{"title":"Impact on Body Composition and Physical Fitness of an Exercise Program Based on Immersive Virtual Reality: A Case Report.","authors":"Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf, Paola Fuentes-Merino, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Marcelo Maldonado-Sandoval, José Bruneau-Chávez, Eugenio Merellano-Navarro","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010056","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The practice of physical activity contributes to obtaining adequate values of body composition and physical fitness, which is beneficial for people's health. However, a large part of the adult population does not comply with the recommendations for physical activity, due to factors such as lack of time and nearby sports venues. Immersive virtual reality is a tool that allows individuals to immerse themselves in a simulated world and perceive visual, auditory, and tactile sensations. Its use in physical activity interventions favors exercise in situations that, due to time and space, could be limited in real life. The objective of this case report is to measure the impact on body composition and physical fitness of an exercise program executed through immersive virtual reality. <b>Methods</b>: The design is a case study with a quantitative approach developed through a physical activity intervention with immersive virtual reality in which body composition was evaluated considering fat and muscle components, and physical fitness considering cardiorespiratory fitness, speed-agility, and hand grip strength, through pre- and post-testing. The physical exercise program based on immersive virtual reality lasted 8 weeks. The subject of the study was a 24-year-old man, a second-year student of Pedagogy in Physical Education at a Chilean university, with no previous experience in this virtual tool. <b>Results</b>: The results indicate that for body composition the study subject decreased the fat component and slightly improved the musculature, while for physical fitness cardiorespiratory fitness and speed-agility improved, but manual grip strength decreased. <b>Conclusions</b>: It is concluded that the training developed through immersive virtual reality proves to be a tool that can promote improvements in body composition and physical fitness; it is necessary to carry out more research to validate the potential of this instrument as a means of contributing to the health of the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleonora Dell'Agli, Marco Sapienza, Mirko Domenico Castiglione, Maria Agata Musumeci, Sebiano Pitronaci, Andrea Sodano, Vito Pavone, Gianluca Testa
{"title":"Pantalar Intact Dislocation: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Eleonora Dell'Agli, Marco Sapienza, Mirko Domenico Castiglione, Maria Agata Musumeci, Sebiano Pitronaci, Andrea Sodano, Vito Pavone, Gianluca Testa","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010055","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This scoping review analyzes the available literature on pure total talar dislocation, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging techniques, surgical options, rehabilitation protocols, and complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search yielded 185 articles, of which 30 satisfied the inclusion criteria and focused on pure total talar dislocation without fractures. Data from each study were extracted, including patient demographics, injury characteristics, treatment methods, and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The studies included case reports, case series, and reviews. Despite the heterogeneity of the studies, the key findings suggest that early reduction, careful wound management, and soft tissue preservation are crucial in minimizing complications such as avascular necrosis (AVN), post-traumatic arthritis, and infection. The long-term outcomes varied, and the risk of AVN remained high, particularly in cases with compromised blood supply to the talus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pure total talar dislocation is a rare and challenging condition with no established management protocol. While talar reimplantation and joint fixation offer promising outcomes in preserving function, the risk of complications, particularly AVN, remains significant. Additional research is necessary to standardize treatment protocols and improve clinical outcomes for this rare but severe injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Progressive Resistance Training After Hip Fracture: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Pablo Soro-García, Noelia González-Gálvez","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010054","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hip fracture presents high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Some programs have focused on the effect of progressive strength work on post-hip fracture recovery. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to understand the effect of a progressive resistance training program on different variables in adults after hip fracture. This review includes randomized controlled trials that apply progressive strength programs in subjects after a hip fracture. The selected databases are PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Ebsco. A total of 7 studies were selected after screening. These studies were published between 2005 and 2022. Most of the research included adults over 65 years of age, showing a mean age of 77.80 years. In the majority of cases, the programs are applied between 3 and 12 months post-fracture. The most commonly applied intervention time is 3 months. The intervention time of the programs typically lasts for 3 months and includes 3-4 lower limb exercises involving, mainly hip and knee movements. All the investigations assess functional capacity and nearly all research the strength. It is shown that the intensity of strength work progresses from 60 to 80% of 1RM. Progressive strength training programs in post-hip fracture patients generally show an improvement in functional capacity, strength, balance, walking speed, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, the effects on independence, quality of life, self-reported physical disability, depression, and cognitive ability do not show conclusive results, and there is little research in this regard.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristiana Mercê, David Catela, Rita Cordovil, Mafalda Bernardino, Marco Branco
{"title":"Learning to Cycle: Body Composition and Balance Challenges in Balance Bikes Versus Training Wheels.","authors":"Cristiana Mercê, David Catela, Rita Cordovil, Mafalda Bernardino, Marco Branco","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010053","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Empowering our children and youth to cycle empowers them to pursue a healthier, fuller, and more responsible life. The present study implemented the Learning to Cycle program with the following aims: (i) to promote learning to cycle; (ii) to investigate and compare the use of different learning bicycles, i.e., balance bicycle (BB) and bicycle with training wheels (BTW); (iii) to investigate the influence of body composition during this learning process. <b>Methods:</b> The program was implemented through a quasi-experimental study involving two intervention groups, with pre- and post-test evaluations. The program was applied to 50 children (M = 5.82 ± 0.94 years, 23 girls) who did not know how to cycle previously. One group explored the BB and the other the BTW for six sessions, followed by four more sessions with the conventional bicycle (CB) for both groups. The assessment of independent cycling was considered as the ability to perform, sequentially and unaided, and the various cycling milestones: self-launch, ride, and brake. The children's body composition was accessed by the BMI's percentile and classification according to their age and sex. <b>Results:</b> The program had a success rate of 88.24% for acquiring independent cycling, with 100% success in the BB group and 76.92% in the BTW group. The BB children learned significantly faster to self-launch, ride, brake, and cycle independently. Children with higher BMI percentiles faced greater challenges in achieving balance milestones. <b>Conclusions:</b> BB are recommended, especially for overweight and obese children, as they help develop balance from the onset, and showed to be more efficient in learning to cycle than the BTW.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theodoros Stavropoulos, Nikolaos Zaras, Georgia-Kassandra Kelekian, Thomas Mpampoulis, Alexandra Avloniti, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Gerasimos Terzis
{"title":"Effects of Priming with Light vs. Heavy Loads on Weightlifting Performance.","authors":"Theodoros Stavropoulos, Nikolaos Zaras, Georgia-Kassandra Kelekian, Thomas Mpampoulis, Alexandra Avloniti, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Gerasimos Terzis","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010052","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a priming training session with either a light or heavy load snatch and clean pulls on weightlifting performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve well-trained weightlifters (seven males and five females) participated in the study. The athletes followed a counterbalanced study design comparing three treatments, including a day of rest (control) and two priming sessions involving two different weightlifting derivatives-the snatch and the clean pulls-which were performed either with 80% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM) (LP) or with 110% of the 1-RM (HP). Twenty-four hours later, the 1-RM strength test for the snatch and clean and jerk, as well as the barbell kinematic characteristics at 100% of the 1-RM in the snatch and clean and jerk, were measured. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured following the priming sessions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Performance in snatch remained unchanged following the LP and HP. However, performance in the clean and jerk increased significantly by 3.1% following the HP compared to the control. No significant differences were observed in barbell kinematics. The RPE was significantly higher for HP compared to LP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that an HP performed 24 h prior to the 1-RM evaluation in weightlifting may have significantly increased performance in the clean and jerk. These changes may not be explained by barbell kinematics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Francisco Tomás González-Fernández, David Blanco-Luengo, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda
{"title":"Optimising Sprint Performance in Rugby: Insights from a Systematic Review of Training Methods.","authors":"Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Francisco Tomás González-Fernández, David Blanco-Luengo, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010051","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sprint performance is crucial in rugby, impacting offensive and defensive actions. Despite increasing research on team sports, specific sprint training guidelines for rugby remain limited. This review evaluates the effectiveness of various training methods to improve sprint performance in semi-professional and professional players.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify and assess the most effective training methodologies for improving rugby sprint performance and provide evidence-based recommendations for coaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, including studies published before November 2024. Eligible studies focused on Rugby Union, Rugby League, or Rugby Sevens players undergoing resistance-based or sprint-specific training for at least four weeks. Exclusion criteria included amateur players, athletes under 16, or interventions using advanced technologies. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six studies involving 644 rugby players were analysed. Training programmes ranged from 4 to 18 weeks (average: 8 weeks) and were categorised into resistance training, small-sided games, and sprint-specific methods. Resistance training combined with plyometrics and agility drills achieved the most significant sprint improvements. Small-sided games enhanced sprint performance by simulating game-like scenarios, while resisted sprint training showed notable results for short-distance acceleration but limited maximum speed gains.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rugby sprint performance improves through periodised training protocols incorporating resistance exercises, plyometrics, and sport-specific drills. Coaches should use small-sided games and resisted sprint training to target short-distance acceleration and agility. Further research should examine the long-term effects of these methods and their influence on match performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro Padilla-Crespo, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez
{"title":"Psychophysiological Response Differences Between Advanced and Beginner Climbers and Fatigue Management.","authors":"Alejandro Padilla-Crespo, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010050","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Rock climbing is a multifaceted athletic activity that requires both psychological and physiological resilience. This study aimed to examine the differences in psychological factors and fatigue predictors between novice and advanced climbers, with a focus on the interplay between experience and performance. <b>Methods:</b> The study included 60 participants categorized based on climbing experience (novice or advanced). Psychological and physiological assessments were conducted, including heart rate variability (HRV), grip strength, rate of force development (RFD), subjective perceived stress (SPS), and anxiety levels using validated questionnaires. <b>Results:</b> Advanced climbers exhibited lower anxiety levels and better sympathetic modulation compared to novices. Significant differences in HRV parameters, grip strength, and RFD were observed, reflecting the impact of experience on physiological responses. Advanced climbers demonstrated notable strength decreases post-climbing, supporting the utility of a force sensor on a 20 mm edge for assessing forearm fatigue. Correlations between cortisol levels, anxiety, and self-confidence during climbing were also identified. <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings highlight the importance of psychological and physiological factors in climbing performance. Forearm fatigue emerged as a critical predictor, suggesting that portable force sensors can optimize training and injury prevention. Insights from this study may enhance training protocols and improve real-time performance monitoring in climbers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentina Cavedon, Ilaria Peluso, Elisabetta Toti, Marco Sandri, Anna Pedrinolla, Carlo Zancanaro, Chiara Milanese
{"title":"DXA-Measured Total and Regional Body Composition in Female Athletes with a Physical Impairment.","authors":"Valentina Cavedon, Ilaria Peluso, Elisabetta Toti, Marco Sandri, Anna Pedrinolla, Carlo Zancanaro, Chiara Milanese","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010049","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> In recent years, awareness has been growing regarding the needs of female athletes with physical impairments. Despite the importance from both health and performance perspectives of assessing body composition in this athletic population, there is limited literature focusing on this topic. This study explored whole-body and regional three-compartment body composition in female athletes with a physical impairment to assess the impact of impairment and sex on body composition parameters in this population. <b>Methods:</b> Twenty female athletes with a physical impairment were pair-matched by age with an able-bodied female athlete and a male athlete with a comparable physical impairment. All athletes underwent whole-body scanning with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. <b>Results:</b> Female athletes with physical impairments showed body composition changes including higher amounts of fat mass, particularly in the lower body regions. Among athletes with a physical impairment, sex showed an independent effect on whole-body composition, with females showing higher fat mass and lower lean mass and bone mineral content compared with males, especially in the legs. <b>Conclusions:</b> Female athletes with physical impairments had a distinct body composition profile, characterized by sex-specific distribution of body tissue at the regional level. Nutritional and training strategies aimed at optimizing body composition in female athletes with physical impairments should be specifically tailored to meet the needs of this athletic population.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleftherios Kellis, Afxentios Kekelekis, Eleni E Drakonaki
{"title":"Fascia and Muscle Stiffness in Soccer Athletes with and Without Previous Hamstring Injury.","authors":"Eleftherios Kellis, Afxentios Kekelekis, Eleni E Drakonaki","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010048","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Despite extensive efforts to reduce injuries to the hamstrings, the injury rate among athletes is increasing. The purpose of this study was to examine fascia and muscle stiffness differences between ten soccer players with a previous biceps femoris long head (BF) injury and thirteen controls. <b>Methods:</b> The shear-wave elastic (SWE) modulus and surface electromyography signal from the semitendinosus (ST) and BF were measured during passive and active knee flexion efforts from 0°, 45°, and 90° knee flexion angles. Anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum isometric strength were also obtained. <b>Results:</b> Analysis of variance showed that the injured group showed significantly greater active (<i>p</i> < 0.05) but similar passive SWE modulus of BF and ST fascia and muscle than the uninjured group. Compared to the non-injured group, injured athletes had lower isometric strength and BF anatomical CSA (<i>p</i> < 0.05) but similar electromyographic activation amplitude (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> The greater fascia stiffness during active submaximal contractions, in comparison to controls, might have an impact on hamstring function in soccer players with BF injuries who returned to play. Injured players may benefit from therapeutic interventions that aim to restore fascia and muscle tissue stiffness.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143467953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucio Caprioli, Amani Najlaoui, Francesca Campoli, Aatheethyaa Dhanasekaran, Saeid Edriss, Cristian Romagnoli, Andrea Zanela, Elvira Padua, Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Giuseppe Annino
{"title":"Tennis Timing Assessment by a Machine Learning-Based Acoustic Detection System: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Lucio Caprioli, Amani Najlaoui, Francesca Campoli, Aatheethyaa Dhanasekaran, Saeid Edriss, Cristian Romagnoli, Andrea Zanela, Elvira Padua, Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Giuseppe Annino","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010047","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> In tennis, timing plays a crucial factor as it influences the technique and effectiveness of strokes and, therefore, matches results. However, traditional technical evaluation methods rely on subjective observations or video motion-tracking technology, mainly focusing on spatial components. This study evaluated the reliability of an acoustic detection system in analyzing key temporal elements of the game, such as the rally rhythm and timing of strokes. <b>Methods:</b> Based on a machine learning algorithm, the proposed acoustic detection system classifies the sound of the ball's impact on the racket and the ground to measure the time between them and give immediate feedback to the player. We performed trials with expert and amateur players in controlled settings. <b>Results:</b> The ML algorithm showed a detection accuracy higher than 95%, while the average accuracy of the whole system that was applied on-court was 85%. Moreover, this system has proven effective in evaluating the technical skills of a group of players on the court and highlighting their areas for improvement, showing significant potential for practical applications in player training and performance analysis. <b>Conclusions:</b> Quantitatively assessing timing offers a new perspective for coaches and players to improve performance and technique, providing objective data to set training regimens and optimize game strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}