Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences.","authors":"Víctor Toro-Román, Pol Simón-Sánchez, Víctor Illera-Domínguez, Carla Pérez-Chirinos, Sara González-Millán, Lluís Albesa-Albiol, Sara Ledesma, Vinyet Solé, Oriol Teruel, Bruno Fernández-Valdés","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030282","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Repeated high-intensity intervals under normoxic (NOR) and hypoxic (HYP) conditions is a training strategy used by athletes. Although different protocols have been used, the effect of longer recovery between repetitions is unclear. In addition, information on the effect of repeated high-intensity intervals on HYP in women is scarce. <b>Aims</b>: To analyse the differences between sexes and between conditions (NOR and HYP) in Repeated Wingate (RW) performance and neuromuscular fatigue in triathletes. <b>Methods</b>: A total of 12 triathletes (men: <i>n</i> = 7, 23.00 ± 4.04 years; women: <i>n</i> = 5, 20.40 ± 3.91) participated in this randomised, blinded, crossover study. In two separate sessions over seven days, participants performed 3 × 30\" all out with 7' of recovery in randomised NOR (fraction of inspired oxygen: ≈20%; ≈300 m altitude) and HYP (fraction of inspired oxygen: ≈15.5%; ≈2500 m altitude) conditions. Before and after RW, vertical jump tests were performed to assess neuromuscular fatigue. Oxygen saturation, power, perceived exertion, muscle soreness and heart rate parameters were assessed. <b>Results</b>: Significant differences were reported between sexes in the parameters of vertical jump, oxygen saturation, RW performance and heart rate (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, between conditions (NOR and HYP), only differences in oxygen saturation were reported (<i>p</i> < 0.05). No significant differences were reported between conditions (NOR and HYP) in RW performance, neuromuscular fatigue, muscle soreness and perception of exertion. <b>Conclusions</b>: A 3 × 30\" RW protocol with 7' recovery in HYP could have no negative consequences on performance, neuromuscular fatigue and perception of exertion in triathletes compared to NOR, independently of sex.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional Signatures of Aerobic Exercise-Induced Muscle Adaptations in Humans.","authors":"Pranav Iyer, Diana M Asante, Sagar Vyavahare, Lee Tae Jin, Pankaj Ahluwalia, Ravindra Kolhe, Hari Kashyap, Carlos Isales, Sadanand Fulzele","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030281","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Aerobic exercise induces a range of complex molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle. However, a complete understanding of the specific transcriptional changes following exercise warrants further research. <b>Methods</b>: This study aimed to identify gene expression patterns following acute aerobic exercise by analyzing Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. We performed a comparative analysis of transcriptional profiles of related genes in two independent studies, focusing on both established and novel genes involved in muscle physiology. <b>Results</b>: Our analysis revealed ten consistently upregulated and eight downregulated genes across both datasets. The upregulated genes were predominantly associated with mitochondrial function and cellular respiration, including MDH1, ATP5MC1, ATP5IB, and ATP5F1A. Conversely, downregulated genes such as YTHDC1, CDK5RAP2, and PALS2 were implicated in vascular structure and cellular organization. Importantly, our findings also revealed novel exercise-responsive genes not previously characterized in this context. Among these, MRPL41 and VEGF were significantly upregulated and are associated with p53-mediated apoptotic signaling and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. Novel downregulated genes included LIMCH1, CMYA5, and FOXJ3, which are putatively involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and muscle fiber type specification. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings enhance our understanding of the transcriptional landscape of skeletal muscle following acute aerobic exercise and identify novel molecular targets for further investigation in the fields of exercise physiology and metabolic health.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic, Epidemiological and Functional Profile Models of Greek CrossFit Athletes in Relation to Shoulder Injuries: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Akrivi Bakaraki, George Tsirogiannis, Charalampos Matzaroglou, Konstantinos Fousekis, Sofia A Xergia, Elias Tsepis","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030278","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Shoulder injury prevalence appears to be the highest among all injuries in CrossFit (CF) athletes. Nevertheless, there is no evidence deriving from prospective studies to explain this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to document shoulder injury incidence in CF participants over a 12-month period and prospectively investigate the risk factors associated with their demographic, epidemiological, and functional characteristics. <b>Methods</b>: The sample comprised 109 CF athletes in various levels. Participants' data were collected during the baseline assessment, using a specially designed questionnaire, as well as active range of motion, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and sport-specific tests. Non-parametric statistical tests and inferential statistics were employed, and in addition, linear and regression models were created. Logistic regression models incorporating the study's continuous predictors to classify injury occurrence in CF athletes were developed and evaluated using the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) as the performance metric. <b>Results</b>: A shoulder injury incidence rate of 0.79 per 1000 training hours was recorded. Olympic weightlifting (45%) and gymnastics (35%) exercises were associated with shoulder injury occurrence. The most frequent injury concerned rotator cuff tendons (45%), including lesions and tendinopathies, exhibiting various severity levels. None of the examined variables individually showed a statistically significant correlation with shoulder injuries. <b>Conclusions</b>: This is the first study that has investigated prospectively shoulder injuries in CrossFit, creating a realistic profile of these athletes. Despite the broad spectrum of collected data, the traditional statistical approach failed to identify shoulder injury predictors. This indicates the necessity to explore this topic using more sophisticated techniques, such as advanced machine learning approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary Investigation of the Efficacy of Far-Infrared-Emitting Garments in Enhancing Objective and Subjective Recovery Following Resistance Exercise.","authors":"Jonathon R Lever, Cara Ocobock, Valerie Smith-Hale, Casey J Metoyer, Alan Huebner, John P Wagle, Jonathan D Hauenstein","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030280","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of far-infrared (FIR) garments in enhancing recovery following resistance exercise in recreationally active individuals. <b>Methods:</b> Ten recreationally active adults (six females, four males; aged 20.7 ± 3.2 years) completed a resistance exercise protocol and were randomly selected to wear either FIR (n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) tights post-exercise. The FIR garments incorporated Celliant-based fibers emitting wavelengths in the 2.5-20 µm range. The participants' recovery was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics, including their jump height, takeoff velocity, and modified reactive strength index (mRSI), along with their fatigue biomarkers and subjective recovery perceptions. The CMJ performance was tested immediately post-exercise and at 24 and 48 h. <b>Results:</b> The FIR garments led to significant improvements in neuromuscular recovery, with greater increases in the jump height, takeoff velocity, and mRSI observed at 48 h post-exercise (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Notably, the mRSI showed earlier improvements at 24 h. The fatigue biomarkers did not differ between the groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05), suggesting localized rather than systemic recovery effects. The participants in the FIR group reported faster subjective recovery, with a readiness to resume activity perceived within 48 h, compared to slower recovery in the placebo group. <b>Conclusions:</b> FIR garments may enhance neuromuscular recovery and subjective recovery perceptions following resistance exercise, likely by improving the peripheral blood flow, metabolic clearance, and tissue oxygenation. These findings suggest that FIR garments may be effective in enhancing both neuromuscular and perceived recovery following resistance exercise, supporting their potential use as a post-exercise recovery tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Variables in Different Exercises Performed with a Rotational Inertial Device in Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Álvaro Murillo-Ortiz, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Moisés Falces-Prieto, Samuel López-Mariscal, Francisco Javier Iglesias-García, Javier Raya-González","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030279","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Soccer performance is largely dependent on high-intensity, unilateral actions such as sprints, jumps, and changes of direction. These demands can lead to strength and power differences between limbs, highlighting the importance of individualised assessment in professional players. Rotational inertial devices offer a valuable method to evaluate and train these mechanical variables separately for each leg. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to characterise the mechanical variables derived from several lower-body strength exercises performed on rotational inertial devices, all targeting the same muscle group; and (b) to compare the mechanical variables between the dominant and non-dominant leg for each exercise. <b>Methods:</b> Twenty-six male professional soccer players (age = 26.3 ± 5.1 years; height = 182.3 ± 0.6 cm; weight = 75.9 ± 5.9 kg; body mass index = 22.8 ± 1.1 kg/m²; fat mass percentage = 9.1 ± 0.6%; fat-free mass = 68.8 ± 5.3 kg), all belonging to the same professional Belgian team, voluntarily participated in this study. The players completed a single assessment session consisting of six unilateral exercises (i.e., quadriceps hip, hamstring knee, adductor, quadriceps knee, hamstring hip, and abductor). For each exercise, they performed two sets of eight repetitions with each leg (i.e., dominant and non-dominant) in a randomised order. <b>Results:</b> The quadriceps hip exercise resulted in higher mechanical values compared to the quadriceps knee exercise in both limbs (<i>p</i> < 0.004). Similarly, the hamstring hip exercise produced greater values across all variables and limbs (<i>p</i> < 0.004), except for peak force, where the hamstring knee exercise exhibited higher values (<i>p</i> < 0.004). The adductor exercise showed higher peak force values for the dominant limb (<i>p</i> < 0.004). The between-limb comparison revealed differences only in the abductor exercise (<i>p</i> < 0.004). <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest the necessity of prioritising movement selection based on targeted outcomes, although it should be considered that the differences between limb differences are very limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Photomodulation Therapy for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yung-An Tsou, Nai-Jen Chang, Wen-Dien Chang","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030277","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to evaluate the effects of photomodulation therapy (PMT) on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). <b>Methods:</b> Controlled studies investigating PMT for DOMS were identified through systematic searches of PubMed and EMBASE databases. Selected articles were reviewed for the effects of PMT, and the outcome data were extracted according to specific assessments and time points for meta-analysis. <b>Results:</b> A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which evaluated the effects of PMT following the induction of DOMS. The wavelength of PMT ranged from 660 to 950 nm and was applied to one to six points on the affected muscles. Four studies provided sufficient data for quantitative synthesis, comparing PMT with the placebo in terms of visual analog scale (VAS) scores and muscle strength at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the induction of DOMS. The results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in VAS scores at 72 h (pooled SMD = -0.55) and 96 h (pooled SMD = -0.56), indicating a moderate effect. Muscle strength showed significant improvement at 24 h (pooled SMD = 0.97) and 48 h (pooled SMD = 0.99), reflecting a large effect size. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggested that PMT may be an effective intervention for managing DOMS, with potential effects on reducing pain, enhancing muscle strength, and decreasing biochemical markers of muscle damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286287/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropometric Measurements for Predicting Low Appendicular Lean Mass Index for the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia: A Machine Learning Model.","authors":"Ana M González-Martin, Edgar Samid Limón-Villegas, Zyanya Reyes-Castillo, Francisco Esparza-Ros, Luis Alexis Hernández-Palma, Minerva Saraí Santillán-Rivera, Carlos Abraham Herrera-Amante, César Octavio Ramos-García, Nicoletta Righini","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030276","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Sarcopenia is a progressive muscle disease that compromises mobility and quality of life in older adults. Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the standard for assessing Appendicular Lean Mass Index (ALMI), it is costly and often inaccessible. This study aims to develop machine learning models using anthropometric measurements to predict low ALMI for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 183 Mexican adults (67.2% women and 32.8% men, ≥60 years old). ALMI was measured using DXA, and anthropometric data were collected following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocols. Predictive models were developed using Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Trees (DTs), Random Forests (RFs), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and LASSO regression. The dataset was split into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets. Model performance was evaluated using classification performance metrics and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). <b>Results</b>: ALMI indicated strong correlations with BMI, corrected calf girth, and arm relaxed girth. Among models, DT achieved the best performance in females (AUC = 0.84), and ANN indicated the highest AUC in males (0.92). Regarding the prediction of low ALMI, specificity values were highest in DT for females (100%), while RF performed best in males (92%). The key predictive variables varied depending on sex, with BMI and calf girth being the most relevant for females and arm girth for males. <b>Conclusions</b>: Anthropometry combined with machine learning provides an accurate, low-cost approach for identifying low ALMI in older adults. This method could facilitate sarcopenia screening in clinical settings with limited access to advanced diagnostic tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of 50 m Front Crawl Performance in Adolescent Non-Elite Female Swimmers: A Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Mariusz Kuberski, Agnieszka Musial, Michalina Błażkiewicz, Jacek Wąsik","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030274","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: The aim of this study was to indicate which variables are the most important determinants of swimming results in the 50 m front crawl among non-elite pre-pubertal female swimmers. <b>Methods</b>: The study group consisted of 14 female swimmers (at the time of the research commencement-biological age: 10.52 ± 0.37 years; body mass: 34.99 ± 2.77 kg; height: 146.00 ± 3.05 cm). The study was conducted over three years. The swimmers performed capacity training recommended by the British Swimming Federation. Every 6 months, in the participants the following parameters were measured: percentage of body fat; anthropometric measurements; aerobic and anaerobic capacity; and respiratory parameters: vital capacity-VC, forced expiratory volume-FEV1, and forced vital capacity-FVC. Additionally, a 50 m front crawl swim test was performed. <b>Results</b>: After adjusting for multicollinearity, the most influential determinants of swimming performance were anthropometric measures: shoulder width was the most influential predictor, with a regression coefficient of -0.66, followed by foot length (with a beta of -0.15) and chest depth (with a beta of 0.008). The remaining anthropometric and physical predictors did not contribute to the prediction of 50 m freestyle performance. <b>Conclusions</b>: These research results suggest to coaches and trainers that sports performance in sprint distances in pre-pubertal girls is not determined by aerobic and anaerobic capacity or body fat but is based on the somatic build of the swimmer.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12285930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are There Differences in Motor Coordination Among Spanish Primary School Students?","authors":"Ricardo Fernández-Vázquez, Martín Barcala-Furelos, Javier Cachón-Zagalaz, Víctor Arufe-Giráldez, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Rubén Navarro-Patón","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030275","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Motor coordination is a fundamental skill in childhood. Factors such as age, sex, and regular sports practice influence its development. However, there is little research that jointly analyzes the impact of these factors on the motor skills and abilities of primary school children. The objective of this study was to analyze what happens to different motor skills and abilities (i.e., locomotor coordination (LC); visuomotor coordination (VC); foot object control coordination (FOCC); hand object control coordination (HOCC); global motor coordination (GMC)) in relation to regular and regulated sports practice (yes vs. no), sex (boys vs. girls), and age (6 to 11 years) in a sample of 663 primary schoolchildren (8.59 ± 1.65 years; 48.26% boys) from Galicia (Spain). <b>Methods:</b> The 3JS test was used to analyze motor coordination. To determine differences between the 3JS variables, a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed based on age, sex, and sports practice, including a BMI category (normal weight, overweight, or obese) as a covariate to avoid potential confounding factors. <b>Results:</b> Statistically significant differences were observed based on age [LC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); VC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); FOCC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); HOCC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); CMG (<i>p</i> < 0.001)], sex [i.e., VC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); FOCC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); HOCC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); CMG (<i>p</i> < 0.001)], and sports practice [i.e., LC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); VC (<i>p</i> = 0.008); HOCC (<i>p</i> < 0.001); CMG (<i>p</i> < 0.001)], after the application of the 3JS battery. <b>Conclusions:</b> Locomotor coordination in Primary Education is modulated by the interaction between age, sex, and sports practice. All of these variables increase with age, with higher scores in boys than in girls, and higher scores in children who participate in sports than in those who do not.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Cardiopulmonary Fitness Related to Attention, Concentration, and Academic Performance in Different Subjects in Schoolchildren?","authors":"Markel Rico-González, Ricardo Martín-Moya, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Francisco Javier Giles-Girela, Luca Paolo Ardigò, Francisco Tomás González-Fernández","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030272","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10030272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The perceived importance of physical practice and its contribution to students' academic success have evolved considerably throughout the history of the modern educational system. <b>Aim:</b> The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between physical fitness (measured as VO₂max) and cognitive abilities (attention and concentration) and academic performance in different subjects: sciences, letters, language, arts, and physical education. <b>Method:</b> Fifty Spanish male students who participated in extracurricular sports activities (mean age (SD): 11.59 ± 1.30; range: 9-15 years) were included in the analysis. The 6 min walk test was used to assess physical fitness (6MWT), while for selective attention and concentration, the students completed the D2 test, which is usually considered to analyse the visual ability to select the most relevant stimulus of an exercise and ignore precisely the most irrelevant stimuli. <b>Results:</b> Correlation the individual contribution analyses revealed no significant associations between VO₂max and academic performance in sciences (r = 0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.77), humanities (r = 0.00, <i>p</i> = 0.98), language (r = 0.03, <i>p</i> = 0.83), or arts (r = 0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.76). Similarly, no relationship was found between VO₂max and overall academic performance (r = 0.10, <i>p</i> = 0.46), or cognitive abilities. However, a small positive correlation was observed between VO₂max and physical education scores. <b>Conclusions:</b> Physical fitness showed no significant association with cognitive abilities or academic performance in most subjects, although a small positive correlation with physical education scores was observed. These findings emphasise the importance of promoting physical activity for its health and physical benefits. However, future research should explore broader cognitive outcomes and include more diverse and representative samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}