Differences in the Relative External Load Demands of Pre-Competitive Warm-Ups and Official Matches in Semi-Professional Football Players: A Pilot Study Considering Specific Positions.
José María Escudero-Ferrer, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Konstantinos Spyrou, Pedro E Alcaraz, Javier Raya-González
{"title":"Differences in the Relative External Load Demands of Pre-Competitive Warm-Ups and Official Matches in Semi-Professional Football Players: A Pilot Study Considering Specific Positions.","authors":"José María Escudero-Ferrer, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Konstantinos Spyrou, Pedro E Alcaraz, Javier Raya-González","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10020182","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> A pre-competition warm-up is considered a key strategy for optimising physical preparedness and potentially reducing injury risks in football. Programmes such as FIFA 11+ have demonstrated efficacy in this regard. Its effectiveness depends on alignment with match demands. This study compares the relative external load demands of warm-ups and matches in semi-professional football players, focusing on positional differences. <b>Objective</b>: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether warm-ups adequately prepare players for match demands and to explore positional variations. <b>Methods:</b> This is a retrospective study that analysed 19 semi-professional male players during the 2023/2024 season. External load demands (m/min) were measured using a GPS, covering the total distance (TD), speed zones (DZ1-DZ5), accelerations (ACCs), and decelerations (DECs). Paired <i>t</i>-tests and effect size calculations compared team-wide and position-specific demands. <b>Results</b>: Match demands significantly exceeded warm-up demands across all distance-related variables, except for DZ1 (67.06 vs. 66.40 m/min for warm-ups and games, respectively). The greatest differences were observed in TD (80.73 vs. 107.12 m/min; -26.39%) and DZ2-DZ3 (-17.42 and -4.89%, respectively). A positional analysis revealed that concerning DZ1, midfielders covered more distance during competitions (67.62 vs. 65.04 m/min; -2.58%), while full-backs covered more during the pre-competition warm-up (69.01 vs. 66.86 m/min; 2.14%). Additionally, midfielders, wingers, and forwards experienced higher match demands in DECs (1.04; 1.12, and 1.18 nº/min; range = 0.23-3.13%), whereas central defenders showed higher values during the pre-competition warm-up (1.14 nº/min; 0.13%). No significant differences were found for ACCs across any position; however, central defenders showed higher nº ACCs during warm-up (1.04 vs. 0.97 nº/min). <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings enable clubs and coaches to redesign their warm-up protocols to align as closely as possible with the demands of matches, particularly in high-speed zones, to enhance readiness, thereby increasing the effectiveness of warm-ups in football competitions. Additionally, this approach allows for the individualisation of warm-up routines based on the player's specific position.</p>","PeriodicalId":16052,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101154/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020182","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: A pre-competition warm-up is considered a key strategy for optimising physical preparedness and potentially reducing injury risks in football. Programmes such as FIFA 11+ have demonstrated efficacy in this regard. Its effectiveness depends on alignment with match demands. This study compares the relative external load demands of warm-ups and matches in semi-professional football players, focusing on positional differences. Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether warm-ups adequately prepare players for match demands and to explore positional variations. Methods: This is a retrospective study that analysed 19 semi-professional male players during the 2023/2024 season. External load demands (m/min) were measured using a GPS, covering the total distance (TD), speed zones (DZ1-DZ5), accelerations (ACCs), and decelerations (DECs). Paired t-tests and effect size calculations compared team-wide and position-specific demands. Results: Match demands significantly exceeded warm-up demands across all distance-related variables, except for DZ1 (67.06 vs. 66.40 m/min for warm-ups and games, respectively). The greatest differences were observed in TD (80.73 vs. 107.12 m/min; -26.39%) and DZ2-DZ3 (-17.42 and -4.89%, respectively). A positional analysis revealed that concerning DZ1, midfielders covered more distance during competitions (67.62 vs. 65.04 m/min; -2.58%), while full-backs covered more during the pre-competition warm-up (69.01 vs. 66.86 m/min; 2.14%). Additionally, midfielders, wingers, and forwards experienced higher match demands in DECs (1.04; 1.12, and 1.18 nº/min; range = 0.23-3.13%), whereas central defenders showed higher values during the pre-competition warm-up (1.14 nº/min; 0.13%). No significant differences were found for ACCs across any position; however, central defenders showed higher nº ACCs during warm-up (1.04 vs. 0.97 nº/min). Conclusions: These findings enable clubs and coaches to redesign their warm-up protocols to align as closely as possible with the demands of matches, particularly in high-speed zones, to enhance readiness, thereby increasing the effectiveness of warm-ups in football competitions. Additionally, this approach allows for the individualisation of warm-up routines based on the player's specific position.