Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects From Extreme Fire Events in Australia, California and Siberia Occurring in 2019–2020","authors":"Thomas Vescovini,&nbsp;Pierre Nabat,&nbsp;Marc Mallet,&nbsp;Fabien Solmon","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims at investigating the biomass burning aerosols (BBA) from 2019 to 2020 extreme wildfires in California, Australia and Siberia, in terms of aerosol characteristics and direct radiative effect. This study is based on the comparison between global climate simulations (ARPEGE-Climat) and reference aerosol data sets (reanalyzes, ground-based observations and satellite data). First, our results demonstrate the need to constrain the injection heights in the model in order to realistically represent extinction vertical profiles observed during fire events, both in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere due to the contribution of pyro-convection. Without specific vertical emission profiles for fires, the ARPEGE-Climat simulations fail in representing aerosol extinction vertical profiles. For each region studied, the modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) is extremely high (above 3 at 550 nm). An important long-range transport of BBA emitted in Australia and California is shown, with high AOD further from sources. These extremely dense plumes significantly perturb the surface incident solar radiation and exert a large direct (surface) shortwave radiative effect up to −13, −29 and −17 W <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{m}}^{-2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> on monthly average over Australia (January 2020), California (September 2020) and Siberia (August 2019), respectively. A noteworthy positive BBA direct radiative effect (warming) is found at the top of the atmosphere, when dense and strongly absorbing smoke plumes are advected over cloudy oceanic regions, characterized by high surface albedo. This absorption leads to an increase of the solar heating rate up to 0.3 K <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>day</mtext>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${text{day}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> with possible implications on the atmospheric temperature and dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Assimilating WindBorne Observations Following Different Parts of a TPV on the Predictability of an Arctic Cyclone During THINICE","authors":"Zhihong Chen,&nbsp;Aaron Johnson,&nbsp;Xuguang Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042196","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The impact of assimilating in-situ observation inside a Tropopause Polar Vortex (TPV) from a novel weather balloon system, the WindBorne, on the predictability of the TPV and the coupled Arctic Cyclone (AC) is investigated using an AC case from the THINICE filed campaign. Two WindBornes continuously sampled inside and near the center of the TPV at various vertical levels for 27 hr before the cyclogenesis. The 27 hr were divided into three phases based on the different vertical levels sampled by WindBornes. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the forecasted cyclone is reduced from 12-hr to 36-hr forecast lead time as more phases of WindBornes are assimilated. This period corresponds to when the surface cyclone becomes superimposed with the TPV and rapidly deepens. Comparing the experiment with three phases of WindBorne observations assimilated versus the baseline, the cyclone expands southwestwards toward the TPV and forms a stronger coupled structure. Two analysis improvements leading to the improved AC predictability are revealed. First, a stronger circulation at and below the tropopause of the TPV is observed, leading to stronger coupling between the TPV and the surface cyclone in the forecast. Second, a mesoscale shortwave embedded in the synoptic trough is better constrained as more phases of WindBorne are assimilated. The north part of the TPV, which evolves from the shortwave trough, is therefore forecasted to be stronger. The sensitivity of forecast performance to horizontal localization parameter of the WindBorne observations is also studied. Larger localization parameters result in larger RMSE reduction compared to smaller values.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave Action Conservation, Eliassen-Palm Flux and Nonacceleration Conditions Within Atmospheres of Variable Composition","authors":"Stephen D. Eckermann","doi":"10.1029/2024JD040917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040917","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The foundational conservation equations of Eliassen and Palm (EP) and Bretherton and Garrett (BG) governing the pseudomomentum and action of waves in geophysical fluids are shown to be approximations that do not hold generally within atmospheres of varying mass composition, such as the Earth's thermosphere and other planetary atmospheres. Standard BG/EP conservation equations assume a fixed connection between mean-state entropy and pressure that breaks down when composition varies. New entropy-corrected (EC) forms of these equations are derived that conserve total energy and momentum in atmospheres where composition varies. Three separate and largely independent derivations are presented that all lead to the same EC forms of these equations and their associated diagnostics, such as nonacceleration conditions. Since EC forms present as corrective scaling factors to standard BG/EP equations, existing models and diagnostics are easily generalized. Representative thermospheric calculations reveal that the EC equations remove systematic energy and momentum biases of up to 40% that in turn lead steady conservative waves to grow more rapidly in amplitude with increasing altitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Vertically Resolved Canopy Improves Chemical Transport Model Predictions of Ozone Deposition to North Temperate Forests","authors":"Michael P. Vermeuel,&nbsp;Dylan B. Millet,&nbsp;Delphine K. Farmer,&nbsp;Laurens N. Ganzeveld,&nbsp;Auke J. Visser,&nbsp;Hariprasad D. Alwe,&nbsp;Timothy H. Bertram,&nbsp;Patricia A. Cleary,&nbsp;Ankur R. Desai,&nbsp;Detlev Helmig,&nbsp;Sarah C. Kavassalis,&nbsp;Michael F. Link,&nbsp;Matson A. Pothier,&nbsp;Mj Riches,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Sara Williams","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dry deposition is the second largest tropospheric ozone (O₃) sink and occurs through stomatal and nonstomatal pathways. Current O₃ uptake predictions are limited by the simplistic big-leaf schemes commonly used in chemical transport models (CTMs) to parameterize deposition. Such schemes fail to reproduce observed O₃ fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting the need for more realistic treatment of surface-atmosphere exchange in CTMs. We address this need by linking a resolved canopy model (1D Multi-Layer Canopy CHemistry and Exchange Model, MLC-CHEM) to the GEOS-Chem CTM and use this new framework to simulate O₃ fluxes over three north temperate forests. We compare results with in situ measurements from four field studies and with standalone, observationally constrained MLC-CHEM runs to test current knowledge of O₃ deposition and its drivers. We show that GEOS-Chem overpredicts observed O₃ fluxes across all four studies by up to 2×, whereas the resolved-canopy models capture observed diel profiles of O₃ deposition and in-canopy concentrations to within 10%. Relative humidity and solar irradiance are strong O₃ flux drivers over these forests, and uncertainties in those fields provide the largest remaining source of model deposition biases. Flux partitioning analysis shows that: (a) nonstomatal loss accounts for 60% of O₃ deposition on average; (b) in-canopy chemistry makes only a small contribution to total O₃ fluxes; and (c) the CTM big-leaf treatment overestimates O₃-driven stomatal loss and plant phytotoxicity in these temperate forests by up to 7×. Results motivate the application of fully online vertically explicit canopy schemes in CTMs for improved O₃ predictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Study on the Impacts of Mineral Dust Photocatalytic Heterogeneous Chemistry on the Sulfur Removal Over East Asia","authors":"Xiao Li,&nbsp;Zechen Yu,&nbsp;Man Yue,&nbsp;Yaman Liu,&nbsp;Kan Huang,&nbsp;Xuguang Chi,&nbsp;Wei Nie,&nbsp;Aijun Ding,&nbsp;Xinyi Dong,&nbsp;Minghuai Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041560","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dust heterogeneous chemistry substantially influences the atmosphere and has profound impacts on our environment and climate. Gas-particle partitioning on dust not only modifies species' chemical evolutions but also influences their deposition velocity. However, how does dust heterogeneous chemistry impacts acid deposition remains unexplored. In this research, we integrated dust photocatalytic mechanism into GEOS-Chem to assess its impact on sulfur removal across various regions and time spans in China. We find the photocatalytic mechanism enhances simulation performances of acid deposition. Observational validation demonstrates significant reductions in modeling bias for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) dry deposition and sulfate (SO₄) total deposition. Additionally, the improved model captures the declining trend of SO₄ deposition over 2006–2020. We further identified two key impacts of photocatalytic chemistry: firstly, our findings indicate it enhances sulfur removal more efficiently in near-desert areas like North China Plain (NCP) than in downwind areas like Yunnan-Guizhou-Chongqing region (YGY). Lifetimes of total sulfur reduced from 3.29 to 2.46 days in NCP, and from 2.46 to 1.95 days in YGY. This discrepancy results from faster conversion of SO₂ to dust-phase SO₄ and larger proportions of coarse-mode particles in NCP, resulting in accelerated SO₄ deposition velocity. Secondly, our results indicate that because dust photocatalytic chemistry amplifies removal of sulfur through SO₄ formation and deposition, decreased dust emission resulted in enhanced sulfur lifetimes over 2006–2014. Sensitivity experiments further show higher dust concentrations accelerate pollutants' removal. These findings underscore the importance of dust heterogeneous chemistry in influencing sulfur deposition, providing scientific insights for mitigating acid deposition in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Observation Field Experiment of Atmospheric Vertical Structure and Its Application in Precipitation Forecasts Over the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Xinghong Cheng,&nbsp;Xiangde Xu,&nbsp;Gang Bai,&nbsp;Ruiwen Wang,&nbsp;Jianzhong Ma,&nbsp;Debin Su,&nbsp;Bing Chen,&nbsp;Siying Ma,&nbsp;Chunmei Hu,&nbsp;Shengjun Zhang,&nbsp;Runze Zhao,&nbsp;Hongda Yang,&nbsp;Siyang Cheng,&nbsp;Wenqian Zhang,&nbsp;Shizhu Wang,&nbsp;Gang Xie","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042467","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We carried out the first Mobile Field Observation Campaign of Atmospheric Profiles (MFOCAP) in the southeast Tibet and the Three-River Source Region (TRSR) of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) by adopting two vehicle-mounted integrated mobile observations (MO) system from July 18 to 30, 2021. Reliable MO data sets of air temperature (Ta), water vapor density (WVD) and relative humidity (RH) with high spatio-temporal resolution over the TP were obtained and assimilated to improve precipitation forecast using the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation (DA) method. The results show that Ta, WVD and RH profile data retrieved with the mobile microwave radiometer (MR) are credible over the TP. The atmospheric vertical structure measured by the mobile MR can reproduce the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of water vapor transport, temperature stratification and cloud structure. The distribution pattern of 24-hr accumulated rainfall prediction with Ta profile DA was closer to measurements, and 6–12 hr forecasts for low to moderate rainfall in the central and western regions of Qinghai province were improved significantly. Data assimilation with air temperature retrievals from mobile MR observations were found beneficial for accurate simulation of water vapor transport, convergence and divergence of wind field, and upward motion associated with precipitation events. The finding of this study highlights the value of MR remote sensing observations in improving the rainfall monitoring and forecasts over the TP and downstream regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric and Surface Dynamics During Winter Warm Spells in the Southern Great Plains: Insights From the 2021 Case Study","authors":"Taylor M. Grace,&nbsp;Kathleen Pegion,&nbsp;Jeffrey B. Basara","doi":"10.1029/2024JD040856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040856","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two 2021 winter warm spell events experienced near record extreme surface temperatures, anomalies exceeding <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 <mn>5</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${+}5{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>C, during the winter season in 2021 across the Southern Great Plains (SGP). Extreme heat during the winter season results in similar detrimental socioeconomic impacts compared to their counterpart summer heat wave events. Winter warm spell events across the SGP have been historically increasing over the last several decades, and as such, it is crucial to investigate the drivers of these extreme events. In this study, we use ERA-5 reanalysis data to investigate the atmospheric and surface characteristics associated with these two extreme events (i.e., (a) 29 November–17 December 2021 and (b) 22 December–31 December 2021). A prolonged period of positive geopotential height anomalies amplified subsidence in combination with increased incoming solar radiation and surface heat fluxes aiding extreme surface temperatures during the first winter warm spell event. However, a more prominent atmospheric blocking high (i.e., Alaskan Ridge) initiated and intensified the extreme heat during the second winter warm spell. Increased incoming solar radiation and positive sensible heat flux due to a dry surface fostered extreme heat during the second winter warm spell event. Warm air advection throughout both winter warm spell events supported the extreme surface temperatures. Discovering potential crucial drivers to winter warm spells identifies the sources of predictability to improve prediction of these extreme heat events.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Urbanization on Mesoscale Convective Systems: Insights From a Radar Wind Profiler Mesonet, Theoretical Analyses, and Model Simulations","authors":"Tian Xian,&nbsp;Jianping Guo,&nbsp;Runze Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaoran Guo,&nbsp;Ning Li,&nbsp;Yuping Sun,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Tianning Su,&nbsp;Zhanqing Li","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role of planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the urban effect on mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) remains highly uncertain. The high-density Mesonet of radar wind profilers (RWPs) in Beijing, along with geostationary satellite data from Fengyun-2, were used to investigate the MCS evolution and potential impact of urbanization. An MCS as observed by satellite tends to weaken over urban and downstream areas under strong precipitating conditions as opposed to an invigorated MCS over urban and downstream areas under weak precipitating conditions. The pattern of low-level convergence and high-level divergence from RWP Mesonet dominates the PBL of all MCS events under strong precipitating conditions, as compared with fluctuating vertical structures of convergence under weak precipitating conditions. Under strong precipitating conditions, turbulent friction weakens MCS activity over the Beijing urban area. Under weak precipitating conditions, thermal effect dominated over urban areas, favoring the formation of surface-level convergence and invigorating MCSs. Using the large-eddy simulation, we further investigated the influence of turbulent structural characteristics on the development of MCS. For the strong (weak) precipitating case, turbulence dissipation (buoyancy) dominated the turbulent kinetic energy over urban areas, explaining well the characteristics of MCSs propagating over these areas. Overall, the theoretical analysis and model simulation results confirm the observed impact of urbanization on MCSs. Besides the above scientific findings, our study highlights the importance of the RWP Mesonet in studying the urban effect on MCSs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Did Historical Storms Used in Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) Estimation Reach Maximum Efficiency? A Large Model Ensemble Approach","authors":"Emilie G. Tarouilly,&nbsp;Stefan R. Rahimi,&nbsp;Jason M. Cordeira,&nbsp;Dennis P. Lettenmaier","doi":"10.1029/2023JD040055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The flood that would result from the greatest depth of precipitation “meteorologically possible”, or Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is used in the design of dam spillways and other high-risk structures. Historically, PMP has been estimated by scaling depth-area-duration relationships obtained from severe historical storms. Over the last decade, numerical weather prediction models have been used to instead simulate precipitation resulting from the addition of atmospheric moisture (called relative humidity maximization, or RHM). Despite the major improvement this represents, model-based PMP relies on a key assumption, which this paper re-evaluates in Oroville dam's Feather River watershed (California). Model-based as well as earlier procedures assume that severe historical storms achieved maximum efficiency (moisture conversion to precipitation) and only maximize moisture. We examine the most severe storms found in the CESM2-LE global climate model ensemble, which constitutes a very large artificial record (∼1,150 years) in comparison with the historical record, to understand the upper bounds of storm efficiency and precipitation. We downscale the 10 most severe CESM2-LE storms (by precipitation totals), and identify key storm attributes (vertical motion, convection and convergence) that control precipitation efficiency. In comparison with historical storms, we find that CESM-LE storms can have 30% higher efficiency and 32% higher precipitation, but produce only 8% higher PMP estimates, suggesting some convergence of model ensemble and historical storms in terms of PMP. The understanding of the controls on storm efficiency that our work provides leverages past work focused on moisture and supports the development of more reliable PMP storm amplification guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Water Vapor Origin of a Rainstorm Event in the Taklamakan Desert","authors":"Yongqi Gong,&nbsp;Haipeng Yu,&nbsp;Huancui Hu,&nbsp;Jianping Huang,&nbsp;Yu Ren,&nbsp;Jie Zhou,&nbsp;Ming Peng,&nbsp;Siyu Chen,&nbsp;Khan Alam,&nbsp;Wen Zhao,&nbsp;Shanling Cheng,&nbsp;Yunsai Zhu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041382","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In July 2021, the Taklamakan Desert (TD) experienced an unprecedented rainstorm with daily precipitation exceeding 61.1 mm, triggering mudslides and landslides, highlighting the increasing frequency of extreme precipitation events even in arid regions under global warming. The water vapor sources and transport paths of this rainstorm are still puzzling due to the insufficient representation of physical processes in previous analytical models, leading to possible deviations from reality. Here, using the online Eulerian Weather Research and Forecasting model with water vapor tracer (WRF-WVT), we aim for an improved understanding of water vapor sources of the rainfall event. Results demonstrate that the most important water source for this event is water vapor from local evapotranspiration, contributing to 32.77% of the rainstorm moisture. Water vapor from Upstream Westerlies (28.95%) and East Asian Drylands (28.54%) are transported over the precipitation area by the westerlies owing to the strong lower-level low-pressure system, being the second-most important precipitation source. These sources contribute significantly more than other regions, including the Arabian Sea (5.56%), the Tibetan Plateau (2.16%), and the South Asian Monsoon (0.77%). External moisture sources collectively provide over 65.98% of the precipitation, underscoring their important role. Notably, local evapotranspiration significantly influences precipitation, exceeding the contributions from other individual sources. By comparing with the 2016 precipitation event, it is found that a low-pressure trough extending southward to the west of the TD plays a significant role in the 2021 rainstorm event. The presence of the trough significantly enhances the moisture transport of the westerlies and the upward motion, contributing to the occurrence of extreme precipitation events.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}