Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"Differences in the Relative External Load Demands of Pre-Competitive Warm-Ups and Official Matches in Semi-Professional Football Players: A Pilot Study Considering Specific Positions.","authors":"José María Escudero-Ferrer, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Konstantinos Spyrou, Pedro E Alcaraz, Javier Raya-González","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020182","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> A pre-competition warm-up is considered a key strategy for optimising physical preparedness and potentially reducing injury risks in football. Programmes such as FIFA 11+ have demonstrated efficacy in this regard. Its effectiveness depends on alignment with match demands. This study compares the relative external load demands of warm-ups and matches in semi-professional football players, focusing on positional differences. <b>Objective</b>: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether warm-ups adequately prepare players for match demands and to explore positional variations. <b>Methods:</b> This is a retrospective study that analysed 19 semi-professional male players during the 2023/2024 season. External load demands (m/min) were measured using a GPS, covering the total distance (TD), speed zones (DZ1-DZ5), accelerations (ACCs), and decelerations (DECs). Paired <i>t</i>-tests and effect size calculations compared team-wide and position-specific demands. <b>Results</b>: Match demands significantly exceeded warm-up demands across all distance-related variables, except for DZ1 (67.06 vs. 66.40 m/min for warm-ups and games, respectively). The greatest differences were observed in TD (80.73 vs. 107.12 m/min; -26.39%) and DZ2-DZ3 (-17.42 and -4.89%, respectively). A positional analysis revealed that concerning DZ1, midfielders covered more distance during competitions (67.62 vs. 65.04 m/min; -2.58%), while full-backs covered more during the pre-competition warm-up (69.01 vs. 66.86 m/min; 2.14%). Additionally, midfielders, wingers, and forwards experienced higher match demands in DECs (1.04; 1.12, and 1.18 nº/min; range = 0.23-3.13%), whereas central defenders showed higher values during the pre-competition warm-up (1.14 nº/min; 0.13%). No significant differences were found for ACCs across any position; however, central defenders showed higher nº ACCs during warm-up (1.04 vs. 0.97 nº/min). <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings enable clubs and coaches to redesign their warm-up protocols to align as closely as possible with the demands of matches, particularly in high-speed zones, to enhance readiness, thereby increasing the effectiveness of warm-ups in football competitions. Additionally, this approach allows for the individualisation of warm-up routines based on the player's specific position.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program.","authors":"Valentina Zerbini, Tommaso Piva, Andrea Raisi, Erica Menegatti, Gianni Mazzoni, Giovanni Grazzi, Simona Mandini","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020181","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: This study aimed to investigate associations between walking speed (WS) and mortality among cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes. <b>Methods</b>: Of the 3328 patients included in the ITER registry between 1998 and 2023, 490 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (mean age 67 ± 9 years) were categorized into tertiles based on WS measured at baseline. Walking speed was measured using the 1 km treadmill walking test (1km-TWT). Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between WS and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, adjusting for demographic and clinical confounders. <b>Results</b>: The results showed a significative inverse association between WS and mortality. A total of 205 patients died over a median follow-up of 11 years. Patients with a higher baseline WS reported a lower mortality risk compared to slow walkers. A similar magnitude was confirmed by the sensitivity analysis excluding people who died in the first three years. <b>Conclusions</b>: The 1km-TWT is an effective predictor of mortality among cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes and a valuable educational tool for exercise-based interventions in secondary prevention. These findings highlight the efficacy of exercise-based programs to improve physical function and reduce mortality risk, underscoring the importance of promoting exercise as part of long-term cardiovascular disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Great Offset Loading Influences Core and Bench Press Peak Prime Mover's Activity in Trained Athletes.","authors":"Bernat Buscà, Jordi Arboix-Alió, Clàudia Baraut, Adrià Arboix, Joan Aguilera-Castells","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020180","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: This study aimed to compare the acute responses of the muscular activity of primary movers during bench press execution under asymmetric loads (25%, 50%, and 75%). <b>Methods</b>: The study included 30 resistance-trained males (n = 25, age = 22.73 ± 3.44 years, height= 1.77 ± 0.06 m, body mass= 76.77 ± 9.28 kg) and females (n = 5, age = 22.5 ± 1.19 years, height = 1.63 ± 0.04 m, body mass = 56.78 ± 2.90 kg). We assessed the two portions of the dominant pectoralis major, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and both external oblique peak activities (sEMG) during concentric and eccentric phases. We performed a repeated-measures design to establish the differences between muscle activity, barbell center of mass acceleration, and OMNI-Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Exercise (OMNI-RES) in a bench press under seven different conditions. <b>Results</b>: The linear mixed model showed a significant fixed effect for exercise condition for muscles (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the concentric and eccentric phases. We found significantly higher clavicularis (<i>d</i> = 0.54; <i>d</i> = 1.15) and sternalis (<i>d</i> = 0.38; <i>d</i> = 0.86) pectoralis major activation of the dominant side under high (50% and 75%), non-dominant-side, de-loaded conditions in the eccentric phase (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with large effects. Contralateral core muscles (external oblique) of the dominant and non-dominant sides were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001) highly activated under all asymmetric conditions in the concentric phase (from <i>d</i> = 0.89 to <i>d</i> = 2.30). <b>Conclusions</b>: The asymmetric load bench press provoked a higher pectoralis major activation on the loaded side when de-loading the other side. The contralateral external oblique doubles the muscle activity in the most asymmetric conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Exercise Modalities on Upper Extremity Spasticity in an Adult with Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Report.","authors":"Juntack Oh, Michele Aquino","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020177","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Spasticity, a hallmark of quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP), severely impacts mobility and quality of life. While exercise is known to enhance fitness and motor function in individuals with CP, its specific efficacy in reducing upper extremity spasticity remains insufficiently studied. This research investigated the effects of weight-resistance exercise (RE), hand cycle bike exercise (BE), and aquatic exercise (AE) on upper extremity spasticity in an adult with quadriplegic CP. <b>Method:</b> The participant was a 35-year-old individual with quadriplegic spastic CP, presenting severe spasticity in the right upper extremity and lower limbs, and milder left arm involvement. Dependent on a power wheelchair, they were cognitively intact, college-educated, and had participated in a community exercise program for five years. Over nine weeks, the participant completed 18 sessions-6 per modality of RE, BE, and AE-with each session held twice weekly for 50 min. Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) before and after sessions, with comprehensive pre- and post-intervention evaluations. <b>Result:</b> Total MAS scores decreased significantly from 2.76 to 2.33 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). AE yielded the largest reduction (2.81 to 2.10), followed by BE (2.75 to 2.36) and RE (2.72 to 2.54). ANOVA confirmed AE's superior efficacy (F(2,15) = 27.20, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ηp² = 0.78), with a 0.33 reduction overall. <b>Conclusions:</b> AE was most effective, likely due to buoyancy, followed by BE, with RE showing the least impact. These findings highlight aquatic interventions as promising for spasticity management in CP, necessitating further longitudinal, multi-participant research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myoelectric Activity of the Peroneal Muscles Following Lateral Ankle Sprain: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.","authors":"Oriol Casasayas-Cos, Noé Labata-Lezaun, Albert Pérez-Bellmunt, Carlos López-de-Celis, Johke Smit, Xavier Marimon-Serra, Ramón Aiguadé-Aiguadé, Joaquín Sanahuja-Diez-Caballero, Max Canet-Vintró, Luis Llurda-Almuzara","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020179","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Lateral ankle sprains can result in adverse outcomes, including reinjuries or chronic ankle instability. The peroneal musculature plays a key role in stabilizing the ankle and preventing sudden ankle inversions that may lead to sprains. <b>Objective</b>: The purpose of the study is to investigate (1) inter-limb differences in peroneal myoelectrical activity in athletes with a history of ankle sprain during the past six months and (2) to investigate peroneal myoelectrical activity differences between athletes with and without a history of ankle sprain. <b>Methods</b>: Sixty-seven athletes (53% females, 46.3% males) were included in this observational cross-sectional study. Self-reported data regarding history of ankle sprain were collected. The peroneal myoelectrical activity was obtained during (1) isometric ankle eversion, (2) dynamic ankle eversions, (3) single leg squat, (4) unilateral and (5) bilateral drop jump test, (6) sprint, and (7) change of direction. <b>Results</b>: No significant differences in peroneal myoelectrical activity were observed between individuals with (n = 46) and without (n = 21) a history of ankle sprain in the past six months (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Additionally, no significant inter-limb differences were found within the previous ankle sprain group (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <b>Conclusions</b>: This study found no significant inter-limb differences in peroneal muscle activity among athletes with a history of ankle sprain during the past six months. Moreover, no differences were observed between athletes with and without a history of ankle sprain. This study has certain limitations, including the lack of data regarding the timing and severity of the ankle sprain, as well as the duration and specific characteristics of the rehabilitation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition Changes in a Five-Time Olympic Champion in Greco-Roman Wrestling: A Longitudinal Case Study Towards the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.","authors":"Wiliam Carvajal-Veitía, Carlos Abraham Herrera-Amante, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Vladimir Gainza-Pérez, Yanell Deturnell-Campos, Carlos Cristi-Montero, Guillermo Cortés-Roco, César Octavio Ramos-García","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020176","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: This case study examines the anthropometric characteristics and body composition changes of a 41-year-old Cuban Greco-Roman 130 kg wrestler, a five-time Olympic gold medalist (2008-2024). To optimize his preparation for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, another athlete participated in the qualifying process, allowing him to train without competition gear. <b>Methods</b>: The study monitored changes in body composition using anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at three key time points in 2024: January, June, and July. The final assessment occurred 25 days before the Olympic event, coinciding with the final phase of his preparation. <b>Results</b>: The analysis revealed a significant reduction in total body mass, from 150 kg in January to 138.5 kg in July, with fat mass decreasing from 37.06 kg (24.11%) to 29.7 kg (21.5%). Muscle mass decreased slightly (77.41 kg to 72.3 kg), while bone mass remained stable. The somatotype classification was endomorphic-mesomorphic at all assessments, with slight shifts in its components (4.6-10.4-0.1 in January to 4.4-10.3-0.1 in July), reflecting an improved muscle-fat ratio. Notably, hydration levels and cellular integrity remained stable, as indicated by BIVA analysis. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study provides insight into the anthropometric characteristics and body composition of an elite Greco-Roman wrestler, as well as the changes observed during his preparation for his final Olympic participation. These data serve as a valuable reference for wrestlers and sports professionals, highlighting the physical profile of one of the most emblematic figures in Olympic history.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Transducer Placement on Load-Velocity Relationships in Smith Machine and Free Weight Squats in Trained Women.","authors":"Athanasios Tsoukos, Gregory C Bogdanis","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020178","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: We examined the effects of linear position transducer placement during Smith machine (SM) and free weight (FW) full squats on the mean velocity and the load-velocity relationship in trained women. In addition, we examined the relationship between the load-velocity characteristics and jump performance, to determine which testing approach is more appropriate for both the testing and transfer of training effects. <b>Methods</b>: Eleven trained women were assessed for 1-RM in FW and SM full back squats. Linear position transducers (LPTs) were attached to the barbell (BAR) and to the belt (BELT) during FW and SM full back squats. The mean velocity was measured across progressively increasing loads (30-100%). The load-velocity relationships were modeled using linear regression, and the velocity values, as well as the load-velocity parameters, were compared across all conditions (SM BAR, SM BELT, FW BAR, and FW BELT). Squat jump, countermovement jump, and drop jump performance were also assessed using an optical measurement system. <b>Results</b>: In SM compared to FW, 1-RM was higher (92.9 ± 16.2 kg vs. 85.1 ± 14.5 kg, <i>p</i> < 0.05, d = 0.53). A strong agreement was observed between the FW BAR and FW BELT (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient CCC = 0.96-0.99), as well as between the SM BAR and FW BAR (CCC = 0.95-0.97) at low-to-moderate intensities (30-70% 1-RM), suggesting that these conditions can be used interchangeably. However, the SM BELT systematically showed lower mean velocity values at 30-80% 1-RM and exhibited low agreement across all other conditions. In contrast, the FW BELT mean velocity was lower than that of the FW BAR and SM BAR only at higher intensities (>80% 1-RM). V0 and mean velocities at low-to-moderate loads (30-70% 1-RM) showed strong correlations with all jump types, with relationships gradually weakening as the load increased (r = 0.63-0.93, <i>p</i> < 0.05). The highest correlations were observed in the SM BAR and FW BELT conditions. Lastly, the relative strength demonstrated a consistent relationship with squat jump and drop jump performance exclusively in the FW condition (r = 0.71 and 0.72, <i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Conclusions</b>: The FW BAR and FW BELT showed strong agreement at submaximal loads and may be used interchangeably, while the SM BELT showed a lower mean velocity and low agreement with other conditions. The load-velocity relationship parameters and mean velocity at low-to-moderate loads correlated strongly with the jump performance. Coaches and practitioners can use bar-mounted and belt-mounted LPTs interchangeably during FW squats for velocity-based training at submaximal intensities when working with trained women. Additionally, tracking the mean velocity at low-to-moderate loads provides valuable insights into lower-body explosive performance, supporting more precise and individualized training prescriptions and performance monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Perceived Fitness in Young Athletes: Associations with Anthropometric Markers and Lipid Profile as Cardiometabolic Risk Factors-COR-SCHOOL Study.","authors":"Alvaro Pano-Rodriguez, Saül Aixa-Requena, Abraham Batalla-Gavaldà, Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido, Isaac López-Laval, Vicenç Hernández-González, Carme Jové-Deltell, Enric Conesa-Milian, Joaquin Reverter-Masia","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020175","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: This study analyzed the relationship between self-perceived physical fitness and anthropometric and biochemical variables in young athletes from extracurricular sports programs in northeastern Spain. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 673 young athletes. Data collection included self-reported physical fitness and objective anthropometric and biochemical measurements. The analysis explored associations between perceived fitness dimensions and physical/biochemical variables, with attention to sex differences. <b>Results</b>: Fat mass showed significant inverse associations with all perceived fitness dimensions: general fitness (OR = 0.62, 95% CI [0.41, 0.94]), cardiorespiratory fitness (OR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.37, 0.83]), muscular strength (OR = 0.61, 95% CI [0.41, 0.91]), speed/agility (OR = 0.59, 95% CI [0.39, 0.88]), and flexibility (OR = 0.57, 95% CI [0.39, 0.84]). Higher fat mass was consistently linked to lower perceived fitness. HDL levels were positively associated with general (OR = 1.40, 95% CI [1.13, 1.74]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (OR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.07, 1.62]), while LDL levels showed no significant effect (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Sex differences emerged for general fitness (OR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.33, 0.82]) and flexibility (OR = 0.51, 95% CI [0.33, 0.78]), favoring boys, but no differences were found for cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, or speed/agility (<i>p</i> > 0.05). This suggests that shared athletic environments may reduce typical sex-based disparities. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our findings emphasize the importance of considering both anthropometric and biochemical variables when evaluating perceived fitness in youth athletes. Regular athletic engagement may buffer sex-based differences in fitness perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test-Retest Reliability of Cervical Strength Testing Protocols with Handheld Dynamometer in Prepubertal and Pubertal Untrained Boys.","authors":"Christos Batatolis, Konstantina Karatrantou, Theodora Vasilopoulou, Konstantina Chanou, Nikolaos Tsiakaras, Vassilis Gerodimos","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020173","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The cervical spine plays an important role in several daily activities of children and adolescents, and thus, its evaluation using reliable protocols is of crucial importance. This study examined the test-retest reliability of cervical strength protocols using indices of absolute (standard error of measurement-SEM and 95% limits of agreement-LOA) and relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient-ICC). <b>Methods</b>: Twenty prepubertal (9.10 ± 0.61 years old) and twenty pubertal boys (13.6 ± 0.6 years old) participated in two assessment sessions separated by 48 h. During both sessions, maximal isometric strength (forward flexion, extension, and right-left lateral flexion) was assessed using a handheld dynamometer, and then, the cervical flexion-to-extension ratio (cervical_F/E ratio) was calculated. <b>Results</b>: According to our data analysis, good absolute and relative reliability was denoted for prepubertal boys in all cervical movements (ICC = 0.81-0.90; SEM% = 5.82-8.62); conversely, pubertal boys denoted high relative and absolute reliability in all directions of movements (ICC = 0.90-0.96; SEM% = 3.8-5.5). The cervical_F/E ratio showed moderate reliability in prepubertal (ICC = 0.71; SEM% = 9.11) and pubertal boys (ICC = 0.78; SEM% = 7). <b>Conclusions</b>: In conclusion, the isometric strength of cervical muscles, using a handheld dynamometer, showed acceptable reliability in prepubertal and pubertal boys; however, prepubertal boys demonstrated slightly lower reliability. Additionally, the assessment of the cervical _F/E ratio should be interpreted with caution. However, it would be important to carry out future studies to strengthen the findings of the present study.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Incidence of Sport-Related Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: An Overview of Systematic Reviews Including 51 Meta-Analyses.","authors":"Javier Martinez-Calderon, Marta Infante-Cano, Javier Matias-Soto, Veronica Perez-Cabezas, Alejandro Galan-Mercant, Cristina Garcia-Muñoz","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020174","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfmk10020174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The number of systematic reviews evaluating the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in sports is increasing. To synthesize pooled incidence and prevalence rates of sport-related ACL injuries based on published systematic reviews with meta-analyses. <b>Methods:</b> An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis was conducted. The CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to 17 October 2023. AMSTAR 2 was used to assess the methodological quality of reviews. The degree of overlap between reviews was calculated when possible. <b>Results:</b> Seven systematic reviews including 51 meta-analyses of interest were included. The prevalence of ACL injuries was not meta-analyzed. Meta-analyses mainly showed that ACL injuries may have a high incidence in American football, basketball, European football/soccer, and volleyball, among other sports. In addition, ACL injuries may have a higher incidence in females than males in some sports. For example, the pooled incidence rates of ACL injuries in basketball ranged from 0.091 (95%CI, 0.074-0.111) to 0.110 (95%CI, 0.094-0.128) among female athletes, whereas this incidence ranged from 0.024 (95%CI, 0.016-0.034) to 0.027 (95%CI, 0.019-0.035) among male athletes. <b>Conclusions:</b> Sport-related ACL injuries may have a high incidence in sports such as American football, basketball, European football/soccer, or volleyball and show differences between sexes. Therefore, a sex-specific prevention of these injuries may be needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}