Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Modeling Across Scales of Heavy Precipitation With a Global Variable-Resolution Model: A Case Study of a Catastrophic Event in China","authors":"Mingyue Xu,&nbsp;Chun Zhao,&nbsp;Gudongze Li,&nbsp;Jun Gu,&nbsp;Jiawang Feng,&nbsp;Ziyu Zhang,&nbsp;Jianping Guo","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041180","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An unprecedented heavy rainfall event in China (“21.7” extreme rainfall event) was simulated using the global variable-resolution model (MPAS-Atmosphere) across the scales (4, 8, 16 and 50 km). Although almost all experiments at different resolutions reproduce the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation, the simulated precipitation intensity from high to low is 16, 8, 50, and 4 km, with the 16 km simulation being closest to the observations. Precipitation magnitude is prominently influenced by the difference in simulated large-scale circulation across a range of grid spacings. Further analysis revealed that the differences in latent heating across scales affect the geopotential height and wind field by altering temperature. The latent heating in 4 km simulation is the minimum while the 16 km simulation is maximum. More latent heating release leads to the low-level pressure depression, amplifies the water vapor flux convergence, produces stronger upward motion and more clouds, and ultimately results in stronger precipitation. The sensitivity experiments for turning off latent heating tendencies during the event showed that the latent heat release has positive feedback on the “21.7” heavy rainfall event. This study highlights the importance of scale-awareness of latent heat at different resolutions and suggests that the difference in simulated latent heat release during the event is the main reason for simulated different atmospheric circulation and precipitation across scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic Organic Carbon Could Contribute to the Unexplained Optical Measurements of Fresh Soot","authors":"Jie Luo,&nbsp;Miao Hu,&nbsp;Qixing Zhang,&nbsp;Congcong Li,&nbsp;Jia Liu,&nbsp;Hao He,&nbsp;Kaitao Li,&nbsp;Yuping Sun","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041457","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous modeling studies have not properly explained the measured mass absorption cross section (MAC) at 550 nm, the linear backscattering depolarization ratio (LDR) at 355 and 532 nm, and the scattering matrix of soot at 532 nm. In this work, we attempt to use a black carbon (BC) model with an intrinsic organic carbon (OC) coating to explain the large MAC, large LDR, and measured scattering matrix. Our results show that the bare fractal BC model is not able to explain MAC, LDR, and scattering matrix simultaneously and that the modeling values do not cover the measurement range. This study shows that the modeled LDR and scattering matrix can cover the measurement range if we constrain the MAC of the BC in the measurement range by the intrinsic OC coating when we consider the effects of monomer radius, monomer number, and monomer overlap simultaneously. Therefore, intrinsic OC coating can be a significant source of uncertainty in the optical properties of fresh soot.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation on Microphysical Characteristics of Early-, Late-, and Post-Mei-yu Season Rainfall Over Taiwan","authors":"Balaji Kumar Seela,&nbsp;Jayalakshmi Janapati,&nbsp;Pay-Liam Lin,&nbsp;Chian-Yi Liu,&nbsp;Chuan-Chi Tu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD040847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040847","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over Taiwan, Mei-yu season (May and June), which is primarily linked to frontal systems, is the transition period between winter and summer. Using the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission dual-frequency precipitation radar (GPM DPR), the current study examined the rain and microphysical characteristics of the Mei-yu season in Taiwan. In order to examine the areal and intra-seasonal aspects, May and June months are divided into three sub-seasons: early-Mei-yu, late-Mei-yu, and post-Mei-yu. The three sub-seasons exhibited differences in rainfall and raindrop size distributions, with abundance of large drops in the post-Mei-yu. Additionally, there were noticeable variations in the raindrop size distributions among the south, central, north, and eastern parts of Taiwan, with more large drops in central Taiwan. To comprehend the microphysical progressions causing the regional and intra-seasonal fluctuations, CFADs (contoured frequency by altitude diagrams) of rain parameters are utilized. Compared to other two sub-seasons, the early-Mei-yu season exhibited weaker convection. Dominance of stratiform precipitation in late-Mei-yu season, and convective precipitation in post-Mei-yu season resulted in higher rainfall amounts in these two sub-seasons (more particularly in post-Mei-yu) than the early-Mei-yu season. Examination of warm rain microphysical processes (below 5 km height) among these sub-seasons revealed that the early-Mei-yu season is dominated with break-up process, late-Mei-yu season with breakup and coalescence balance, and post-Mei-yu with coalescence, size-sorting and evaporation processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD040847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Layer Cloud Detection and Distributions Over the Asia–Pacific Region Based on Geostationary Satellite Imagers","authors":"Jianjie Wang,&nbsp;Chao Liu,&nbsp;Bin Yao,&nbsp;Yanzhen Qian,&nbsp;Xiaoli Gu,&nbsp;Yang Kong,&nbsp;Sihui Fan","doi":"10.1029/2023JD040287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040287","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A large portion of cloud scenes over the globe shows multiple layers composed of different phases, in general with ice clouds on the top and liquid water clouds beneath. Such multi-layer (ML) clouds constitute major challenges in cloud observations and weather and climate modeling. This study improved a threshold algorithm for detecting ice-over-water ML clouds using geostationary satellites. Optimal thresholds were established for the spectral characteristics of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI), accounting for differences between land and ocean surfaces. Validation with collocated space radar and lidar measurements indicated the identification accuracies of approximately 82% over the land and 76% over the ocean. Annual distributions of ML clouds inferred by AHI and AGRI exhibited strong similarity. Furthermore, 6 years of hourly observations revealed distinct monthly and daily variations in ice-over-water clouds over the Asia–Pacific region. The ML cloud monthly variations were similar to those of the seasonal convection cycle, with occurrence frequencies over the typical regions higher in summer (maximum ∼27%) and lower (minimum 6%–10%) in winter. Regarding daily variations, ice-over-water clouds occurred more frequently around local noon over most of the six time zones (from UTC + 06 to UTC + 11) throughout all seasons. The refined spatiotemporal distribution of ML clouds, particularly the daily variations, is possible to improve our understanding of cloud vertical distributions and radiative effects, and has the potential to promote subsequent validation and parameterization of cloud overlapping in global climate modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Schumann Resonance Frequency Changes in the Vertical Electric Field Component Reflect Global Lightning Dynamics at Different Time Scales?","authors":"G. Sátori,&nbsp;T. Bozóki,&nbsp;E. Williams,&nbsp;E. Prácser,&nbsp;M. Herein,&nbsp;R. I. Albrecht,&nbsp;R. P. Beltran","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041455","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electromagnetic waves in the Schumann resonance (SR) frequency range (&lt;100 Hz) radiated by natural “lightning antennas” excite the Earth-ionosphere cavity confined between the Earth's surface and the lower ionosphere. The peak frequencies of SR are known to vary with source-observer distance (SOD), while the daily frequency range (DFR: <i>f</i>_max − <i>f</i>_min) is also indicative of the average size of thunderstorm regions. This paper provides observational evidence for these relationships based on SR frequency observations of the vertical electric (E_Z) field component at Nagycenk (NCK), Hungary in Central Europe from the period 1994–2015. Variations of the peak frequencies are considered on the annual, seasonal and diurnal time scales as well as during a specific event when squall-line formation of lightning activity in South America moves toward NCK. DFR is studied in relation to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Increasing area of lightning activity in mid-high Northern hemisphere latitudes has been identified by DFR variations during the transition from warm to cold episodes of the ENSO in 1998 and 2010. The extension of the lightning area is considered as a consequence of energy released in the tropics and exported to higher latitudes with some months of delay from the end of the El Niño episodes. The frequency variations are interpreted via model calculations and supported with satellite-based optical lightning observations (Optical Transient Detector, Geostationary Lightning Mapper). The described variations of SR peak frequencies and DFR yield information on the global/regional lightning dynamics and on this basis they have important application to climate issues as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relative Role of Indian and Pacific Tropical Heating as Seasonal Predictability Drivers for the North Atlantic Oscillation","authors":"Retish Senan,&nbsp;Magdalena A. Balmaseda,&nbsp;Franco Molteni,&nbsp;Timothy N. Stockdale,&nbsp;Antje Weisheimer,&nbsp;Stephanie Johnson,&nbsp;Christopher D. Roberts","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the predictability drivers for the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during boreal winter at seasonal time scales remains challenging. This study uses large ensembles with the ECMWF seasonal forecasting system to investigate the relative impact of tropical Indian and Pacific heating on NAO predictability by examining the tropical forcing, teleconnection pathways, and sources of uncertainty. We select three case studies - 1997/98, 2015/16 and 2019/20 - with strong Indian Ocean heating anomalies, but with different El Niño conditions. We show that in 2019/20, with neutral ENSO conditions, Indian Ocean SSTs favor a positive NAO response via stratospheric and tropospheric pathways. In the cases with strong El Niño, we find contrasting results: in 1997/98, the Pacific forcing dominates, producing a negative NAO. In 2015/16, despite the strong El Niño, the Indian Ocean forcing dominates, leading to a positive NAO via intensification of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV). While the stratospheric pathway exhibits varying responses to Indian Ocean forcing - being weaker in 1997/98 and strongest in 2015/16, the Indian Ocean-related tropospheric pathway remains robust along the Pacific subtropical jet across years. However, there is destructive interference between teleconnections from Indian and Pacific SST anomalies in both the tropospheric and stratospheric pathways. The competing effects of tropical heating in both basins, uncertainties in the Rossby wave response to tropical heating and SPV variability contribute to uncertainty in seasonal NAO predictions. The flow-dependent nature of the stratospheric pathway underscores the complexity of seasonal forecast predictability, and the existence of windows of opportunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Climate Extremes in Dynamical Downscaling Simulations Driven by a Novel Bias-Corrected CMIP6 Data","authors":"Meng-Zhuo Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Han,&nbsp;Zhongfeng Xu,&nbsp;Weidong Guo","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dynamical downscaling is a widely-used approach for generating regional projections of climate extremes at a finer scale. However, the systematic bias of the global climate model (GCM) generally degrades the reliability of projections. Recently, novel bias-corrected CMIP6 data was generated using a mean-variance-trend (MVT) bias correction method for dynamical downscaling simulation. To validate the effectiveness of this data in the dynamical downscaling simulation of climate extremes, we carry out three Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations over Asia-western North Pacific with a 25 km grid spacing from 1980 to 2014. The dynamical downscaling simulations driven by the raw GCM data set (hereafter WRF_GCM) and the bias-corrected GCM (hereafter WRF_GCMbc) were assessed against the simulation driven by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 data set. The results indicate that the MVT bias correction significantly improves the climatological mean and inter-annual variability of downscaled climate extreme indices. In terms of the climatological mean, the WRF_GCMbc shows a 25%–82% decrease in root mean square errors (RMSEs) against the WRF_GCM. As for the inter-annual variability, the MVT bias correction can improve the downscaling simulation of almost all precipitation extreme indices and 70% of the temperature extreme indices, characterized by the RMSEs' reduction of 1%–58%. The improvements of the climate extremes in terms of the climatological mean in the WRF_GCMbc primarily stem from the improved large-scale circulation and ocean evaporation in the WRF, which in turn improves the downscaled precipitation and 2 m temperature through the advection, radiation, and surface energy exchange process.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shallow Convective Heating in Weak Temperature Gradient Balance Explains Mesoscale Vertical Motions in the Trades","authors":"M. Janssens,&nbsp;G. George,&nbsp;H. Schulz,&nbsp;Fleur Couvreux,&nbsp;Dominique Bouniol","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earth's climate sensitivity depends on how shallow clouds in the trades respond to changes in the large-scale tropical circulation with warming. In canonical theory for this cloud-circulation coupling, it is assumed that the clouds are controlled by the field of vertical motion on horizontal scales larger than the convection's depth (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 1 km). This assumption has been challenged both by recent in situ observations, and idealized large-eddy simulations (LESs). Here, we therefore bring together the recent observations, new analysis from satellite data, and a 40-day, large-domain (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1600</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mn>900</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $1600times 900$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> km²) LES of the North Atlantic from the 2020 EUREC⁴A field campaign, to study the interaction between shallow convection and vertical motions on scales between 10 and 1,000 km (mesoscales), in settings that are as realistic as possible. Across all data sets, the shallow mesoscale vertical motions are consistently represented, ubiquitous, frequently organized into circulations, and formed without imprinting themselves on the mesoscale buoyancy field. Therefore, we use the weak-temperature gradient approximation to show that between at least 12.5–400 km scales, the vertical motion balances heating fluctuations in groups of precipitating shallow cumuli. That is, across the mesoscales, shallow convection controls the vertical motion in the trades, and does not simply adjust to it. In turn, the mesoscale convective heating patterns appear to consistently grow through moisture-convection feedback. Therefore, to represent and understand the cloud-circulation coupling of trade cumuli, the full range of scales between the synoptics and the hectometer must be included in our conceptual and numerical models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Coupled Upper Troposphere and Boundary Layer Induces Two Types of Short-Term Heavy Rainfall Along the Eastern Foothills of the Taihang Mountains","authors":"Yan Li,&nbsp;Qingyu Wang,&nbsp;Yue Wei,&nbsp;Jianping Tang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041179","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using 11 years of hourly merged rainfall records and ERA reanalysis data, this paper reveals two major circulation modes leading to two types of short-term heavy rainfall (STHR) along the Taihang Mountains' eastern foothills, and further explains their mechanisms. One circulation mode has a distinct warm anomaly at 300 hPa covering most areas of North China, together with the boundary-layer westerly anomaly occurring in North China and its southern region (UTWA-BLWA). UTWA-BLWA effectively contributes to the reinforcement of the upper-level divergence and the low-level moisture convergence by promoting the strengthening of upper anticyclonic and low-level southwesterly anomalies. The combined effects of low-level jet (LLJ) and topographic uplift form the central-northern STHR pattern. The other circulation structure has a 300-hPa warm anomaly located to the southeastern Russia and a prominent 300-hPa cold anomaly covering the south, together with the boundary-layer easterly anomaly occurring over the whole region of eastern China (UTCA-BLEA). The southern STHR pattern is attributed to the exit of the boundary-layer jet (BLJ) over lower elevations due to moist transport and dynamic uplift associated with the easterly anomaly. The results indicate that the locations of STHR are related to the direction, intensity, and height of the LLJ. The findings highlight that the upper-tropospheric temperature anomalies (UTTA) and boundary-layer easterly flow jointly modulate heavy rainfall. Analysis of the coupled upper troposphere and boundary layer could help understand and forecast heavy rainfall.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sectoral Size-Resolved Particle Number Emissions With Speciation: Emission Profile-Based Quantification and a Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China","authors":"Jingyu An,&nbsp;Yiqun Lu,&nbsp;Dan Dan Huang,&nbsp;Xiang Ding,&nbsp;Qingyao Hu,&nbsp;Rusha Yan,&nbsp;Liping Qiao,&nbsp;Min Zhou,&nbsp;Cheng Huang,&nbsp;Hongli Wang,&nbsp;Qingyan Fu,&nbsp;Fangqun Yu,&nbsp;Lin Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sizes and number concentrations are critical parameters for the impact of atmospheric particles on climate and human health. However, comprehensive studies focusing on size-resolved particle number (PN) emissions from various sectors are scarce. This study aims to fill this research gap by developing sectoral size-resolved PN emissions for major species including sulfate, organic mass (OM), and black carbon (BC). The size-resolved emission profiles derived from various measurements in the literature were integrated with a particle mass emission inventory (EI) for 13 major sectors in the Yangtze River Delta region of China as a case study. The particle number size distribution (PNSD) of emitted particles exhibited two distinct peaks: one at approximately 10 nm and the other in the range of 40–60 nm. The primary contributors to PN emissions in the region in 2017 were power plants, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, and cooking sources. In terms of species, OM dominated PN emissions, followed by primary sulfate and then BC. A regional size-resolved aerosol model employing the size-resolved PN EI developed here (referred to as the BIN-SPE experiment) provided reasonably accurate temporal variations of the total PN concentration and captured the PNSD within the size range of 10–300 nm. Uncertainty analysis of sectoral PN emissions across size ranges was carried out and the performance of the BIN-SPE experiment was compared with those of three commonly used PN emission parameterizations. Our model evaluations highlight future needs for in-depth investigations into more advanced size-resolved emissions and secondary OM formation mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}