Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"Manipulating Resistance Exercise Variables to Improve Jumps, Sprints, and Changes of Direction in Soccer: What We Know and What We Don't Know.","authors":"Sandro Bartolomei, Marco Beato, Giuseppe Coratella","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020145","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present review summarizes the effects of manipulating different resistance exercise variables on jumps, sprints, and changes of direction (CODs) in soccer. Regarding jumps, moderate-to-high loads, full range of movement (ROM), non-failure sets, and a moderate training volume are recommended. Different external resistances like constant-load, flywheel, or elastic bands, as well as various movement velocities and select exercises, are equally effective. As for sprints, moderate-to-high loads, constant load or flywheel but not elastic resistances, movements performed at full ROM, non-failure sets, and moderate-to-high training volume might be more effective, while numerous movement velocities and exercises could be chosen. As for CODs, moderate-to-high loads, flywheel more than constant-load resistance, and a moderate-to-high total number of repetitions are recommended, while several movement velocities and exercises could be selected, though ROM needs investigation. The effectiveness of concentric-only vs. eccentric-only training on jumps, sprints, and CODs has not been investigated, while an external focus and inter-set rest > 2 min are theoretically preferable, albeit not proven. Importantly, high movement velocity is not a prerogative of effectiveness, and limited ROM is not associated with sport-specific patterns such as jumps. Practitioners in soccer may manipulate resistance exercise variables depending on the purpose.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Body-Centering Improves the Effects of Core Stability Training on the Motor Skills in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players.","authors":"Arianna Fogliata, Fioretta Silvestri, Lorenzo Marcelli, Maria Chiara Gallotta, Davide Curzi","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020144","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: During growth, the reduction in motor control makes core stability training essential, especially in sports involving dynamic jumps. Given the limited training time of adolescent athletes, finding strategies to maximize the effects of core stability training is crucial. This study analyzed the effects of incorporating body-centering techniques (a method that involves conscious modulation of intra-abdominal pressure to enhance postural stability during motor gestures) into a core stability training protocol on balance, trunk control, and lower limb explosive strength in adolescent volleyball players. <b>Methods</b>: Forty-four female volleyball athletes (15.6 ± 1.4 years of age) were randomly divided into three experimental groups: G1 = body-centering + core stability training; G2 = core stability training; and G3 = standard conditioning session. The athletes performed 30 min of differentiated intervention training twice a week for 8 weeks. Balance ability (Berg Balance Scale-BBS and Stork balance stand test-SBST), trunk control (Trunk Control test-TCT), and lower limb explosive strength (broad jump-BJ, squat jump-SJ, and drop jump-DJ) were assessed at the beginning (T0) and the end (T1) of the intervention period, and 12 weeks later (T2). <b>Results</b>: Data showed a significant improvement of BBS, SBST, DJ (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and TCT (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in G1 and G2 at T1 compared to T0, which persisted until T2 except for DJ in both groups. SJ improved only in G1 at T1 compared to T0 (<i>p</i> = 0.016). G1 showed a higher rate of improvement in SBST (T1: +18.2%; T2: +16.8%) and in DJ (T1: +3%) compared to G2 (SBST T1: +7.6%, T2: +5.2%; DJ: +2.5%). In addition, only G1 showed a significant improvement rate in BBS score (+2.2%) compared to G3 (+0.4%) at T1. <b>Conclusions</b>: These results suggested that core training improves balance, trunk control, and explosive strength in young volleyball athletes with and without body-centering. However, integrating body-centering into core exercises leads to better balance and jumping power than core stability training alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of a High-Altitude Expedition on the Physical Performance and Nutritional Indices of Health Status of Alpinists.","authors":"Ewa Karpęcka-Gałka, Marek Bawelski, Aleksandra Pięta, Paulina Mazur-Kurach, Paweł Pięta, Barbara Frączek","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020143","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The aim of the study was to determine the effect a mountain expedition (>3000 m) would have on the physical performance and nutritional indices of alpinists' health status. <b>Methods:</b> The study included 17 men aged 30.29 ± 5.8 years participating in mountain expeditions to peaks of 5000-8000 m, lasting an average of 34 ± 6 days. The following were assessed: aerobic and anaerobic capacity, body composition and the values of selected biochemical and hematological indices of blood and urine before and after returning from the expeditions and a quantitative analysis of the alpinists' diet. <b>Results:</b> There was a statistically significant decrease (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, subjects' body mass, muscle mass and the lean body mass of the upper and lower extremities. There was a significant increase (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes and a significant decrease (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total bilirubin, albumin and total protein. A small percentage of the subjects met the requirements for iron (29.41%), folate (35.29%) and vitamin D (17.65%) supply with diet, as reflected in the blood test results. <b>Conclusions:</b> Despite the observed positive effect of three-week hypoxic exposure on the climbers' health, the deterioration of aerobic and anaerobic capacity was shown, which, in addition to environmental conditions and systemic inflammation, may have been influenced by adverse changes in body composition. To improve the nutritional status of the body during the expedition and upon return, alpinists should consider including the necessary supplementation of deficient components.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Relationship Between Resilience, Mental Health and Fitness Outcomes in Firefighters.","authors":"Daniel R Greene, A Maleah Holland-Winkler, Austin A Kohler, William R Kinnaird","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020142","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Firefighters have an increased risk of both mental and physical health conditions due to experiencing various forms of extreme stress regularly. High levels of resiliency may help firefighters overcome stressful situations and promote better mental and physical health. <b>Objectives</b>: The primary aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between resilience and other psychological variables. The secondary aim was to determine the relationship between psychological variables and firefighter fitness outcomes. <b>Methods</b>: Participants included 79 full-time male firefighters with a mean age of 35.9. They completed the following psychological questionnaires in this order: PTSD checklist for DSM-5, Dispositional Resilience Scale 15-item, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults and Beck Depression Inventory. They completed the following fitness tests in this order: maximum number of push-ups in two minutes, maximum time holding a plank and minimum time completing running and/or walking 1.5 miles. <b>Results</b>: Resilience was correlated with and predicted significant variance in depression, trait anxiety, state anxiety and PTSD symptoms in firefighters (all <i>p</i>'s < 0.025). Further, all psychological variables were significantly correlated with and predictive of each other. However, only scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were associated with push-ups completed (<i>p</i> = 0.014). No other psychological variable was related to fitness outcomes in firefighters. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study demonstrated resilience was significantly related to anxiety, depressive symptoms and PSTD symptoms in firefighters but not fitness outcomes. This highlights the protective effects of resilience on mental health, but future work needs to explore other psychological mechanisms to predict physiological performance variables in firefighters.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic and Kinetic Gait Principal Component Domains in Older Adults With and Without Functional Disability: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Juliana Moreira, Bruno Cunha, José Félix, Rubim Santos, Andreia S P Sousa","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020140","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Gait kinematic and kinetic changes have been identified in older adults, highlighting the need to explore the principal age-related components and how these are associated with functional disability. This study aims to perform a factor analysis, including gait kinematic and kinetic parameters in older adults to establish determinant gait domains. Additionally, this study aims to identify which domains differentiate those without and with functional disability. <b>Methods</b>: Through a cross-sectional design, older adults aged 60 and over (n = 35 without and n = 25 with functional disability) were analyzed during overground gait. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine principal components from gait parameters previously demonstrated to express age-related effects (spatiotemporal parameters, sagittal ankle moment and power, ground reaction forces peak, and tridimensional lower limb joints range of motion and positions at heel strike and toe-off). <b>Results</b>: <i>Pace</i>, <i>variability</i>, <i>propulsion</i>, <i>hip and knee control</i>, <i>transverse ankle control</i>, <i>asymmetry</i>, <i>sagittal ankle control</i>, <i>frontal ankle</i> control, <i>frontal hip control</i>, and <i>pre-swing control</i> domains explained 83.90% of the total gait variance in older adults. <i>pace</i> and <i>frontal hip control</i> distinguished individuals with disabilities. <b>Conclusions</b>: PCA identified ten gait domains in older adults. <i>Pace</i> and <i>frontal hip control</i> distinguished disabilities, revealing cautious walking patterns and weaker hip abductor strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More than Just Type 1 or Type 2: Radiologically and Anatomically Refined Lunate Classification Correlating Ulnar Carpal Alignment and Hamate-Lunate Osteoarthrosis.","authors":"Wolfram Demmer, Lia K Fialka, Jens Waschke, Irene Mesas Aranda, Elisabeth Haas-Lützenberger, Riccardo Giunta, Paul Reidler","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020141","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Hamate-lunate impingement or osteoarthritis can be a cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. In the literature, the lunate has commonly been classified according to the configuration of its distal articular surface into type 1 and type 2, as described by Viegas. A type 1 lunate possesses only a distal articular surface for the capitate, while a type 2 lunate shows an additional medial facet articulating directly with the hamate. Type 2 lunates have been identified as a risk factor for ulnar-sided wrist pain and the development of osteoarthritis in the midcarpal wrist. However, this does not sufficiently explain all arthritic changes between the hamate and lunate. <b>Methods:</b> In this prospective anatomical-radiological cadaver study, 60 wrists were examined. The midcarpal articulation was documented using conventional X-ray, CT arthrography, and anatomical dissection. The study specifically analyzed the positioning of the lunate relative to the hamate apex and its association with the development of hamate-lunate osteoarthritis. For this purpose, the classification by Viegas was refined. Based on posterior-anterior (p.a.) X-ray examinations of the wrist lunates were divided into type 1a, type 1b, and type 2. The type 1a lunate articulates only with the capitate in the midcarpal joint. The type 1b lunate also articulates only with the capitate; however, medially, the apex of the hamate protrudes beyond a Differentiation Line (D-line), which extends from the radial border of the trapezium or the ulnar border of the lunotriquetral (LT) space, without forming a facet with the lunate. A type 2 lunate articulates distally with the capitate and has an additional medial facet with the hamate. <b>Results:</b> Osteoarthritis between the hamate and lunate was observed in both Viegas type 1 and type 2 lunates. According to our refined lunate classification, both in situ and radiologically, type 1b and type 2 lunates showed a substantially higher prevalence and severity of hamate-lunate osteoarthritis compared to type 1a lunates. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of hamate-lunate osteoarthritis between type 1b and type 2 lunates. <b>Conclusions:</b> Assessing lunate type and signs of osteoarthritis is essential when evaluating patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain. Our study demonstrates that osteoarthritis in Viegas type 1 lunate is influenced by the position of the hamate apex relative to the D-line. The refined lunate classification, based on correlated radiological and anatomical studies of the wrist, provides a straightforward method for identifying a potential cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain on p.a. X-rays. This classification can help guide further diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, such as wrist arthroscopy with possible resection of the hamate apex.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rank-Based Psychological Characteristics in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes: Mental Strength, Resilience, Grit, Self-Efficacy, Self-Control, Aggression, Life Satisfaction, and Mental Health.","authors":"Leandro de Lorenco-Lima, Stacey A Gaines, Elisabeth M Waterbury","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brazilian jiu-jitsu engagement has been found to positively impact psychological variables in children, adolescents, and adult athletes. Psychological variabilities have previously been shown among belt ranks in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. <b>Background/Objectives:</b> This study aimed to explore the differences in mental strength, resilience, grit, self-efficacy, self-control, aggression, life satisfaction, and mental health disorders among the Brazilian jiu-jitsu belt ranks. <b>Methods:</b> A sample of 420 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (78.8% male), including 121 white belts, 118 blue belts, 78 purple belts, 46 brown belts, and 57 black belts, between 18 and 60 years of age, completed the Mental Strength Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, Grit Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale, Brief Aggression Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Mental Health Disorders Screening Instrument for Athletes. <b>Results:</b> Results showed that Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belts presented significantly higher mental strength, resilience, self-efficacy, self-control, life satisfaction, and lower mental health disorders than white belts. No significant differences were found between white and black belts in aggression (total, physical aggression, anger, verbal aggression, and hostility). Brazilian jiu-jitsu training experience positively correlated (small effect) with mental strength, resilience, grit, self-efficacy, self-control, physical and verbal aggression, and life satisfaction. <b>Conclusions:</b> In conclusion, the results are suggestive that Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belts are generally more likely to present higher mental strength, resilience, grit, self-efficacy, self-control, life satisfaction, and better mental health than white belts, with no differences in aggression. More experienced Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes were more likely to present higher mental strength, resilience, grit, self-efficacy, self-control, physical and verbal aggression, and life satisfaction than less experienced athletes. Future studies are encouraged to investigate whether the effects found in the current study would remain after controlling for the athlete's age.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Jump Capacity and Elastic Index in Table Tennis Players.","authors":"Jon Mikel Picabea-Arburu, Eñaut Ozaeta-Beaskoetxea","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020099","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Aims:</b> Table tennis performance is influenced by various factors such as technique, tactics, and fitness. Additionally, many shots are executed at high speeds, developing significant levels of explosive strength in the lower extremities. This study aimed to assess the jump capacity and the elasticity index of the lower limbs among young table tennis players based on sex. Additionally, this study assessed leg asymmetries between the dominant and non-dominant limbs during jump tests. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 40 players (20 boys and 20 girls), aged 16-18 years, participated in the study. Vertical countermovement jump, squat jump, and horizontal jump tests were conducted to evaluate both vertical and horizontal jumping capacities, as well as leg asymmetries between the dominant and non-dominant limbs. <b>Results:</b> Differences were observed in both vertical and horizontal jumps, with male players achieving better results in all jumping capacities. However, female players obtained better values in elastic index. Additionally, significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant legs in both male and female players. <b>Conclusions:</b> Considering that explosive strength is one of the most essential physical capacities in this sport, this information could prove valuable for talent identification, the design of training programs, and the optimization of physical performance monitoring systems in table tennis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromuscular Control Deficits After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Pilot Study Using Single-Leg Functional Tests and Electromyography.","authors":"Ayrton Moiroux-Sahraoui, Jean Mazeas, Maxime Gold, Georgios Kakavas, Florian Forelli","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010098","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> This study aimed to evaluate neuromuscular control and muscle activation patterns in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, compared to healthy controls. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted following STROBE guidelines, including 16 participants (ACL group: n = 9; control group: n = 7). Participants performed the single-leg squat (SLS) test and the single-leg drop landing (SLDL) test. Neuromuscular control was assessed using the Qualitative Analysis of Single-Leg Loading Score (QASLS), while gluteus medius and vastus medialis activation were recorded using surface electromyography. <b>Results</b>: The ACL group showed significantly higher QASLSs in the SLS test (<i>p</i> = 0.0113), indicating poorer movement quality, while no difference was found in the SLDL test (<i>p</i> = 0.5484). Gluteus medius activation was lower in the ACL group during the SLS test (<i>p</i> = 0.0564), and vastus medialis activation was higher but not significantly different (<i>p</i> = 0.095). <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight persistent neuromuscular deficits post-ACL-reconstruction, particularly in SLS tasks, reinforcing the need for targeted rehabilitation strategies focusing on hip stabilization and quadriceps motor control to optimize movement quality and reduce reinjury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach.","authors":"Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles, Augusto Gil Pascoal","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10010097","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10010097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. <b>Objectives</b>: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external resistance conditions. <b>Methods</b>: The three-dimensional shoulder and trunk kinematics of 19 male participants were captured at 15-degree intervals, from 30 to 120 degrees, during the overhead squat movement and analyzed by phase. <b>Results</b>: Scapular posterior tilt was significantly affected by resistance during the UNLOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.005, η²ₚ = 0.26). Significant resistance-by-arm elevation interactions were found for scapular upward rotation during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η²ₚ = 0.19) and UNLOAD phase <i>(p <</i> 0.001, η²ₚ = 0.24); for scapular internal rotation during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> < 0.001, η²ₚ = 0.37) and UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η² = 0.19); and for scapular posterior tilt during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η²ₚ = 0.26) and the UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η²ₚ = 0.21). Trunk flexion/extension showed a significant effect on resistance during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.008, η²ₚ = 0.24). <b>Conclusions</b>: Increasing resistance through elastic resistance significantly improves scapular kinematics via the trunk during arm elevation. This underscores the potential of the overhead squat movement as a valuable tool for assessing and treating scapular and trunk dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}