Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Emulating Daytime ABI Cloud Optical Properties at Night With Machine Learning","authors":"Charles H. White,&nbsp;Yoo-Jeong Noh,&nbsp;John M. Haynes,&nbsp;Imme Ebert-Uphoff","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042829","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cloud optical property retrievals from passive satellite imagers tend to be most accurate during the daytime due to the availability of visible and near-infrared solar reflectance. Infrared (IR) channels have a relative lack of spectral sensitivity to optically thick clouds and are heavily influenced by cloud-top temperature making retrievals of cloud optical depth, cloud effective radius, and cloud water path more difficult at night. We examine whether the use of spatial context — information about the local structure and organization of cloud features — can help overcome these limitations of IR channels and provide more accurate estimates of nighttime cloud optical properties. We trained several neural networks to emulate the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) NOAA Daytime Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties (DCOMP) algorithm using only IR channels. We then compared the neural networks to the NOAA operational daytime and nighttime products, and the Nighttime Lunar Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties (NLCOMP) algorithm, which utilizes the low-light visible band on VIIRS. These comparisons show that the use of spatial context can improve estimates of nighttime cloud optical properties. The primary model we trained, U-NetCOMP, can reasonably match DCOMP during the day and significantly reduces artifacts associated with day/night terminator. We also find that U-NetCOMP estimates align more closely with NLCOMP at night compared to the nighttime NOAA operational products for ABI. Lastly, we perform a comparison with ground-based instruments and find that U-NetCOMP improves upon the nighttime operational product with some exceptions for thin cirrus clouds over cold surfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042829","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a Three-Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic-Ice Model for a Large and Deep Dimictic Lake Over Tibetan Plateau: Thermo-Hydrodynamic Variations During 2007–2017","authors":"Yang Wu,&nbsp;Anning Huang,&nbsp;Youyu Lu,&nbsp;Ayumi Fujisaki-Manome","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043846","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The space-time variations of thermo-hydrodynamics and underlying mechanisms in Lake Nam Co, the third largest lake over Tibetan Plateau, are investigated using the simulations from a three-dimensional lake-ice coupled model during 2007–2017. The model well reproduces the seasonal lake thermodynamics, highlighting the phases of summer-autumn warm thermal stratification, late-autumn overturning, winter-spring inverse thermal stratification, and late-spring overturning. Heat budget analysis underscores the importance of lateral heat transport and ice freeze-thaw processes in shaping the horizontal thermal variability. During 2007–2017, lake surface temperature, as well as the duration, onset and end of warm thermal stratification, show significant interannual variations related to the surface air temperature and ice conditions. During winter-spring, the lake water flow speed shows strong interannual variability related to wind speed and ice conditions. Nevertheless, a consistent circulation pattern is found, featuring a dominant mid-lake cyclonic gyre, upwelling along the western coast, and strong coastal currents driven by the prevailing southwesterly winds during December–January, followed by weakened lake water motions during February–April when the packed ice inhibits the wind stress input. In contrast, the summer-autumn lake circulation is weaker but more variable, with the mid-lake circulation shifting between being cyclonic (caused by the combined effects of southwesterly winds, positive wind stress curl and density effects) and occasionally anti-cyclonic (due to the presence of negative wind stress curl).</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harmonizing Aerosol Model Parameters With Retrieval Property Assumptions: Brown Carbon as a Case Study","authors":"Maegan A. DeLessio,&nbsp;Susanne E. Bauer,&nbsp;Kostas Tsigaridis,&nbsp;Gregory L. Schuster","doi":"10.1029/2024JD043040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brown carbon (BrC) is an absorbing organic aerosol, primarily emitted through biomass burning (BB), with a large degree of variability in observed chemical and microphysical properties. This makes model representation of the species difficult. Retrievals of BrC from measured radiance fields have the potential to constrain model schemes and improve estimates of BrC radiative effects. We used a retrieval of BrC optical depth and mass from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites in BB regions to evaluate GISS ModelE Earth system model (ESM)'s BrC module. We approached this evaluation by comparing BrC properties defined in ModelE with underlying properties prescribed by the AERONET retrieval, and then constrained our scheme to match those assumptions. Our analysis showed that just with this initial harmonization, model bias was decreased, and performance, relative to the retrieval, was improved. This allowed for an estimate of global average BrC radiative effect, 0.03 W m⁻², grounded in the measured radiance fields represented by the retrieval. Through this work, we demonstrate the necessity of harmonizing model scheme parameters with speciated retrieval's assumptions, even if such assumptions are not necessarily more physically correct, to ensure an “apples-to-apples” comparison and ultimately improve the estimate of individual aerosol direct effects within a climate model.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Recent Stagnation in PM2.5 Concentrations Across the United States: A Seasonal Composition Perspective","authors":"Racine Nassau,&nbsp;Lyatt Jaeglé","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042401","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term declines in concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the United States (U.S.) have been disrupted in recent years, with recent trends stagnating or reversing. In this study, we analyze surface observations of PM_2.5 composition from 2002 to 2022 to identify the chemical components driving this shift. We find that PM_2.5 concentrations plateau across seasons and regions in the contiguous U.S. since 2016, even after excluding estimated wildfire impacts, suggesting that the rise in wildfire activity alone does not account for these trends. The stagnation is primarily driven by a slowdown in the reduction of sulfate and a non-significant increase in organic aerosols. In the Eastern and Central U.S., sulfate concentrations generally mirror decreasing anthropogenic SO₂ emissions, except in winter, where chemical feedbacks related to oxidant limitations weaken the response of sulfate. We find that nitrate and NO₂ concentrations decrease slower than anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions, particularly in fall and winter, suggesting a potential overestimate in the decrease of NO_x emissions in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Emission Inventory (NEI) and/or an increasing role of natural and non-U.S. sources. In the Southeast, the decline in organic aerosol concentrations has stalled since 2015, possibly due to weaker decreases in sulfate-induced secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, combined with increases in monoterpene-derived SOA as the climate warms. Despite continued decreases in the NEI black carbon (BC) emissions, BC concentrations have stagnated since 2015, even after removing the estimated influence of wildfire smoke, indicating a possible underestimate in emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of QBO Bias to Convection Scheme in an AGCM","authors":"Yuya Baba,&nbsp;Shingo Watanabe","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042501","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A common bias of the simulated quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the lower stratosphere is present in many atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) where its amplitude is weaker than the observed amplitude. To reduce this bias, the response of QBO bias to the convection scheme in an AGCM is investigated using different convection schemes (Emanuel and spectral schemes) and a gravity wave (GW) scheme in which the GW properties are estimated from convective heating and mean wind. Unlike the known QBO bias in previous model intercomparison studies, the easterly wind and QBO amplitude in the lower stratosphere are excessively magnified when the Emanuel scheme is used. The spectral scheme reproduces similar known QBO biases, such as the mean westerly wind bias and the weak QBO amplitude in the lower stratosphere. To distinguish the cause of these biases, several sensitivity experiments using the spectral scheme with tunings are conducted. Application of several tunings mitigates the common QBO biases near the 50 hPa level. The zonal wind bias in the troposphere controls the GW and consequently the QBO properties. Further investigation reveals that improved convective momentum transport with phase speed tuning reduces the zonal wind bias and improved the QBO through modified GW momentum fluxes. The findings of this study may be applicable to other AGCMs if the tunings related to the convection scheme are adopted, potentially reducing zonal wind biases.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Ozone Exposure Impacts and Their Uncertainties on Growth and Survival of 88 Tree Species Across the United States","authors":"Nathan R. Pavlovic,&nbsp;Shih Ying Chang,&nbsp;Kenneth J. Craig,&nbsp;Charles R. Scarborough,&nbsp;Justin G. Coughlin,&nbsp;Jeffrey D. Herrick,&nbsp;Charles T. Driscoll","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exposure to ambient ozone (O₃) impacts vegetation through cascading effects. Numerous tree species experience biomass loss and increased mortality following O₃ exposure. Quantifying levels of O₃ at which deleterious impacts occur to individual trees under in situ conditions is essential for the effective management of air and forest resources. Previously, O₃ critical levels (CLs) were established based on controlled seedling experiments. However, seedling experiments may fail to reflect O₃ impacts on mature trees. In this study, we report the first results for empirically derived, species-specific O₃ CLs for tree growth and survival using a database of ∼1.5 million trees observed over time across the conterminous United States. Using a machine learning approach, we calculated O₃ CLs for 88 tree species (growth: 72 species; survival: 51 species). To our knowledge, most tree species we assessed have no prior determination of O₃ CLs. Estimated O₃ CLs (W126) for 5% decline in the tree growth rate ranged from 1.9 to 37.6 ppm-hr (mean: 10.5 ppm-hr), and estimated O₃ CLs for 1% tree survival probability decline ranged from 1.9 to 37.9 ppm-hr (mean: 9.3 ppm-hr) across species. Recently (2016–2018), portions of the western United States exceeded O₃ CLs for nearly all tree species for both growth and survival. Nationally, O₃ exposure levels were below the growth CLs for most species, while levels may have exceeded the survival CLs for some species. Our results provide new evidence of the range and uncertainty of impacts of ozone exposure on trees across the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Extreme Precipitation Events With and Without Lightning Over Eastern and Southern China","authors":"Yushu Ren,&nbsp;Weixin Xu,&nbsp;Jiaolan Fu,&nbsp;Huihua Wei","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme precipitation events (EPEs) without severe convective weather signatures such as frequent lightning may be more difficult to forecast and potentially more dangerous. This study investigates the differences in the macro- and micro-structures between EPEs with and without lightning over eastern and southern China, as well as their underlying environmental conditions. EPEs are defined as convective features with maximum hourly rain rate reaching the gauge-based climatological extreme precipitation threshold (99.9%). Results show that EPEs with lightning (EPE_LIG) account for 51%, and the other 49% EPEs have no lightning (EPE_NoLIG), whose fractional maxima are located along the coast. Most EPE_NoLIGs are embedded in large organized precipitation systems, although their convective cores are smaller than EPE_LIGs. The parent systems of both EPE types are multicellular in nature, but those of EPE_NoLIGs are more likely to produce multiple extreme precipitation centers. EPE_LIGs have the most intense convection, which is stronger than regular thunderstorms (NonEPEs with lightning), while the convective intensity of EPE_NoLIGs is just close to NonEPEs. Microphysical processes of the two types of EPEs differ significantly. The downward increasing radar reflectivity profiles and drop size distribution analyses suggest that warm-rain processes highly dominate (94.1%) in the formation of extreme precipitation in EPE_NoLIGs. Even for EPEs with very active ice-based processes (EPE_LIGs), warm-rain processes still contribute significantly (83.31%). The large-scale environments of EPE_NoLIGs are featured by a relatively convectively stable but deep moist troposphere and enhanced low-level southwesterly winds, highlighting the importance of excessive moisture transport and convergence in these events.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Model Horizontal Resolution on Aerosol Modeling Over East Asia Using Variable-Resolution CESM2","authors":"Weiyi Wang,&nbsp;Xiaohong Liu,&nbsp;Guangxing Lin,&nbsp;Zheng Lu,&nbsp;Chenglai Wu","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To quantify uncertainties and reduce biases in aerosol modeling over East Asia, we run the Community Earth System Model version 2 at variable-resolution (VR-CESM) with the highest resolution at ∼0.125° over East Asia and globally quasi-uniform resolution at ∼1° (UN-CESM) to investigate responses of simulated aerosol to model resolution. The subgrid variability of aerosol and precursor gas emissions is better represented at the higher resolution. The budget analysis of aerosols in eastern China shows that wet/dry deposition is not sensitive to the model resolution, but sulfate formation (e.g., sulfuric acid gas condensation and aqueous-phase chemistry) increases and aerosol transport out of the region decreases as the resolution increases, which lead to increased aerosol burden and lifetime. Compared to UN-CESM, VR-CESM simulates stronger descending motion along the mountain edge and blocking effects of mountain peaks, which weakens the dispersion of aerosols over the Taihang Mountains and Sichuan Basin. In comparison to surface observations, VR-CESM simulates higher aerosol concentrations in urban areas than UN-CESM does. Over eastern China, increasing model resolution improves the simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) in terms of spatial distribution and magnitude. Over northern (southwestern) China, the simulated AOD increases by ∼17% (∼32%) with increasing resolution and becomes more comparable to satellite retrievals. The improvements are more significant in urban areas and regions with complex terrains than in rural and coastal areas. The regional annual-mean aerosol direct radiative effect in eastern China simulated by VR-CESM increases by ∼54% (−1.08 W/m² more cooling) at the top of the atmosphere compared to UN-CESM.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD043518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Framework to Attribute Tropical Multiscale Precipitation Extremes to Rain Event Morphology in Deep Convective Systems","authors":"M. Carenso,&nbsp;B. Fildier,&nbsp;R. Roca,&nbsp;T. Fiolleau","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042656","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The different spatiotemporal scales used to calculate extreme precipitation intensities can lead to diverging interpretation when investigating their physical origin, impacts, and sensitivity to climate. Besides, the contribution of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) to tropical precipitation extremes remains loosely quantified on various scales, in particular on kilometer scales. Here, we construct a framework to analyze the cooccurrence of extreme precipitation at km-scale and 1° × 1 day scale to compare their properties in terms of precipitation morphology and regional predominance. Using a storm-tracking algorithm, we contrast the occurrence and precipitation statistics for two types of convective systems across 10 global storm-resolving models and one geostationary satellite product. We do not find a large statistical dependence between rain extremes on these two scales, and they occur in distinct regions. Heavy km-scale events occur mostly over continents and 40% of them are produced by MCSs in observations. Their intensity is independent from the area of rain features. Conversely, heavy 1° × 1 day rain intensities are dependent on the area of rain features, and occur more frequently over oceans, and a third of these events are produced by MCSs. Overall, the transition from deep to MCSs connect extremes across both scales. Compared to observations, models consistently underestimate the precipitating surface and show large discrepancies in the contribution of convective systems to precipitation extremes at each scale. This diagnostic is a key criterion for evaluating the ability of global storm-resolving models to represent how individual convective systems produce realistic heavy rain distributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muted Radiative Feedback of Stratospheric Water Vapor Found in a Multimodel Assessment","authors":"Ruogu He,&nbsp;Yi Huang","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043676","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The strength of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) radiative feedback has been debated, primarily due to the compensating radiative effects of the associated stratospheric and tropospheric temperature adjustments, which are primarily triggered by radiation process. In this study, we calculate the SWV radiative feedback in the CMIP6 model ensemble in a quadrupling CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; experiment. Specifically, we compare the results of two quantifications: one accounting for the radiatively driven temperature adjustment in the stratosphere only and the other in the entire atmospheric column including both the stratosphere and the troposphere. The stratosphere-adjusted feedback is found to be &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.25&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.06&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $0.25mathit{pm }0.06 mathrm{W}{mathrm{m}}^{-2}{mathrm{K}}^{-1}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, but it reduces to &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.020&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.007&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $0.020mathit{pm }0.007 mathrm{W}{mathrm{m}}^{-2}{mathrm{K}}^{-1}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; with the full atmosphere adjustment, indicating the radiation process alone may lead to a muted overall SWV radiative effect, due to the stratospheric cooling and tropospheric warming simultaneously driven by the SWV radiative perturbation. This suggests that the radiative forcing of SWV is subject to an intrinsic and robust limiting effect. In addition, we analyze the intermodel spreads in the temperature adjustment and its radiative effect, and find the spreads primarily arise from the differences in SWV responses projected","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD043676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}