patterns of outbreak frequency and severity across the five pandemic waves. They highlight the crucial role of rapid vaccination programs for residents, staff, visitors, and third-party services in safeguarding nursing homes. Additionally, improvements in containment and cluster strategies are essential in prevaccination scenarios to prevent future infection traps for elderly individuals in long-term care facilities. The presented data highlight the importance of tailored protection measures for one of the most vulnerable populations in our society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034124002806/pdfft?md5=2fd2b50a7d987eabd696e9b151fb0d8f&pid=1-s2.0-S1876034124002806-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hajj vaccination strategies: Preparedness for risk mitigation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Millions of pilgrims travel annually to Makkah and Madinah, Saudi Arabia, for the Hajj, posing unique challenges for public health management and disease control. The large influx of pilgrims from diverse backgrounds traveling to a confined geographic area, coupled with the close proximity and interactions among them, create significant pressure on the healthcare system and heighten the potential for the spread of communicable diseases. This review examines current trends in communicable diseases and their impact, drawing insights from expert perspectives on the required (i.e., meningococcal meningitis, polio, and yellow fever) and recommended vaccinations (influenza, COVID-19) for Hajj participants. The updated COVID-19 vaccine is mandatory for local pilgrims and is strongly recommended for international visitors, with ongoing discussions on adapting protocols to address emerging variants. The timing and strain coverage of influenza vaccination, along with quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination, are also emphasized as critical preventive measures. Diseases such as cholera and yellow fever are addressed underscoring the need for rigorous surveillance and targeted vaccination strategies to mitigate the risk of transmission during the Hajj. By providing up-to-date information on mandated and recommended vaccinations, this review aims to empower pilgrims and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding public health and disease prevention during this significant event.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}