Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating How Historical Climate Change Affected a Heavy Snowfall Event in Northern Japan in Mid-December 2021 Using Two Pseudo Global Warming Methods","authors":"K. Tamura,&nbsp;T. Sato","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041553","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In mid-December 2021, heavy snowfall occurred when an extratropical cyclone passed around Hokkaido, northern Japan. In this study, we investigated the contribution of historical climate change to the heavy snowfall event using large ensemble simulation data sets and two pseudo global warming (PGW) methods. We classified the large ensemble simulation data sets by the pressure pattern and identified the extratropical cyclone event. Composite analyses reveal that the development of the extratropical cyclone can be attributed to historical climate change. We ran the PGW method with the classified meteorological data as the input data and found that the development of the extratropical cyclone resulted in enhanced water vapor transport and intensified local convergence in the lower troposphere, causing heavy precipitation. We also found that oceanic warming made a minimal contribution to the precipitation in this event. These findings highlight the importance of considering historical changes in event-specific synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions when evaluating the contributions of climate change to extreme events.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the Deep Convective Structures of Tropical Cyclones Associated With the Diurnal Pulse","authors":"Xinyan Zhang,&nbsp;Weixin Xu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study uses satellite passive microwave (PMW) and spaceborne precipitation radar (PR) observations to investigate changes in the cloud and precipitation structures of tropical cyclones (TCs) experiencing diurnal pulses (DPs). A total of 4677 PMW and 3074 PR snapshots are matched with DP and non-DP events of TCs objectively identified from infrared satellite images. The PMW observations suggest that compared to non-DP events, the inner-core (0–100 km) cold clouds containing both ice and liquid particles become more frequent and widespread when DP occurs. The greatest DP-associated enhancement of cold clouds occurs in the downshear left quadrant of weak TCs (tropical storms) and in the upshear region of moderate-to-strong (≥ CAT 1) hurricanes, respectively. Also, the inner-core cold clouds of DP events still maintain a relatively symmetric distribution under high-shear (&gt;10 ms⁻¹) environments compared to non-DP counterparts. The inner-core warm cloud, dominated by liquid hydrometeors, increases in regions right of the shear but decreases left of the shear during DP events. Similarly, PR echo-top height statistics show significant increases of moderate-to-deep convection in the TC inner region (0–300 km) on DP events especially for weak TCs. Particularly, the upshear-right quadrant has the greatest increase in moderate-to-deep convection during DP events. These changes lead to a deeper and more symmetric convective structure of TCs' inner region with the occurrence of DPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of a Lack of QBO/Solar-MJO Connection in Certain CMIP6 Models","authors":"N. E. Trencham,&nbsp;L. L. Hood","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041606","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A connection between the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), solar variability, and the short-term convective climate oscillation, the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), in boreal winter has been found in observational data, yet it is generally lacking in current global climate models (GCMs). A proposed mechanism is changes in tropical lower stratospheric upwelling rates and static stability caused by QBO and solar UV effects on extratropical wave forcing of the stratospheric residual meridional circulation (the Brewer-Dobson circulation). The extent to which this mechanism, which operates only in boreal winter and enhances similar effects of the QBO-induced meridional circulation, is simulated in a series of GCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) is investigated. The models are found to be often lacking complete representation of several elements of the mechanism, with particular issues being QBOs that are westerly biased and weak in the lower stratosphere, insufficient solar or QBO modulation of extratropical wave activity (the Holton-Tan effect), too weak reductions in equatorial tropopause static stability in response to extratropical wave forcing, and MJOs that in some cases do not respond to these reductions. Through bypassing many of these deficiencies via data selection, it is demonstrated that effects on the MJO that resemble those found in observations (strengthening of the MJO following early winter sudden stratospheric warmings and during easterly QBO winters) can be simulated by a subset of the models. This supports operation of the proposed mechanism, and points to needed model improvements, although caveats exist and further work is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escalated Risk of Concurrent Eurasian Heatwaves Under Recurrent Rossby Wave Patterns","authors":"Beijing FANG,&nbsp;Mengqian LU","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042437","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Concurrent heatwaves, featured by simultaneous occurrences of extreme heat in separate regions, pose significant risks to natural ecosystems and human society. In August 2022, unprecedented heatwaves struck central China and west Russia concurrently, resulting in severe energy crisis, numerous financial losses, and fatalities. Through synoptic-scale analysis, we identify a pivotal role of recurrent Rossby wave packets (RRWPs) in shaping the event by repeatedly forming ridges and troughs over the same key areas. In this study, we further extend the investigation of the influence of RRWPs on heatwave occurrences in these two targeted regions over the past 44 years. Using a self-organizing map to identify the RRWP patterns, we find that RRWPs with ridges over central China are closely associated with a marked increase in heatwave probabilities in both central China and western Russia. Specifically, the regional-mean likelihood of heatwaves increases by factors of 3.0 and 2.6, respectively, relative to the climatology. Notably, the effect of RRWPs on the occurrence of concurrent heatwaves across both regions is more pronounced than on regional events alone. For example, during RRWPs, the likelihood of concurrent heatwaves affecting at least 20% of both target regions exceeds 10 times the climatological average. Our findings underscore the significant role of RRWPs in triggering concurrent Eurasian heatwaves and suggest promising synoptic predictability for such extreme events.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Maximum Evaporation and the Priestley-Taylor Models for Inland Waterbodies","authors":"Wei Xiao,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Ruonan Zhao,&nbsp;Lei Jia,&nbsp;Haoran Chu,&nbsp;Hengxin Bao,&nbsp;Chang Cao,&nbsp;Pei Ge,&nbsp;Jian Yang,&nbsp;Mi Zhang,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Xuhui Lee","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Priestley-Taylor (PT) model is a classic model of potential evaporation of terrestrial and marine surfaces. It is now recognized that the Bowen ratio (<i>β</i>) implicit in the PT model is too sensitive to temperature. The model also requires the surface net radiation (<i>R</i>_n) as input even though <i>R</i>_n is not an independent external forcing. The maximum evaporation model (MEM) proposed by Yang and Roderick (2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3481) is a potential candidate for replacing the PT model. Past studies have evaluated the MEM for land ecosystems and for the global ocean. This study represents the first evaluation of the MEM for inland waterbodies. Results are based on eddy-covariance observation at a large lake and at a small fishpond. Although there were complex error structures and error compensation patterns among its intermediate variables, the MEM was able to reproduce the observed monthly (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.95) and interannual variability (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.78) in the lake latent heat flux. A key assumption of the MEM, that the incoming and outgoing longwave radiation is coupled, was a reasonable approximation at both the monthly and the annual time scale for the large lake and at the monthly time scale for the small fishpond. This assumption allows the MEM to treat <i>R</i>_n as an intermediate variable instead of a prescribed forcing. These results support the MEM as an alternative to the PT model at locations where <i>R</i>_n measurements are not available. In situations where <i>R</i>_n data is available, a revised PT model with reduced <i>β</i> temperature sensitivity is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local and Downstream Effects of Vertical Soil Water Flow on Summer Persistent Extreme Precipitation Events in Southeast China","authors":"Youyong Xie,&nbsp;Huiling Yuan","doi":"10.1029/2023JD040339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040339","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Persistent extreme precipitation events (PEPEs) in Southeast China cause casualties and economic losses, and accurate simulations of these events continue to face significant challenges. This study identifies critical features associated with PEPEs during boreal summer in this region, such as both cool land surface and air at 850 hPa, indicating strong land-atmosphere interactions. Vertical soil water flow (VSWF) significantly affects near-surface soil hydro-thermodynamics and can potentially enhance the PEPEs' simulation. However, VSWF is often ignored in land surface models. To improve the simulation of PEPEs, the VSWF term is incorporated into the soil heat transfer equation within the Noah-MP model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model, improving the simulation of PEPEs. Further analysis reveals that incorporating VSWF strengthens the cold features of PEPEs and improves precipitation simulation. Detailed examination shows that incorporating VSWF induces a secondary circulation anomaly and a positive geopotential height anomaly in Southeast China compared to simulations without VSWF. The southeast flank of the anticyclone anomaly reduces water vapor transport, while the northwest flank enhances it. Additionally, the geopotential height anomaly triggers adjustments in downstream regions of Southeast China, depending on changes in downstream circulation patterns of PEPEs. This research contributes to a better understanding of land-atmosphere interactions, particularly the effects of VSWF on PEPEs in Southeast China.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summertime Continental Shallow Cumulus Cloud Detection Using GOES-16 Satellite and Ground-Based Ceilometer at North Alabama","authors":"Jingjing Tian,&nbsp;Yunyan Zhang,&nbsp;Kevin Knupp,&nbsp;Preston Pangle,&nbsp;Jennifer Comstock","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate simulations of boundary layer cloud processes remain challenging in Earth system modeling. Observations are essential to evaluate and improve models of such processes. This study introduces a comprehensive validation framework for a satellite-based detection algorithm of continental shallow cumulus (ShCu) clouds during the daytime, which was initially developed using ground-based observations of stereo cameras at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site (J. Tian, Zhang, Klein, &amp; Schumacher, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122309, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl097070). To validate this algorithm, the framework employs ground-based ceilometer measurements from North Alabama (NA) where ShCu populations are prevalent. This study first generates clear-sky surface reflectance maps at NA and identifies ShCu pixels with a detection threshold using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) reflectance data. The obtained cloud fractions (CFs) are then compared against CFs from a ground-based ceilometer, considering factors such as observed area differences, satellite parallax issue, and systematic biases. We found that with a detection threshold (∆R) of 0.05, the ShCu detection algorithm is effective for NA, enabling the reproduction of hourly ShCu CFs using GOES. Our framework is straightforward and easily repeatable to evaluate the effectiveness of a ∆R threshold for detecting ShCu clouds in various geographic regions where ceilometers are deployed. This satellite detection of ShCu provides a crucial regional context for ground-based measurements, facilitating the tracking of convection initiation and its coupling with land surface conditions. Integrating localized ground-based and regional satellite data will enhance our ability to conduct thorough studies of cloud morphology and land-atmosphere interactions in North Alabama.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the Double Warm-Core Structure in the Eyewall Replacement Cycle of Typhoon Trami (2018)","authors":"Xiangcheng Li,&nbsp;Xiaoping Cheng,&nbsp;Jianfang Fei,&nbsp;Xiaogang Huang,&nbsp;Shunzhi He","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of double warm-cores (DWC) during the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and the subsequent eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in Typhoon Trami (2018) was investigated in this study. Using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model, the impacts of the typhoon-induced sea surface cooling (SSC) on the DWC structure were also examined. In both the coupled and uncoupled simulations, the middle-level warm-core (MWC) decayed as the tangential wind expanded outward during the SEF, even in the absence of SSC. Under the thermal wind balance, the cooling of the MWC was an inherent result to ensure the dynamic consistency during the SEF. In contrast to the uncoupled simulation, the upper-level warm-core (UWC) decayed under the influence of SSC, significantly contributing to the rapid weakening of Trami. The negative effects of the SSC on the UWC were more detrimental to the intensity of Trami. Results from the potential temperature (PT) budget of improved accuracy indicated that the decrease in the warming due to the radial eddy advection was mainly responsible for the decay of the MWC. The flattened radial gradient of PT during the SEF accounted for the reduction in the dynamical eye warming associated with the asymmetric mixing. In addition to the convectively induced subsidence, the upper-level asymmetric structures could also be affected by the SSC. Consequently, the increase in the cooling due to the enhanced asymmetry collaborated with the decrease in the adiabatic warming, leading to the decay of the UWC in the coupled simulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Early Spring Arctic Sea Ice on Midsummer Precipitation in Northeast China: The Intermediate Links and Temporal-Spatial Channels","authors":"Dian Yuan,&nbsp;Er Lu","doi":"10.1029/2023JD040640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies revealed that the Arctic sea ice in March can influence the July–August (JA) precipitation over northeast China (NEC). We are curious about what happens in the atmosphere during the intermediate months of April, May, and June. In this study, we use atmospheric heat source as an intermediate quantity to link the sea ice and precipitation, and aim to find the intermediate stations where atmospheric heat source can well link to both March Arctic sea ice and the JA precipitation in NEC. The stations can appear in different locations and different intermediate months. Lagged correlations are calculated to infer the response of the heat source to sea ice and the response of precipitation to the heat source. Results show that there exist two spatial-temporal channels. The first is a direct path over high latitudes, with intermediate station appearing in April at a location between Arctic and NEC. The second is a circuitous path, with intermediate station appearing in June over the equatorial Indian Ocean, which can excite a wave train that finally affects the JA precipitation in NEC. The influence of March Arctic sea ice on the JA precipitation in NEC can be contributed jointly by these two temporal-spatial channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of 2009 Major SSW Event on the Mesospheric \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 CO\u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ${text{CO}}_{2}$\u0000 Cooling","authors":"Akash Kumar,&nbsp;M. V. Sunil Krishna,&nbsp;Alok K. Ranjan","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041298","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Carbon dioxide (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), an important trace species that is gradually increasing in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities, causes enhanced warming in the lower atmosphere. The increased concentration of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in the upper atmosphere results in enhanced radiative cooling rates leading to the contraction of the upper atmosphere. Due to its long lifetime and large vertical gradient, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; concentration is also influenced by large dynamic events. We report a startling case of variability in &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; density and its infrared radiative cooling rates in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. A counter-intuitive connection between &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; density and resulting &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; radiative cooling has been observed during the 2009 major SSW event. The behavior of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; cooling rates during such a dramatic events draws attention to our current understanding of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"129 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}