Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"A Comparison of Paddle Forces between Whitewater and Flatwater Training in C1 Canoe Slalom.","authors":"James M Wakeling, Stanislava Smiešková, Matej Vajda, Jan Busta","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030167","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Becoming an elite canoe slalom athlete requires thousands of hours of training, spread over many years. It is difficult to assess the correct balance between flatwater and whitewater training because differences in the paddle forces on these terrains are not known. The aim of this study was to describe paddle forces during canoe slalom training on flatwater and whitewater courses for the C1 canoe category.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Paddle forces for twenty C1 canoe slalom athletes were quantified during all-out figure-of-eight tests on a flatwater course and during race simulations on a whitewater course. Paddle forces were measured using strain gauges embedded in the paddle shaft and quantified by their force, impulse, and stroke durations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean force during the pull phase of the paddle strokes was not significantly different between the flatwater and whitewater courses; however, the longer pull phase durations led to a greater pull phase impulse when paddling on the whitewater course.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that training for all-out runs on a whitewater course is more demanding for canoe slalom athletes than performing all-out trials on a flatwater figure-of-eight course. This evidence may help to develop effective training plans that are essential to reach the highest levels of the sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Comparison of Pre-Adolescent Soccer Players' Physical Performance Using an Objective Physical Test Battery.","authors":"Giacomo Villa, Foivos Papaioannou, Manuela Galli, Veronica Cimolin","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030166","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Soccer is a multifactorial sport, requiring physical, psychological, technical, and tactical skills to succeed. Monitoring and comparing physical characteristics over time is essential to assess players' development, customize training, and prevent injury. The use of wearable sensors is essential to provide accurate and objective physical data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this longitudinal study, 128 male adolescent soccer players (from Under 12 to Under 19) were evaluated at two time points (pre- and post-season). Participants completed the Euleria Lab test battery, including stability, countermovement and consecutive jumps, agility, and quick feet tests. A single Inertial Measurement Unit sensor provided quantitative data on fifteen performance metrics. Percentage changes were compared to the Smallest Worthwhile Changes to assess significant changes over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed significant improvements in most variables, including a 19.7% increase in quick feet, 10.9% in stability, and 9.6% in countermovement jumps. In principal component analysis, we identified four principal components-<i>strength-power</i>, <i>balance</i>, <i>speed-agility</i>, and <i>stiffness</i>-that explained over 80% of the variance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings align with previous studies assessing seasonal changes in adolescent soccer players, showing that the proposed test battery seems to be adequate to highlight physical performance changes and provide coaches with meaningful data to customize training and reduce injury rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Body Harness versus Waist Belt: An Examination of Force Production and Pain during an Isoinertial Device Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction.","authors":"Trevor J Dufner, Jonathan M Rodriguez, McKenna J Kitterman, Jennifer C Dawlabani, Jessica M Moon, Adam J Wells","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030165","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>This study examined the differences in participant force production and pain between a squat maximal voluntary isometric contraction (IMVIC) performed with either a waist belt (WB) or full-body harness (FBH) on the Desmotec D.EVO isoinertial device (D.EVO). Agreement between FBH IMVIC and a traditional force plate squat MVIC (TMVIC) was also assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty adults completed FBH, WB, and TMVIC assessments on two separate occasions. Two-way treatment x time ANOVAs were conducted to compare force outputs and pain between treatments (FBH vs. WB) across time. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Associations between outcomes were determined using Pearson's r. Standard error of estimate, constant error, total error, and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess agreement between IMVIC and TMVIC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FBH and WB IMVIC exhibited good to excellent reliability (ICC_2,1 = 0.889-0.994) and strong associations (r = 0.813 and 0.821, respectively) when compared to TMVIC. However, agreement between FBH and TMVIC was poor. No significant interaction or main effects were observed for pain. FBH maximum isometric force (MIF) was significantly higher than WB MIF. WB IMVIC was the only significant predictor of TMVIC (R² = 0.674).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that the D.EVO should not be utilized as a replacement for a traditional MVIC setup.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance of Tibial Fixation during Tibiotarsal Joint Traction: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Carlos López-de-Celis, Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz, Sergi Gassó-Villarejo, Erik García-Ribell, Vanessa González-Rueda, Elena Estébanez-de-Miguel, Elena Bueno-Gracia","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030163","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The effect of tibial fixation on the movement of the talus during the tibiotarsal axial traction technique (TATT) is unknown. The aim was to evaluate the effect on the tibiotarsus when applying three different intensities of TATT force with or without tibial fixation in healthy subjects, and to assess the reliability of detecting the different forces applied. Also, the discomfort generated during the technique would be analysed. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted in thirty lower limbs. Three magnitudes of TATT force in an open-packed position were applied in tibial fixation and non-fixation conditions. The axial traction movement was measured by ultrasound, and the magnitudes of the force applied during low-medium and high TATT force were recorded in both conditions. Patients were asked about the level of discomfort perceived during the technique. <b>Results:</b> The most significant distance increase (mm) was observed in the tibial fixation condition at all magnitudes of the TATT (F = 102.693, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The discomfort sensation (numeric rating scale, \"NRS\") was higher in the non-fixation condition (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The application of the technique showed good reliability (>0.75 ICC) for the detection of the applied force. <b>Conclusions:</b> The TATT in the tibial fixation condition produced more significant axial movement of the talus (mm) relative to the tibia than the non-tibial fixation condition did. The detection of the magnitudes of movement showed good reliability (ICC: 0.75 to 0.92). The technique was well tolerated at all force magnitudes, with the tibial fixation condition being the most tolerable.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Tests of the Abdominal Wall Muscles in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Diastasis and Oblique Inguinal Hernias in a Pilot Study.","authors":"Dmitry Skvortsov, Andrei Cherepanin, Yulia Fadeeva, Andrey Timonin, Nataly Nosenko","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030164","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify typical patterns of abdominal wall muscle activation in patients with diastasis recti and inguinal hernias compared to controls during the Valsalva maneuver, voluntary coughing, and physical activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 15 subjects: 5 with diastasis recti, 4 with inguinal hernias, and 6 healthy controls. The functions of rectus abdominis (RA) and external oblique (OE) muscles were measured by surface electromyography (sEMG). Using ultrasound, the thicknesses of the RA, OE, internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TA) muscles were assessed as well as the echo intensity (EI) of RA and OE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a significant effect of the type of abdominal wall pathology on the maximum sEMG amplitude (<i>p</i> = 0.005). There was a reliable trend in maximum sEMG amplitude, with the highest one in diastasis recti and a significantly lower one in inguinal hernias. Duncan's test showed a significant difference in muscle thickness, both on the right and left sides, between patients with diastasis and controls, but only on the left side between patients with diastasis and those with inguinal hernia (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The abdominal wall pathology results in a change in the function and structure of the abdominal muscles, which can be detected using electromyography and ultrasound examination. The presence of diastasis recti is accompanied by an increase in bioelectrical activity and a decrease in thickness.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological-Dynamic Approach vs. Traditional Prescriptive Approach in Improving Technical Skills of Young Soccer Players.","authors":"Giovanni Esposito, Rosario Ceruso, Sara Aliberti, Gaetano Raiola","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030162","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: This study contributes to expanding the existing literature on learning technical skills in youth soccer by comparing the effectiveness of different training approaches in the development of passing skills. The ecological-dynamic approach, which emphasizes the continuous and adaptive interaction between the athlete and the environment, is analyzed in comparison to the traditional prescriptive approach, which relies on predefined techniques and exercises. The aim of the study is to determine which of the two approaches is more effective in improving the performance of young soccer players. <b>Methods</b>: Thirty players (age 12 ± 1.2 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: the ecological-dynamic group (ECG) and a control group (CON). Both groups underwent an eight-week training program with equal sessions. The ECG group's training focused on adjusting constraints like the learning environment, game rules, and visual restrictions to boost adaptability and problem-solving skills. The CON group followed a traditional prescriptive approach with specific instructions, goal setting, immediate feedback, and structured exercise progression. Passing abilities were evaluated before and after the program using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, with a retention test administered five weeks later. Descriptive statistics, including mean values and percentage improvements, were used. A repeated measures ANOVA compared differences between the groups. <b>Results</b>: The analysis revealed a significant Occasion × Group interaction for all performance variables, indicating that the ECG group experienced greater improvements than the CON group. Specifically, the ECG group showed significant reductions in Trial Time (<i>p</i> = 0.001, η_p² = 0.6), Penalty Time (<i>p</i> = 0.016, η_p² = 0.4), and Overall Performance (<i>p</i> = 0.011, η_p² = 0.8) from pre-test to post-test. However, these improvements did not persist into the retention test (<i>p</i> = 0.131, <i>p</i> = 0.792, and <i>p</i> = 0.192, respectively). The CON group also improved significantly in Trial Time (<i>p</i> = 0.003), Penalty Time (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and Overall Performance (<i>p</i> = 0.001) from pre-test to post-test, but with smaller effect sizes and no sustained gains at retention. <b>Conclusions</b>: The ecological-dynamic approach (EDG) has proven to be more effective in enhancing passing skills compared to the traditional prescriptive approach (CON). Although both methods led to performance improvements, the EDG group achieved more significant progress.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and Convergent Validity of Endurance Indices Derived from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Electromyography during a Bilateral Hanging Task in Amateur Rock Climbers.","authors":"Wai-Hang Kwong, Jia-Qi Li, Chun-Hung Lui, Hiu-Tung Luk, King-Fung Lau, Ray Seaby, Ananda Sidarta","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030161","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The ability to hang for a long time before forearm muscle fatigue is a crucial element of successful rock climbing. Electromyography (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) are also useful for measuring hemoglobin oxygenation for determining muscle endurance. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of muscle endurance indices derived using EMG and NIRS during a hanging task. <b>Methods</b>: A bilateral hanging task was designed to compare rock climbers and non-climbers in terms of the slopes of changes in the median frequency (MDF) and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of forearm muscles. <b>Results</b>: A total of 17 participants were included in each of the two groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient (3,1) values derived for the MDF slope, TOI slope, ΔTOI, percentage change in oxygen concentration, and ΔHbt were 0.85, 0.73, 0.65, 0.75, and 0.65, respectively. The MDF slope, TOI slope, and ΔHbt differed significantly between the groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The MDF slope, TOI slopes, and ΔHbt were significantly correlated with V-scale levels for climbing (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> The satisfactory reliability and observed distinctions between climbers and non-climbers imply that these indices are a valuable tool for assessing muscle endurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Ankle Mobility and Foot Stability on Jumping Ability and Landing Mechanics: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Antonino Patti, Marco Gervasi, Valerio Giustino, Flavia Figlioli, Alberto Canzone, Patrik Drid, Ewan Thomas, Giuseppe Messina, Domenico Savio Salvatore Vicari, Antonio Palma, Antonino Bianco","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030160","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Practicing physical activities or sports that involve frequent jumping and landing can strain the muscles and joints of the lower limbs, especially in those who do not have adequate physical preparation. The objective of this study was to (a) determine the correlation between ankle range of motion (ROM) and landing stability following jumps; (b) assess the association between the jump height in a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test and ankle ROM; and (c) examine the connection between stabilometry during specific jumps movements present in many sports and in ankle stabilization. Sixty-two healthy amateur volleyball players participated in the study (age: thirty-seven females and twenty-five males; age (years): 16.5 ± 4.25; height (cm): 166 ± 11.4; weight (Kg): 61.6 ± 13.7). Participants were recruited for the study in collaboration with student sports associations. The evaluations encompassed the measurement of ankle joint mobility for both lower limbs using an inertial sensor, a static baropodometric and stabilometric analysis using a pressure platform, and the CMJ test using the Microgate system. After the assessments, participants performed a \"specific jump landing task\". Significant correlations were found between foot range of motion (ROM) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance. Specifically, the ROM of the right foot had a strong correlation with the CMJ (r = 0.81, <i>p</i> < 0.001), while the left foot ROM showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.46, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The specific jump task revealed substantial changes in stabilometry parameters, particularly during forward hops compared to lateral jumps. Dorsiflexion ROM significantly impacts jumping ability. Evaluating landing patterns and stabilometry during targeted activities can help optimize training, improve dynamic balance, and reduce ankle injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Effects of Lifelong Team Handball and Football Training and Nutritional Habits on Bone Health and Body Composition in Elderly Women.","authors":"Domenico Martone, Jeppe Foged Vigh-Larsen, Daniela Vitucci, Malte Nejst Larsen, Morten Bredsgaard Randers, Jens Lykkegaard Olesen, Magni Mohr, Annamaria Mancini, Peter Krustrup, Pasqualina Buono","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030159","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lifelong team handball/football training on regional bone health and body composition in elderly women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen elderly women team handball/football players (65.9 ± 5.7 years) and twenty-one untrained age-matched women (controls) (67.7 ± 5.1 years) participated. Whole-body and regional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of arms, legs, and lower spine (L1-L4) were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed 8% and 9% higher bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), respectively, at the whole-body level and in the legs and 11.5% higher BMC in the legs in team handball/football players compared to untrained age-matched controls (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Higher total and leg lean body mass (<i>p</i> < 0.05), along with lower total body fat percentage <i>(p</i> < 0.05) and higher T- and Z-scores, markers of fragility risk fracture (0.294 ± 1.461 vs. -0.538 ± 1.031; 1.447 ± 1.278 vs. 0.724 ± 0.823, respectively), were also found in team handball/football players compared to controls (<i>p</i> < 0.05). No significant differences in nutritional habits were observed between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study suggest that the beneficial effects of lifetime handball/football practice on bone preservation in elderly women occur independently from nutritional intake, which emphasize the potential role of team sports in osteoporosis prevention. Future studies should focus on the cofounding factors and causative mechanisms mediated by team sport practice in osteoporosis prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Swimming Exercise on Early Adolescents' Physical Conditioning and Physical Health: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Francisco A Ferreira, Catarina C Santos, António L Palmeira, Ricardo J Fernandes, Mário J Costa","doi":"10.3390/jfmk9030158","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk9030158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Swimming is a popular and cost-effective way to prevent sedentary behavior and improve physical conditioning and health during early adolescence. However, information on its impact and benefits on daily life activities is lacking. This systematic review aims to summarize the chronic effects of swimming on physical conditioning and physical health outcomes in early adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed and PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and International Symposium of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming proceedings databases were searched. Eligibility criteria were defined on the PICOS framework (healthy adolescents in early puberty, swimming programmes or training, passive or active control groups, general effects on physical conditioning or health, longitudinal) and risk of bias was assessed using RoBANS 2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2365 records, 20 non-randomized studies met the defined criteria. High heterogeneity in sample size and intervention was observed. While studies related to physical conditioning (<i>n</i> = 5) focused on physiological variables and muscular function, the evidence regarding physical health outcomes (<i>n</i> = 15) explored bone accrual, haemodynamics, body composition, musculoskeletal system, and lung growth. High overall risk of bias (70%) was observed due to strict criteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Swimming exercise seems to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiac output, haemodynamics, heart growth, motor performance, and body composition of early adolescents. Despite clear evidence that exists on these chronic effects, research on bone health, postural deficit, motor skills, and sleep quality is still missing.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}