Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"GRACE-FO and Future Satellite Gravity Missions Will Need to Account for Global Cloud Water Convergence","authors":"Christian A. Mielke,&nbsp;Jürgen Kusche,&nbsp;Petra Friederichs,&nbsp;Anne Springer","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Convective storms cause significant atmospheric and hydrological mass changes through the rapid accumulation of water vapor, cloud water, and heavy precipitation over hours or days. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-Follow-On (GRACE-FO) gravity field solutions enable holistic monitoring of terrestrial water storage changes, but only after mathematically removing modeled atmospheric mass variations from the observations. While this removal typically accounts for atmospheric water vapor, extreme convective events also lead to mass changes arising from liquid and frozen cloud water, which are currently neglected in gravity field processing. Using ERA5 cloud water data, we identified over 50,000 extreme events (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>≥</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ge} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>0.6 Gt) from 2002 to 2023, which we hypothesize to fall within the detection range of the GRACE-FO laser ranging interferometer. Our global catalog provides details on the biggest events and the evolution of different atmospheric and terrestrial water storages over the affected regions. We show that cloud water mass changes during these events can be comparable in magnitude to water vapor variations. We also observed a steady annual increase of about 52 events, from 1,796 in 2002 to 2,791 in 2023, alongside increasing intensity, which we attribute to the intensification of the water cycle driven by global warming. Our findings suggest that atmospheric cloud water, predominantly during large convective events in the tropics, map into GRACE-FO observations and that the integration of state-of-the-art cloud water simulations into the dealiasing products will improve the exploitation of GRACE-FO and Next Generation Gravity Mission data for ocean science and hydrological and climate research, particularly on submonthly timescales.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD044124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Extreme Precipitation and Flood Producing Atmospheric Rivers in the Alouette Watershed of British Columbia and the Development of a Modified Severity Scale","authors":"E. Legarth,&nbsp;R. B. Stull,&nbsp;R. H. White","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043453","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric rivers (ARs) transport large amounts of atmospheric moisture and can lead to extreme flooding events, particularly when they interact with coastal mountains such as in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Canada is yet to implement a scale to characterize the severity of ARs and there has been little research into the specific features of ARs that cause extreme flooding, especially for regions outside of the US. Using ERA5 data and the Global AR Database (Guan, 2022, https://doi.org/10.25346/S6/YO15ON), we studied the effects of a range of AR characteristics on extreme precipitation and streamflow in the Alouette watershed, which includes an important reservoir. For this watershed, the majority of extreme-event producing ARs (X-ARs) approach the BC coast from compass directions of between 210 and 220°. ARs that approach from a more westerly direction can cause extreme events with an IVT as low as 400 kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹ compared to over 800 kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹ for ARs from a more southerly direction. IVT, the presence of rain-on-snow events, and high preceding soil moisture conditions strongly correlate with the production of extreme streamflow in the Alouette watershed. For the Alouette watershed, we recommend that the AR scale used in the US (Ralph, Rutz, et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0023.1), be enhanced to better represent the severity of ARs in this watershed by including the surface air temperature, angle of approach, and antecedent conditions in the hazard calculation. A similar analysis should be applied to other high-impact watersheds where accurate prediction of AR impacts is critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD043453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Composition and Stratospheric Fate of Aerosol Particles Originating in the Polar Vortex","authors":"Michael J. Lawler,&nbsp;Gregory P. Schill,&nbsp;Daniel M. Murphy,&nbsp;Maya Abou-Ghanem,&nbsp;Charles A. Brock,&nbsp;Ming Lyu,&nbsp;Adam T. Ahern,&nbsp;Samuel J. Taylor,&nbsp;Eric J. Hintsa,&nbsp;Fred L. Moore,&nbsp;Geoffrey S. Dutton,&nbsp;J. David Nance,&nbsp;Bradley D. Hall,&nbsp;R. Bradley Pierce,&nbsp;Eric A. Ray,&nbsp;Troy D. Thornberry","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stratospheric aerosol plays a significant role in the Earth's energy balance, primarily through its direct interaction with solar radiation. It is also an important chemical reactor that contributes to the multiphase chemistry of ozone destruction by halogen compounds. Sulfuric acid is the main chemical component of stratospheric aerosol, but the processes that control the composition and size of stratospheric particles remain uncertain. We report direct observations of the composition of individual particles of 0.12–1.2 μm geometric diameter, sampled in situ in the high latitude lower stratosphere during February and March of 2023, at altitudes up to 19 km. Polar vortex air was frequently sampled, enabling an investigation into the nature of particles formed in air descending from the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. Over 90% of particles at the sampled sizes in very old polar vortex air contain metals from the ablation of meteors, suggesting that almost all sulfuric acid particles formed in such air grow onto meteoric smoke. Such particles contain extremely low levels of organic matter, typically less than about 0.3% by mass, and relatively high mass fractions of metals, around 5%–8%. These newly characterized “neat” meteoric-sulfuric particles gain additional sulfuric acid and organic compounds by coagulation with background stratospheric aerosol, forming “aged” meteoric-sulfuric particles, which are encountered throughout the stratosphere. On the basis of these observations, we estimate a meteoric iron flux into the Earth's atmosphere of about 0.3–1 Gg yr⁻¹.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD043530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the Shape of Cloud Particle Size Distributions in High-Latitude Marine Cold-Air Outbreaks","authors":"Larry Ger B. Aragon,&nbsp;Jonathan Crosier,&nbsp;Paul J. Connolly,&nbsp;Yi Huang,&nbsp;Peter T. May,&nbsp;Steven J. Abel","doi":"10.1029/2024JD043033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs) drive significant evolutions in marine boundary layer clouds and play a crucial role in high-latitude climate systems. This study examines the variability of cloud particle size distributions (PSDs) in high-latitude MCAOs and how well their spectral shapes are represented by the gamma shape parameter <i>μ</i> used in model bulk microphysics parameterizations. Aircraft in situ measurements from 20 flights in stratocumulus and cumulus cloud regimes within MCAO conditions were collected during two recent field campaigns: Arctic cold-air outbreak conducted over the Arctic-Nordic seas in March 2022 and the M-phase conducted over the sub-Arctic Labrador Sea in October–November 2022. Results show that high-latitude MCAO clouds in the Northern Hemisphere exhibit narrow PSDs, characterized by higher <i>μ</i> (mean <i>μ</i> = 20) that imply more reflective clouds than the fixed <i>μ</i> = 2.5 assumption in some bulk microphysics schemes. Cloud PSDs narrow and <i>μ</i> increase with height in near-adiabatic stratocumulus clouds, while there is more vertical variability in broken cumulus clouds. Liquid water content correlates more strongly with <i>μ</i> variability than cloud number concentrations, suggesting its better predictability as a bulk prognostic variable for PSD variability in these cloud systems. A higher <i>μ</i> and its derived relation with cloud liquid water content could better represent the microphysical and radiative properties of high-latitude MCAO clouds in bulk microphysics parameterizations, particularly at the typical horizontal resolutions of numerical weather prediction and regional climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD043033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Light-Dependent Monoterpene Emission Parameterizations to Enhance Chemical Transport Model Predictions of Ozone and SOA in South China","authors":"Hao Guo,&nbsp;Yanli Zhang,&nbsp;Haofan Ran,&nbsp;Jianqiang Zeng,&nbsp;Xinming Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044435","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play a crucial role in atmospheric photochemical, with monoterpenes (MTs) accounting for approximately 15% of total BVOC emissions. However, the mechanisms underlying MT production in plants and their subsequent release into the atmosphere remain poorly understood. Existing parameterization schemes for MT emissions in BVOC models require refinement, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where recent field observations provide new insights. In this study, the light-temperature dependence algorithm in MEGAN2.1 was updated based on in situ measurements. The revised algorithm significantly reduced estimated MT emissions in South China, with reductions ranging from ∼9% (∼8 Gg) in summer to ∼60% (∼6.5 Gg) in winter over Guangdong province. As a result, chemical transport model simulations showed that the maximum daily 8-hr average (MDA8) ozone (O₃) concentrations decreased by 3%–5% (1.0–1.5 ppb), with a maximum reduction of up to 7% (2 ppb). Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) concentrations declined by 10%–20% (0.5–1 μg/m³), with the maximum reduction of 24% (1.2 μg/m³) in summer 2022. These decreases were primarily driven by a reduction in atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC). Moreover, the revised algorithm amplified reduction of MTs-derived SOA through various formation pathways. These findings suggest that previous models may overestimated BVOC emissions, leading to inflated predictions of both O₃ and SOA concentrations. This overestimation could be further exacerbated by AOC changes and shifts in SOA formation pathways associated with MT emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Performance of Regional and Global Forecasting Models for Accurate PM2.5 Prediction and Air Quality Index Assessment in Delhi, India","authors":"Prafull P. Yadav,&nbsp;Rajmal Jat,&nbsp;Sachin D. Ghude,&nbsp;Gaurav Govardhan,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar,&nbsp;Sreyashi Debnath,&nbsp;Gayatri Kalita,&nbsp;Chinmay Jena,&nbsp;V. K. Soni,&nbsp;A. Jayakumar,&nbsp;T. J. Anurose,&nbsp;Shweta Bhati,&nbsp;Alqamah Sayeed,&nbsp;Junhyeon Seo,&nbsp;Pawan Gupta,&nbsp;Partha S. Bhattacharjee,&nbsp;Johannes Flemming,&nbsp;Kamaljit Ray,&nbsp;S. D. Atri","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043719","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate forecasting of PM_2.5 (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm) is essential for effective air quality management, particularly in urban areas such as Delhi, which frequently experience severe pollution episodes. This study evaluates the predictive capabilities of regional and global forecasting models for PM_2.5 concentrations and the associated Air Quality Index (AQI) in Delhi, India. A multi-model assessment was conducted using three regional models (WRF-Chem, SILAM, and DM-Chem) and four global models (IFS, GEOS-FP, GEFS-Aerosols, and the machine learning-based GEOS-ML). Forecasts from these models were validated against hourly in situ measurements from 39 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) stations in Delhi. Results revealed that the Air Quality Early Warning System (AQEWS) based on WRF-Chem exhibited the highest predictive accuracy (Performance Index, PI = 87), with minimal deviations from observations. The GEOS-ML model (PI = 70) effectively captured key variations using a machine learning approach. DM-Chem (330 m: PI = 69, 1.5 km: PI = 61) showed reasonable agreement, whereas IFS (PI = 60), GEOS-FP (PI = 52), and GEFS-Aerosols (PI = 47) captured broader trends with varying accuracy. SILAM (PI = 58) exhibited notable discrepancies during high-pollution events. This study underscores the need for rigorous evaluation of forecasting systems to enhance air quality prediction in polluted urban environments such as Delhi. Identifying the most reliable models supports data-driven decision-making for air pollution mitigation and public health protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant Vertical Difference in Aerosol Chemistry Within Urban Boundary Layer Triggered by Cold-Air Pool: Insights From Simultaneous Mountain-Valley Measurements","authors":"Xinghua Zhang,&nbsp;Jianzhong Xu,&nbsp;Chongshui Gong,&nbsp;Yangmei Zhang,&nbsp;Pengfei Tian,&nbsp;Yin Yang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Ganlin Zhou,&nbsp;Lixiang Zhai,&nbsp;Miao Zhong","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044392","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Valley-basin terrains represent one of Earth's most prominent landforms and host numerous urban settlements. However, these topographically constrained regions frequently experience severe winter aerosol pollution. One critical challenge in elucidating the formation and evolution mechanisms of valley aerosol pollution lies in the precise quantification of its complex vertical difference in aerosol chemistry. To address this, we conducted simultaneous high-resolution real-time field measurements at two distinct elevations (urban surface and mountaintop sites with approximately 640 m vertical separation) in Lanzhou, a typical urban valley in northwest China, in January 2021. Significant vertical differences were observed in submicron aerosol (PM₁) chemical composition, sources, and temporal variations within this confined terrain. Primary emissions from residential cooking, traffic, and heating activities were major contributors to ground-level PM₁ (averaging 42%), whereas secondary aerosols dominated (76%) at the mountaintop. Most notably, vertical differences in primary aerosol contributions reached ∼40% during persistent cold-air pool (CAP) episodes characterized by strong temperature inversions and suppressed development of boundary layers. Our study quantitatively reveals the vertical variations in aerosol chemistry, demonstrating that synoptic systems and boundary layer dynamics critically govern air quality in valley cities by regulating vertical mixing. Furthermore, these findings highlight that combining precise CAP weather forecasts with targeted primary emission controls could be a highly effective strategy for mitigating winter aerosol pollution in similar topographically confined regions globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Eurasian Teleconnection Wave Trains Contributing to the Intraseasonal Variations of East Asian Jet Streams","authors":"Jingnan Yin,&nbsp;Daokai Xue,&nbsp;Yaocun Zhang,&nbsp;Dan Wang,&nbsp;Qian Liu,&nbsp;Huan Mei,&nbsp;Bin Wang,&nbsp;Xiangbai Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As essential upstream circulation regimes, the Eurasian wave trains can exert influence on the East Asian jet variations on intraseasonal time scale. Nonetheless, their propagation characteristics and dynamic effects need further illustration. This study identifies that the intraseasonal variations of East Asian polar-front jet and subtropical jet, manifesting as their concurrent intensity and location changes, are preceded by Eurasian wave trains originating from the Iceland and Norwegian Sea. According to the mid-high latitude wave train structures, the conventional Eurasian pattern (EU) and Scandinavian pattern (SCAND) lead the jet variations by 1 and 2∼3 days, respectively, facilitating more organized wave structures, spreading local oscillations in East Asia to trans-Eurasian circulation realignment, and amplifying the jet variabilities. Atlantic SST anomalies play an important role in stimulating the upstream Rossby wave sources of different teleconnection wave trains, through inducing descending motions and convergence anomalies in upper troposphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Madden-Julian Oscillation on the US Puget Sound Regional Hydroclimate","authors":"Xiaodong Chen,&nbsp;L. Ruby Leung,&nbsp;Ning Sun","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042936","url":null,"abstract":"<p>El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) are two major modes of climate variability with global hydroclimate impacts. However, their impacts often depend on the local climate and geography, resulting in large regional differences. In this study, we examined the connection of ENSO and MJO to the hydroclimate conditions and extremes in the Puget Sound (PS) basin located in the US Pacific Northwest coast. The results indicate that ENSO significantly modulates the cold season temperature and temperature-mediated hydrologic processes. El Niño cold seasons feature less snow accumulation and intensified surface runoff, even if the precipitation amount is similar to La Niña cold seasons. Therefore, El Niño causes more snow drought (in the form of compound dry and warm snow drought) and shifts the surface runoff seasonality by reducing runoff in the subsequent warm season. MJO phases 6–7 trigger more extreme precipitation, temperature, snowmelt, and runoff in the PS region at 0–9–day lags, and such connections are robust regardless of how the ENSO signals are removed. Meanwhile, MJO modulates large-scale extreme weather systems (e.g., atmospheric rivers) with significant enhancement during phases 6–7. ENSO impacts have intensified in the 2001–2020 period, whereas MJO impacts showed some phase shift in this period. This study reveals ENSO and MJO phases 6–7 as useful predictors of the PS hydroclimate anomalies/extremes at seasonal and daily scales, respectively. Utilizing these findings holds the potential to improve regional water resources prediction and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Climatological Impacts of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events on Arctic Tropopause and Tropopause Inversion Layer as Revealed by GNSS Radio Occultation and Reanalysis Data Sets","authors":"Lingyun Yang,&nbsp;Shaodong Zhang,&nbsp;Chunming Huang,&nbsp;Kaiming Huang,&nbsp;Yun Gong,&nbsp;Zheng Ma,&nbsp;Jiahui Luo","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044493","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores Arctic tropopause and tropopause inversion layer (TIL) characteristics during major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, along with the underlying dynamical mechanisms, using Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS RO) data and multiple reanalysis products, including Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), and ERA5. Winter-spring climatology reveals a pronounced TIL during major SSW events. The strength of TIL (STIL) decreases from November to January, reaching a minimum in January before rebounding through April, while tropopause height follows an inverse trend. For SSW years, STIL strengthens by 1–3 × 10⁻⁵s⁻² and tropopause height depresses by 200–600 m relative to non-SSW years from January to March. Multi year composite analysis identifies distinct TIL enhancement and tropopause depression within ±5 days of SSW central date, attributed to planetary wave-induced easterly forcing at the stratosphere. These waves trigger westerly wind reversal, and modify residual circulation. Dynamical and adiabatic heating linked to residual vertical velocity amplifies STIL and reduces the tropopause height, with stronger anomalies occurring at higher latitudes. Multi-data set comparisons demonstrate robust consistency in capturing TIL structures and tropopause variability across reanalyses, despite resolution-dependent differences in static stability magnitudes. Notably, coarse-resolution data sets (JRA-55, MERRA-2) effectively resolve TIL features, thereby validating their utility for such studies. This work provides the first long-term climatology of the impact of major SSWs on Arctic TIL, elucidates the mechanism of planetary wave-driven tropopause and TIL anomalies, and establishes methodological frameworks for leveraging diverse data sets in polar atmospheric research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145272181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}