Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Four-Dimensional Variational Assimilation of Precipitation Data With the Large-Scale Analysis Constraint in the 21.7 Extreme Rainfall Event in China","authors":"Dongmei Xu,&nbsp;Tao Song,&nbsp;Hong Li,&nbsp;Jinzhong Min,&nbsp;Jingyao Luo,&nbsp;Feifei Shen","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) method in the Weather Research and Forecasting model is applied to directly assimilate hourly precipitation data to predict an extreme rainstorm process in Henan Province, China. Three simplified microphysics schemes available in 4D-Var are assessed first, revealing that the new regularized WSM6 scheme performed relatively better in precipitation prediction. Meanwhile, precipitation data assimilation (DA) utilizing the China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) V2.0 precipitation reanalysis product is evaluated against the experiments with conventional observations in DA and no assimilation. Results demonstrates that it seems that DA with precipitations is able to enhance the accuracy of precipitation forecasts. In addition, it is well known that one of the challenges in convective-scale DA is to extract small-scale information from the observations while maintaining the large-scale balance and mitigating the growth and propagation of large-scale errors. Therefore, the large-scale analysis constraint (LSAC) is further introduced to improve precipitation forecasting. Results indicate that LSAC could effectively adjust large-scale information, including temperature, humidity, and dynamic conditions, thereby improving the precipitation forecasting skills to some extent.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Haze Pollution Events During Biomass Burning Period at an Upwind Site of Delhi","authors":"Jaswant Rathore,&nbsp;Dilip Ganguly,&nbsp;Vasu Singh,&nbsp;Mansi Gupta,&nbsp;Vimal Jose Vazhathara,&nbsp;Akash Biswal,&nbsp;Ravi Kumar Kunchala,&nbsp;Prabir K. Patra,&nbsp;Lokesh Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;Shahzad Gani,&nbsp;Sagnik Dey","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042347","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi frequently experiences severe haze episodes during the post-monsoon and winter months, driven by long-range transport of biomass burning aerosols, local emissions, and unfavorable meteorological conditions. However, observational studies tracing these pollution episodes along the pathway to Delhi are lacking. This study investigates haze pollution at an upwind site in Sonipat using advanced instrumentation during October 25 to 15 November 2023, encompassing biomass burning and Diwali events. Sudden spikes in pollutants caused severe haze, temporary reductions in pollution due to rainfall, and a resurgence of haze during Diwali. Two major haze episodes were identified, with particulate matter (PM_2.5) levels exceeding 300 μg/m³. Organics dominated composition based PM_2.5 (C-PM_2.5) followed by Black Carbon (BC), jointly accounting for ∼80% of total mass during all the episodes, with secondary inorganics contributed minimally. Limited day-night variations and low inorganics contribution suggested minimal photochemical activity and secondary formation. Elevated levels of biomass burning tracers and emission ratios indicated aged, oxidized aerosols from crop residue burning in Punjab and Haryana, supported by fire count data and 72-hr backward trajectory analysis. Regional meteorology, including a shallow atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and low wind speeds, hindered pollutant dispersion, leading to accumulation and prolonged haze. By integrating emission analysis, meteorological factors, and transport dynamics, this study provides critical insights into haze formation, emphasizing the need for targeted mitigation strategies, such as stricter crop residue burning controls and improved emission management, to address haze pollution and its health risks effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison for the Characteristics and Mechanisms of Independent Daytime, Nighttime, and Compound Heatwaves Over Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin","authors":"Jingwen Zeng,&nbsp;Daokai Xue,&nbsp;Danqing Huang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042683","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the growing need to fully understand the characteristics of daytime and nighttime heatwaves under the global warming, an overall investigation has been conducted distinctly separating and comparing independent daytime, nighttime, and day-night compound heatwaves over China. The findings reveal that the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin (YHRB) suffers from the most frequent compound heatwaves, which also exhibit a significant rise in both frequency and intensity during 1961–2020. Focused on the regional heatwaves over YHRB, independent daytime and compound heatwaves are mostly related to the atmospheric systems at middle and lower levels, including strengthened and westward western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and the Pacific-Japan/East Asia—Pacific (PJ/EAP) pattern, which benefits the sunny weather and downdrafts over YHRB. On the other hand, independent nighttime and compound heatwaves are influenced by the synoptic systems at higher levels, including northward and cyclonic meandering East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ), strengthened and eastward South Asian high (SAH), and positive phase of circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) pattern accompanied with cloudy weather and strengthened downward longwave radiation over north YHRB. Our findings would help improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying various types of heatwaves and better respond to them.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Drivers of Consecutive Pre-Monsoon South Asian Heatwaves in 2022: Waveguide Interaction and Soil Moisture Depletion","authors":"R. Jha,&nbsp;V. Wirth,&nbsp;C. Polster,&nbsp;A. Mondal,&nbsp;S. Ghosh","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042376","url":null,"abstract":"<p>South Asian countries including India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan experienced consecutive heatwave episodes in 2022, with the first episode in March, followed by an equally intense event in April of the same year. Here, we use diagnostics of local wave activity, waveguidability, and soil moisture-temperature coupling to gain insights into the previously underexplored dynamic and land drivers underlying these early pre-monsoon heatwave episodes. Our findings reveal a sudden surge in wave activity in the upper troposphere over the heatwave region during the first episode of the heatwave. The intensified wave activity results from strong transient waves, due to transfer of energy from the extratropical to the subtropical waveguide, leading to strong anticyclonic circulation. The April heatwave event, in contrast to the first episode, is found to be the result of a strong soil moisture-temperature coupling over the heatwave region. Further, the low-level winds revealed an advection of heat from highly coupled regions (Pakistan and Afghanistan) to the Indian landmass during the heatwave episode in April. Our findings indicate that waveguide interaction together with equatorward energy transfer drives early heat in March, subsequently setting the stage for further heat in the following weeks by depleting soil moisture levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of Wintertime Arctic Black Carbon to Removal Processes and Regional Alaskan Sources","authors":"Eleftherios Ioannidis,&nbsp;Kathy S. Law,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Raut,&nbsp;Louis Marelle,&nbsp;Tatsuo Onishi,&nbsp;Elisabeth Andrews,&nbsp;Sho Ohata,&nbsp;Tatsuhiro Mori,&nbsp;Sara Morris,&nbsp;Yukata Kondo,&nbsp;Sangeeta Sharma,&nbsp;Konstantinos Eleftheriadis,&nbsp;Zbigniew Klimont,&nbsp;Antonin Soulie,&nbsp;Claire Granier,&nbsp;Patricia K. Quinn,&nbsp;Kerri A. Pratt","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042885","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air pollutants are primarily transported from midlatitude emission regions in winter and early spring, leading to elevated concentrations of aerosols, including black carbon (BC), in the Arctic, a phenomenon known as Arctic haze. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry is used to investigate potential causes of uncertainties in modeling Arctic BC for winter 2014. The model captures observed variability in BC at surface sites, reproducing BC concentrations at Zeppelin but showing a low bias at Tiksi, Alert, and Utqiaġvik/Barrow. The influence of removal processes on model BC biases is explored by switching off dry or wet deposition. Wet deposition, during transport in the North Atlantic storm track, and locally over Svalbard, dominates BC removal at Zeppelin, while wet removal in the Pacific storm track influences BC at Alert and Utqiaġvik/Barrow. Dry removal over Asian source regions and Alaska affects BC at Utqiaġvik/Barrow, and is larger than wet removal at Tiksi due to the proximity of local/regional anthropogenic sources. Regional runs over northern Alaska in late January show improved simulated BC compared to observations at Utqiaġvik/Barrow, in part, due to better resolution of removal processes, and local/regional emissions. Sensitivity runs also show that regional Alaskan sources, notably from the North Slope of Alaska oil fields, may be contributing 30%–50%, on average, to observed BC at Utqiaġvik/Barrow in January and February 2014, with the remainder from outside the region. These findings highlight the importance of local Arctic emissions, and the need for improved emission inventories in the Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Tropopause-Overshooting Volume From Satellite and Radar Observations During the DCOTSS 2021 and 2022 Campaigns","authors":"Kyle F. Itterly,&nbsp;Kristopher M. Bedka,&nbsp;Cameron R. Homeyer,&nbsp;Konstantin Khlopenkov","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042418","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study quantifies the air volume injected into the stratosphere by overshooting convection detected by GOES-16/17 geostationary infrared imagery and NOAA NEXRAD precipitation echo top during the 2021 and 2022 Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) missions. This analysis addresses a key DCOTSS science question, namely “How much tropospheric air and water is irreversibly injected into the stratosphere by convection?” A novel method for defining individual storms or a cluster of adjacent storms as objects and tracking them throughout their lifetime facilitates the analysis. Overshooting convection injected 3.92 × 10⁶ – 5.36 × 10⁶ km³ of air into the stratosphere in 2021 and 9.59 × 10⁶ – 1.06 × 10⁷ km³ in 2022 over the North American study domain with GOES being higher than GridRad during both years. GOES overshooting detections were more uncertain due to difficulty differentiating updrafts from adjacent broad areas of cold outflow. Overshooting volume from the top 10 storm objects each year contributed 37%–52% of the total domain-wide volume. Total object-lifetime volume from these events ranged from ∼1.3 × 10⁵ to 7.9 × 10⁵ km³ for GOES and ∼8.7 × 10⁴ to 8.0 × 10⁵ km³ for GridRad. Overshooting seldom exceeded 5% of the total anvil area, and most often occupied &lt;1%, demonstrating that very small regions within convection are responsible for impacting stratosphere composition. Despite differences in overshooting characteristics, airmasses initiated from GOES and NEXRAD overshooting and advected forward in time by reanalysis model winds had similar spatial and vertical distributions, indicating that geostationary satellite data could be used to study the long-range transport of overshooting airmasses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's Greener Production Reduces East-To-West Pollution Transfers and Alleviates Regional Environmental-Economic Inequalities","authors":"Jingxu Wang,&nbsp;Zhongyi Li,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Hu,&nbsp;Haoyu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhengzhong Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD043078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043078","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interprovincial trade has driven large air pollution flows, accompanied by significant regional environmental-economic inequalities in China. Past decades have seen the rapid economic development and air quality improvement in China, but the changes in interprovincial pollution transfers and the related inequalities are still unclear. Our results show that from 2007 to 2017, Chinese domestic consumption drives the national value added to rise steadily from 2.1 to 6.8 billion RMB, while the corresponding emissions first to increase from 46.6 Tg in 2007 to 51.2 Tg in 2012, and then to fall sharply to 29.9 Tg in 2017. Consumption in the sector construction contributes most to the emissions with the proportion of contribution increasing during the studied decade. Eastern provinces, as environmental-economic beneficiaries, tend to see net emission inflows, and the east-to-west emission transfer is substantially reduced by 2/3 during 2007–2017. In contrast, the number of Western provinces suffering from environmental-economic loss has decreased, and some even transform into achieving environmental-economic win. Greener production is the dominant factor of the reduced emission flow, resulting in the alleviated regional environmental-economic inequalities. For further air quality improvement and regional inequality alleviation in China, we suggest improving pollution responsibility sharing mechanism and strengthening regional cooperation on pollution mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Graph Neural Network Based Workflow for Real-Time Lightning Location With Continuous Waveforms","authors":"Chenqi Tian,&nbsp;Xinming Wu,&nbsp;Shi Qiu,&nbsp;Yun Li,&nbsp;Lihua Shi","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042426","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Real-time lightning monitoring is crucial for public safety and infrastructure protection by quickly and accurately locating lightning strikes. Traditional methods, such as time of arrival algorithms, rely on precise arrival time picking, which can compromise localization accuracy. Conversely, time reversal (TR) algorithms bypass picking but are hindered by time-consuming grid search requirements. We propose a graph neural network (GNN) based method for accurate, real-time multi-station lightning location. Our approach processes continuous lightning waveform data from multiple sensors, achieving simultaneous denoising, event detection, and direct localization without arrival time picking. Specifically, denoising enhances the signal-to-noise ratio, thereby improving the accuracy of subsequent event detection and localization. Events are identified by matching signals across sensors and retaining high-match segments, resulting in waveforms that contain valid lightning signals. These waveforms are then input into a GNN, which integrates time series features with spatial information from the sensors, effectively handling multi-station localization and delivering accurate, real-time results. To address the lack of training data sets for lightning location, we propose a novel procedure for constructing a labeled lightning data set, laying a data foundation for future data-driven approaches in this domain. In extensive synthetic experiments, our method achieved a low average localization error of 0.61 km and high efficiency with a localization time of only 0.4 milliseconds, significantly outperforming the traditional TR algorithm's 1.16 km error and 1.65 s. When tested on natural cloud-to-ground lightning data, our method successfully detected and located 198 lightning sources consistent with reference results.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observed Changes in Seasonal Surface Soil Freeze‒Thaw Cycles in China and Subregions From 1981 to 2017 and Their Relationships With Meteorological Elements","authors":"Yihui Chen,&nbsp;Donglin Guo,&nbsp;Huijun Wang,&nbsp;Aihui Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042351","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Given the considerable influence of surface soil freeze‒thaw cycles on the surface energy balance, hydrological processes, and ecosystems, there is significant interest in exploring changes in surface soil freeze‒thaw cycles in the context of climate warming. In this study, we investigated changes in the duration of seasonal surface soil freeze‒thaw cycles across China and subregions divided by climate and ecosystem types (temperate and warm‒temperate deserts of northwestern China, temperate grasslands of Inner Mongolia, temperate humid and subhumid zones of northeastern China, warm‒temperate humid and subhumid zones of North China, and high‒elevation and cold zones of the Tibetan Plateau) from 1981 to 2017 and examined their relationships with meteorological elements using both homogenized weather station data and gridded observations. The results showed that the freeze start date has been delayed by 8.6 days and that the freeze end date has advanced by 8.6 days, resulting in a shortened freeze duration by 17.2 days in China. This change was most pronounced in the high‒elevation and cold zones of the Tibetan Plateau, with a shortened freeze duration by 25.2 days, and the weakest change was present in the temperate humid and subhumid zones of northeastern China. Nationwide, the decreasing trend of the freeze duration first increased but then decreased with increasing elevation, and it consistently decreased with increasing latitude. Changes in the freeze duration are significantly correlated with the following factors: air temperature in spring, autumn and winter, snow depth in spring, autumn and winter; and vegetation in autumn. Distinct regional differences exist in these relationships. These results provide a new understanding of surface freeze‒thaw cycle changes and their causes in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Western Pacific Subtropical High Modulates Regional Hydroclimate Changes on Multiple Timescales Over Central China","authors":"Gang Xue,&nbsp;Yanjun Cai,&nbsp;Yanhong Zheng,&nbsp;Haiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Han,&nbsp;Shouyi Huang,&nbsp;Xing Cheng,&nbsp;Le Ma,&nbsp;Chengcheng Liu,&nbsp;R. Lawrence Edwards,&nbsp;Hai Cheng,&nbsp;Hong Yan","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042735","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding regional hydroclimate and its driving mechanisms is important for accurate projections of hydrology variations in the future. This study provides a regional hydroclimate record over the past 5.7 ka based on speleothem climatic proxies from Jiuxian cave, central China. Our study suggests that coupling between sea surface temperatures (SST) of the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) and the positioning of the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) modulate both spatial heterogeneity of hydrological conditions on millennial-centennial time scales and the strength of hydroclimatic events in central China. Higher SSTs in IPWP drive northeastward movements of WPSH, causing increased rainfall in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River Valley, but decreased rainfall in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley, and vice versa for lower SSTs. In addition, enlarged variability of WPSH associated with that of SSTs in IPWP can enhance the strength of the abrupt hydroclimate events. Our findings highlight the important role of WPSH in the strengths and spatial heterogeneity of regional hydroclimate.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}