Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Unraveling Ice Nucleating Particle Concentration Variability: Insights Into Source Emissions Origin and Parameterizations","authors":"A. Canzi,&nbsp;E. Freney,&nbsp;P. Grzegorczyk,&nbsp;J. L. Baray,&nbsp;L. Lacher,&nbsp;C. Planche","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite having very low atmospheric concentrations, ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play an important role in the formation of atmospheric ice crystals at temperatures warmer than −35°C and hence in the atmospheric precipitation cycle. Moreover, they tend to have a very high spatiotemporal variability. In order to understand this variability, long-term measurements with high temporal resolution are essential. This paper presents an analysis of 3 months of online INP measurements (10 min time-resolved), using a PINE cloud chamber (−33°C ≤ T ≤ −22°C). Measurements were made from December 2022 to March 2023 at the PUY station (France, 1,465 m a.s.l), a site exposed to a variety of air masses including free troposphere conditions. A large part of the temporal variability of INP concentrations (over four orders of magnitude at a single temperature) can be explained by air mass origin. INP concentrations measured for oceanic air masses are in the lower range (from ≈0.1 to ≈10 L⁻¹). Those for continental air masses are in a medium range (from ≈1 to ≈100 L⁻¹) and depend on the level of pollution of the air mass. INP concentrations measured for southern air masses show highest concentrations (from ≈10 to ≈500 L⁻¹) and mostly depend on the amount of dust in the ambient air. Moreover, measurements were conducted during two dust events revealing INP concentrations over 1000 L⁻¹ at −32°C. Subsequently, a set of parameterizations capable of tracing the measured INP variability were developed. This will facilitate our understanding of the impact of INP concentrations on mixed-phase cloud properties with cloud models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Day Wave Modulation of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes Observed Over South America","authors":"Ruth S. Lieberman,&nbsp;Gunter Stober,&nbsp;Erich Becker,&nbsp;Diego Janches,&nbsp;Jun Ma,&nbsp;Alan Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Planetary wave (PW) modulation of gravity wave (GW) dissipation has long been proposed as a source of longitudinal variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. However, direct measurements of GW drag are rare. We identify 2-day wave variations in GW momentum fluxes measured by the Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar (SAAMER) in Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, and a meteor radar at the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) in Cerro Pachon, Chile. Typical amplitudes range from 1 to 5 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{m}}^{2}{mathrm{s}}^{-2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and are generally, though not always, out of phase with the horizontal wind consistent with wind-induced dissipation of upward-propagating GWs. The 2-day wave-modulated GW drag ranges between 20 and 140 m <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>day</mtext>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{s}}^{-1} {text{day}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and can amplify, damp, and alter the phase of the 2-day wave. These multiple relationships between the GW drag and the 2-day wave suggest that in situ processes may influence GW drag, including secondary GWs excited from the breakdown of primary GW packets.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting Turbulence Anisotropy in a Streamline Coordinate System","authors":"Federica Gucci,&nbsp;Samuele Mosso,&nbsp;Nikki Vercauteren,&nbsp;Ivana Stiperski","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042212","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mixing and transport in the atmospheric boundary layer are a result of the anisotropic nature of turbulence. Recently the inclusion of anisotropy of the Reynolds stress tensor into similarity theory of near-surface turbulence has been proposed. Anisotropy is quantified through the eigenvalues of the anisotropy tensor, which can be visualized by geometric shapes. We conduct a systematic investigation of velocity variances and covariances conditional to this geometric shape with the purpose of identifying common patterns. We discuss the influence of eigenvectors' directions on turbulent transport in relation to the streamline coordinates defined along the mean wind vector. Eigenvectors' direction identifies the orientation of anisotropic shapes, and this geometric approach is meant to investigate if physical constraints on orientation exist, as these could inform turbulence parameterizations. Two data sets are used for the analyses, one from a relatively flat terrain and one from a glacier site. Results show that it is not possible to identify a unique orientation for each anisotropy. Geometric shapes span a broad range of inclinations in the vertical, not strongly constrained by height or atmospheric stability. However, anisotropic turbulence is shown to have shallower inclination than isotropic turbulence. One-component states, ubiquitous under stable stratification, are well described by the orientation of the dominant eigenvector in the horizontal, characterized by large horizontal covariance, or large variance which aligns anisotropy in the streamwise/spanwise direction. Results highlight that the geometric orientation of turbulence may depend on the site and future investigations will include geometric parameters characterizing the orography in the analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quaternary Nucleation of Iodine and Sulfur Oxoacids in the Marine Atmosphere: Unexpected Role of Methanesulfonic Acid","authors":"Rongjie Zhang,&nbsp;Hong-Bin Xie,&nbsp;Fangfang Ma,&nbsp;Rujing Yin,&nbsp;Jingwen Chen,&nbsp;Xu-Cheng He","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sulfuric acid (SA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), iodic acid (HIO₃), and iodous acid (HIO₂) are identified as key nucleation precursors and can coexist in the marine atmosphere. Here, we investigated the potential SA-MSA-HIO₃-HIO₂ quaternary nucleation mechanism by exploring the formation of (SA)_<i>w</i>(MSA)_<i>x</i>(HIO₃)_<i>y</i>(HIO₂)_<i>z</i> (0 ≤ <i>w</i> + <i>x</i> + <i>y</i> ≤ 3, 1 ≤ <i>z</i> ≤ 3) clusters with quantum chemical calculation and kinetics modelling. The results indicate that SA-MSA-HIO₃-HIO₂ can effectively nucleate under marine atmospheric conditions. The nucleation rate is up to 7 orders of magnitude higher than that of SA/MSA-HIO₃-HIO₂, SA-MSA-HIO₂ ternary mechanisms, and SA/MSA/HIO₃-HIO₂ binary mechanisms at some specific conditions. The nucleation is mainly driven by acid-base reaction (HIO₂ as base) and halogen bonds besides hydrogen bonds, with the three acids showing both competitive and cooperative roles. More importantly, it was found that the contribution of MSA to the aerosol nucleation is comparable to SA at equal concentrations. The unexpectedly high contribution of MSA is attributed to its higher halogen-bonding capacity than SA. This study highlights the need to consider the multicomponent nucleation mechanism in the marine atmosphere for accurate aerosol and climate projections, and may serve as important proof that MSA as weak acid can effectively nucleate even coexisting with SA.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assimilating Precipitation Data via Full-Hydrometeor Scheme in WRF 4D-Var for Convective Precipitation Forecast Associated With the Northeast China Cold Vortex (NCCV)","authors":"Sen Yang,&nbsp;Deqin Li,&nbsp;Yunxia Duan,&nbsp;Yongshen Chen,&nbsp;Zhiquan Liu,&nbsp;Xiang-Yu Huang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042427","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The full-hydrometeor four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) assimilation scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, based on the WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6), is utilized to assimilate precipitation data. The focus is on short-term convective precipitation forecasts influenced by the Northeast China cold vortex (NCCV). Four assimilation experiments were designed to compare the warm rain scheme with the full-hydrometeor scheme, as well as to examine the differences between assimilating hourly surface rain gauge data and multi-source integrated precipitation products. Nine cases of intense convective precipitation related to NCCV were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the initial analysis of ice-phase hydrometeors was satisfactory across the three experiments utilizing the full-hydrometeor 4D-Var assimilation scheme. The assimilation of precipitation data using the full-hydrometeor scheme in WRF 4D-Var effectively adjusted atmospheric thermodynamic properties and decreased model spin-up time, leading to improved precipitation forecasts, especially for the 0–3 hr period. Furthermore, the assimilation of rain gauge data or multi-source integrated precipitation data has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for enhancing the accuracy of weather forecasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Regimes-Based Approach to Identifying Seasonal State-Dependent Prediction Skill","authors":"Kyle Shackelford,&nbsp;Charlotte A. DeMott,&nbsp;Peter Jan van Leeuwen,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Barnes","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042917","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subseasonal-to-decadal atmospheric prediction skill attained from initial conditions is typically limited by the chaotic nature of the atmosphere. However, for some atmospheric phenomena, prediction skill on subseasonal-to-decadal timescales is increased when the initial conditions are in a particular state. In this study, we employ machine learning to identify sea surface temperature (SST) regimes that enhance prediction skill of North Atlantic atmospheric circulation. An ensemble of artificial neural networks is trained to predict anomalous, low-pass filtered 500 mb height at 7–8 weeks lead using SST. We then use self-organizing maps (SOMs) constructed from 9 regions within the SST domain to detect state-dependent prediction skill. SOMs are built using the entire SST time series, and we assess which SOM units feature confident neural network predictions. Four regimes are identified that provide skillful seasonal predictions of 500 mb height. Our findings demonstrate the importance of extratropical decadal SST variability in modulating downstream ENSO teleconnections to the North Atlantic. The methodology presented could aid future forecasting on subseasonal-to-decadal timescales.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impacts of an AMOC Slowdown on Southern Hemisphere and Australian Climates at 8.2 ka in ACCESS-ESM1.5 Model","authors":"Yanxuan Du,&nbsp;Josephine R. Brown,&nbsp;Laurie Menviel,&nbsp;Himadri Saini,&nbsp;Russell N. Drysdale","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Greenland ice cores reveal an abrupt cooling of up to 3.3°C 8.2 kyr ago (8.2 ka), lasting for roughly 160 years. The event was likely caused by a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) due to freshwater drainage into the North Atlantic. It was associated with a global-scale climate change but is recorded in very few high-resolution paleoclimatic time series from the Southern Hemisphere (SH). In this study, we investigate the 8.2 ka event in the SH, particularly the Australian climate response to a weakened AMOC. Five North Atlantic meltwater experiments are conducted with the Australian Earth System Model, ACCESS-ESM1.5, to evaluate the sensitivity of AMOC responses to freshwater perturbations under early Holocene conditions as well as their climate impact. Our results suggest a 100 year freshwater pulse reproduces a global climate change that best matches existing proxy records for the 8.2 ka event. Australian surface air temperatures show significant cooler conditions in the northern half of the continent but warmer anomalies in the south in response to a weakened AMOC. Australian hydroclimate displays a more complex response at 8.2 ka. Northern Australian precipitation is influenced by a southward shift in the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and a strengthened Indo-Australian summer monsoon, while the southern part of the continent is more sensitive to weakening of the winter westerly winds. These results highlight the importance of understanding the Australian climate response to a weakened AMOC under different background climate in order to better predict potential future impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty Analysis of Surface Downward Longwave Radiation Models Based on Cloud Base Temperature","authors":"S. S. Yu,&nbsp;X. Z. Xin,&nbsp;H. L. Zhang,&nbsp;L. Li,&nbsp;Q. H. Liu,&nbsp;Y. Xiong","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042554","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cloud base temperature (CBT) is a crucial factor determining the surface downward longwave radiation (SDLR) under cloudy conditions. Theoretically, CBT-based parameterized models offer more accurate representations of cloud radiation effects and SDLR compared to simplistic models. However, they have poor performance in practical retrievals and have less development and application than other models. This study aims to pinpoint the shortcomings of existing CBT-based models, quantify model errors, and evaluate the impact of key parameter errors on SDLR retrieval results. Using simulated datasets based on radiative transfer models and ground-based remote sensing datasets, we conducted a detailed analysis of four CBT-based models. Our findings reveal that current model formulations inadequately capture the contributions of the atmosphere and cloud, leading to overestimation of the former and underestimation of the latter. However, these errors can partially offset each other. Under accurate parameter conditions, mean SDLR errors are within 10 W/m² for Diak, Gupta-Cal, and Wang models, and approximately −5 W/m² for the Schmetz model. The influence of cloud base height (CBH) and cloud fraction (CF) is significant and complex. When errors in CBH and CF are combined, CF error exerts a dominant influence. Surface downward longwave radiation error is insensitive to CBH error when CF is underestimated, while the impact of CBH error on SDLR estimation is notable when CF is overestimated. Regardless of CBH error, SDLR error is sensitive to CF error. Furthermore, when model errors are combined with cloud parameter errors, model errors may amplify or partially offset the impacts of parameter errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tibetan Plateau Uplift Changed the Asian Climate and Regulated Its Responses to Orbital Forcing During the Late Eocene to Early Miocene","authors":"Qinyao Zhang,&nbsp;Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Ma,&nbsp;Zhantao Feng,&nbsp;Wenqiang Tang,&nbsp;Xiaomin Fang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042872","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) uplift is believed to influence the Asian climate evolution on tectonic timescales throughout the Cenozoic era, whereas the orbital cycles on much shorter orbital timescales. However, the specific role of the former in modulating Asian climate responses to the latter remains inadequately understood, hindering our comprehension of the Asian climate evolution. To tackle this issue, we simulated the Asian climate by using the Community Earth System Model version 1.2.2 for two key periods: the late Eocene-early Oligocene and the late Oligocene-early Miocene. The simulations show that the TP uplift not only strengthened the Asian monsoon (AM), resulting in more annual and summer precipitation due to its elevated heating but also significantly amplified eccentricity-precession forcing and minorly weakened obliquity forcing on the Asian climate. Given a relatively lower and smaller TP during the late Eocene-early Oligocene, the northern East Asian precipitation is little influenced by eccentricity-precession cycles, in contrast to previous reconstruction records. This implied a relatively higher and/or larger TP might have existed at that time. As the TP continued to rise in the late Oligocene-early Miocene, East AM precipitation became more sensitive to rising summer insolation, with precipitation increasing in the southern region while decreasing in the northern region. These findings emphasize the significance of taking the TP uplift into account when examining the influence of orbital forcing on the Asian climate during the Cenozoic.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclogenesis to Aerosol Intervention","authors":"Thao Linh Tran,&nbsp;Jiwen Fan,&nbsp;Daniel Rosenfeld,&nbsp;Yuwei Zhang,&nbsp;Helen Cleugh,&nbsp;Andrew McC Hogg,&nbsp;Roslyn Prinsley","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041600","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As risks from tropical cyclones (TCs) are fueled by climate change escalation, there is an urgent need for transformational solutions to complement traditional approaches. Seeding TCs using aerosols can be a promising method to reduce cyclone intensity, supported by theoretical understanding of the microphysical effects of aerosols on TC clouds. The ideal time to intervene effectively in TCs is likely during their initial stage, before TC wind speeds reach their peak. However, studies exploring potential aerosol effects on TC formation remain scarce. This study investigates how a TC embryo responds to the addition of aerosols of varying sizes using the Weather Research &amp; Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a spectral-bin microphysics model. We found that aerosols of different sizes and concentrations distinctively affect the pre-TC vortex's microstructure and dynamics. Fine and ultrafine aerosols enhance the latent heat of condensation, freezing, deposition, and riming, initially intensifying the vortex. However, this results in enhancement of the cold pool, thereby reducing inflow and surface fluxes, subsequently weakening the vortex. Coarse aerosols produce the opposite effect to that of fine and ultrafine aerosols. Coarse aerosols lead to a slower initial acceleration owing to enhanced warm rain. However, the resulting weaker cold pool is insufficient to effectively reduce the strength of the vortex at the later stage. This study provides critical insights into how aerosols of varying sizes and concentrations modulate the energy cascade and impact the evolution of a TC embryo, laying the groundwork for further research on TC risk management through aerosol intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}