Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Impact of the Turbulence Parameterization on Simulations of Fog Over Complex Terrain","authors":"Shweta Singh,&nbsp;Juerg Schmidli,&nbsp;Ivan Bašták Ďurán,&nbsp;Stephanie Westerhuis","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042610","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerical weather prediction (NWP) of radiation fog, particularly over complex terrain, remains a formidable challenge. Many operational NWP models often struggle with slow or no fog formation after sunset and too rapid dissipation in the morning. This study investigates the role of physical processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in shaping the limitations of fog and low stratus representation within the operational ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model. Specifically, it evaluates the effects of turbulence parameterizations and vertical resolution on fog simulations. ICON simulations were conducted for selected winter periods characterized by persistent radiation fog, nocturnal fog, low stratus, and high pollutant concentrations over the Swiss Plateau. The simulations involved different configurations of the operational turbulence scheme (ICON-TKE) and the newly developed two-energies turbulence scheme (ICON-2TE). The performance of these model configurations was assessed using an ABL profiler and surface observations from the Payerne weather station in Switzerland. The results indicate that ICON-2TE, with its refined turbulence representation, allows fog to persist longer and aligns more closely with observations than ICON-TKE. This improvement is attributed to a more sophisticated treatment of stability dependence and turbulence length scale in the ICON-2TE scheme. Notably, an increase in vertical resolution improves fog representation in the ICON-2TE scheme, while it shows almost no effect in the ICON-TKE scheme. The lack of improvement in ICON-TKE is likely due to an overestimation of turbulence mixing, which overrides the effect of changes in vertical resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic Predictability From the Troposphere to the Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere (MLT)","authors":"H. Garny","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043363","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The atmosphere's flow becomes unpredictable beyond a certain time due to the inherent growth of small initial-state errors. While many research studies have focused on tropospheric predictability, predictability of the middle atmosphere remains less studied. This work contrasts the intrinsic predictability of different layers, with a focus on the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT, 50–120 km altitude). Ensemble simulations with the UA-ICON model for an austral winter/spring season are conducted with a gravity-wave-permitting horizontal resolution of 20 km. Initially small perturbations grow fastest in the MLT, reaching 10% of saturation after 5–6 days, compared to 10 days in the troposphere and 2 weeks in the stratosphere. A saturation level of 50% is reached only after about 2 weeks in the MLT, similar to the troposphere. Saturation times are overestimated in a coarser resolution model (grid size 160 km) by up to a factor of two, highlighting the need for gravity wave-resolving models. Predictability in the MLT depends on horizontal scales. Motions on scales of hundreds of kilometers are predictable for less than 5 days, while larger scales (thousands of kilometers) remain predictable for up to 20 days. This scale-dependent progression of predictability cannot be explained by simple scaling for upscale error growth. Vertical wave propagation plays a significant role, with gravity waves transmitting perturbations upward at early lead times and planetary waves enhancing long-term predictability. In summary, the study shows that MLT predictability is scale-dependent and highlights the necessity of high-resolution models to capture fast-growing perturbations and assess intrinsic predictability limits accurately.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD043363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations and Model Simulations of Phase Heterogeneity in Arctic Clouds","authors":"Stian Leer-Salvesen Dammann,&nbsp;Britta Schäfer,&nbsp;Robert Oscar David,&nbsp;Trude Storelvmo","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042714","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) play a key role in Earth's radiation budget particularly in the Arctic where they are ubiquitous year-round. An important characteristic of MPCs is how the cloud phases are mixed, which affects interactions between ice and liquid. Observations show that phase tends to be nonuniform with ice and liquid forming spatially separated single-phased “pockets” not accounted for in climate models. These pockets may vary in size from the micron-scale to several hundred kilometers making them notoriously difficult to study, and the factors influencing cloud-phase heterogeneity remain uncertain. We quantify size distributions of phase pockets in an observed and modeled Arctic MPC occurring 12 November 2019 in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. The case is simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting model constrained with representative aerosol concentrations following measurements from the Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment. We find that phase pockets exhibit broad size distributions with the smallest pockets occurring most frequently. Observations reveal mean pocket lengths of 2 km, whereas the simulated pockets are about 5 times longer on average. Simulated pocket size distributions are highly sensitive to prescribed aerosols. Moreover, we observe a pronounced increase of 6.5 km in the mean length of mixed-phase pockets when secondary ice production is enhanced in simulations. These results shed light on the link between cloud microphysics and the in-cloud distribution of phase and provide a potential framework for representation of sub-grid scale phase variability in climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042714","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noah-MP Parameter Optimization at Southern Great Plains Using Bayesian Optimization","authors":"Qingyu Wang,&nbsp;Sean Crowell,&nbsp;Petra Klein","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the key mechanisms that govern land-surface processes is crucial for accurately characterizing the energy, mass, and momentum exchanges between the atmospheric boundary layer, the land surface, and the subsurface across various atmosphere-soil-vegetation systems. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of land surface-atmosphere interactions and reduce the mismatches between Noah-Multiparameterization Land Surface (Noah-MP) simulations and observational data, we optimized the seven most sensitive parameters in the Noah-MP for a 9-day period (2–10 April 2016) at the Southern Great Plains site using Bayesian Optimization (BO). The implementation of Noah-MP in the single-column Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the application of BO allow for site-level parameter estimation. The Noah-MP shows an improvement in the simulation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux when we use optimized parameters instead of the default parameters according to data from flux tower observations. The optimized parameter values indicate that the top layer (0–20 cm below the ground surface) of soil at the Southern Great Plains site may contain a higher sand content than indicated by the silty-clay-loam soil classification provided by AmeriFlux agricultural records. These optimized parameters also improve the simulation of atmospheric state variables, especially the 2-m specific humidity, and result in improved top-layer soil moisture and temperature simulations. The optimized parameters not only improve the simulation during the selected 9 days in April 2016 but also lead to better simulation results throughout the entire alfalfa growing season in 2016 (April and May) at the Southern Great Plains site.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Ian (2022) in High Shear","authors":"Alexander K. Nickerson,&nbsp;Jun A. Zhang,&nbsp;Robert H. Weisberg,&nbsp;Yonggang Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Initially a Category 3 storm, Hurricane Ian (2022) rapidly intensified on the West Florida Shelf reaching Category 5 over the course of about 12 hr. Intensification occurred despite inhibiting factors such as high axial tilt, high vertical wind shear, low atmospheric moisture, and transit over a relatively shallow continental shelf. Using a high-resolution simulation of Hurricane Ian from the Hurricane Weather Research Forecasting (HWRF) model, we examine the factors that both hindered and supported rapid intensification (RI) by blending various methods. We show that an increase in diabatic heating in the eyewall led to an inward radial advection of momentum, seen in both the absolute angular momentum budget and in the azimuthal wind budget. Analysis of the moist static energy budget indicates that the substantial latent heat flux from the surface was enough to balance heat losses through storm outflow. For instance, surface latent heat fluxes exceeded 1,500 W m⁻² on the West Florida Continental Shelf. As suggested by actual ocean temperature observations that substantially exceeded those in the HWRF simulation, the latent heating may have even been larger. Physical explanations for discrepancies between the simulated Hurricane Ian and observations are provided, particularly those pertaining to the coastal ocean at the time of Ian's passage. This research provides a comprehensive explanation of the RI of a hurricane using momentum budget analyses as part of a coupled air-sea analysis. Our findings demonstrate the importance of in situ oceanic air-sea measurements in evaluating the performance of coupled models, especially for hurricanes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Differences in the Simulation of Present-Day Clouds Affect Cloud Feedbacks?","authors":"T. Aerenson,&nbsp;R. Marchand","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cloud radiative feedbacks are currently the largest source of spread in estimates of climate sensitivity. Here, we examine how cloud feedbacks relate to model simulations of present-day clouds relative to NASA Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) satellite observations. Specifically, we examine relationships between simulated present-day cloud fraction, cloud top height, and cloud optical depth with tropical high cloud, midlatitude low cloud, global high cloud altitude, and tropical low cloud feedbacks for CMIP5 and CMIP6 models that have produced MISR simulator output. We find that the strength of all four of these simulated cloud feedbacks have statistically significant relationships with simulations of present-day clouds. We use these relationships in an emergent constraint analysis to narrow the spread in the estimated strength of each feedback. This suggests that future expert assessments of cloud feedbacks (and climate sensitivity) should consider the state of present-day clouds and the climate modeling community might consider undertaking simulations where models are systematically tuned to eliminate (or at least reduce) biases relative to satellite observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD044020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Feedbacks Derived From Spatial Gradients in Recent Climatology","authors":"P. Goodwin,&nbsp;R. G. Williams,&nbsp;P. Ceppi,&nbsp;B. B. Cael","doi":"10.1029/2024JD043186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043186","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Climate feedbacks, including Planck, surface albedo, water vapor-lapse rate (WVLR) and cloud feedbacks, determine how much surface temperatures will eventually warm to balance anthropogenic radiative forcing. Climate feedbacks remain difficult to constrain directly from temporal variation in observed surface warming and radiation budgets due to the pattern effect and low signal-to-noise ratio, with only order 1°C historic rise in surface temperatures and high uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. This study presents a new method to analyze climate feedbacks from observations by empirically fitting simplified reduced-physics relations for outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) to observed spatial variation in climate properties and radiation budgets. Spatial variations in TOA outgoing radiation are dominated by the dependence on surface temperature: around 91% of the spatial variation in clear sky albedo, and 77% of spatial variation in clear sky TOA outgoing longwave radiation, is functionally explained by variation in surface temperatures. These simplified and observationally constrained relations are then differentiated with respect to spatial contrasts in surface temperature to reveal the Planck, fixed-cloud albedo (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;albedo&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${lambda }_{text{albedo}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and WVLR (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;WVLR&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${lambda }_{text{WVLR}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) climate feedbacks spatially for both clear sky and all sky conditions. The resulting global all sky climate feedback values are &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;WVLR&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${lambda }_{text{WVLR}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; = 1.28 (1.13–1.45 at 66%) Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;K&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;albedo&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${lambda }_{text{albedo}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; = 0.64 (0.53–0.74) Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; for the period 2003–2023, reducing to 0.35 (0.29–0.41) Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;K&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; under 4°C warming after cryosphere retreat. Our findings a","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD043186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toarcian Greenhouse Warming Shifted Climate Belts Poleward With Global Change Implications","authors":"Yan Wang,&nbsp;Micha Ruhl,&nbsp;Jian Cao,&nbsp;Wenxuan Hu,&nbsp;Dongming Zhi,&nbsp;Yong Tang,&nbsp;Jinchao Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024JD043219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043219","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric convection is predicted to change in response to anthropogenic global warming, leading to a poleward expansion of the Hadley cells and associated arid climate belts. The magnitude of possible latitudinal change in the position of climate belts is, however, poorly understood. Here, we address this issue based on a case study of the early Toarcian (late Early Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ∼183 Ma), one of the most significant global change events of the Phanerozoic, characterized by elevated humidity and major disturbances to terrestrial ecosystems on land. We present new leaf-wax <i>n</i>-alkanes δ¹³C data from the high-paleo-latitude Junggar Basin (northwest China) spanning the T-OAE and develop a time–space framework of plant-fractionation change, from low- to high-paleolatitudes across this time interval. We show that significant latitudinal changes in humidity occurred across the T-OAE (∼10°), likely because of a significant northward expansion of the low-latitude arid belts to mid-paleo-latitudes, and by inference a latitudinal expansion of the Hadley cells. This has important implications for the anthropogenic global warming and its effects on climate belts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muted ENSO Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Outer Size Over the Western North Pacific in Recent Decades","authors":"Shi-Qi Yu,&nbsp;Yi-Peng Guo,&nbsp;Xin Qiu,&nbsp;Kekuan Chu,&nbsp;Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042740","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Utilizing a data set of objectively estimated tropical cyclone (TC) size based on deep learning algorithms, this study investigates the relationship between the interannual variation of TC outer size over the western North Pacific and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during July–September from 1981 to 2017. The size of TCs is measured by the mean radius of gale-force winds at their lifetime maximum intensity. Our results reveal an abrupt decadal change in the ENSO-TC size relationship: the annual mean TC size exhibited a strong correlation with the Niño 3.4 SST index before 1998, but this correlation has significantly weakened since then. This change is primarily attributed to the more uniform distributions of cyclone expansion rate (CER) across ENSO phases during the past two decades. Climatically, environmental conditions favorable for TC size expansion weaken with increasing latitude, resulting in a dominant meridional gradient of CER. Before 1998, TC activity displayed a pronounced north-south contrast between El Niño and La Niña years, leading to a significantly higher mean CER for TCs during El Niño episodes. In recent decades, however, interannual variations in TC genesis density have shifted to a southeast-northwest dipole pattern. This shift, along with changes in TC tracks, has substantially increased the latitudinal overlap of TC occurrences between warm and cold phases, thereby narrowing differences in CER distributions. Concurrently, changes in environmental conditions have become more favorable for TC size expansion during La Niña years, further reducing disparities in TC size distributions across ENSO phases.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Moist Orographic Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization on Summer Circulation and Heavy Rainfall","authors":"Y. J. Wang,&nbsp;J. P. Wu,&nbsp;F. K. Yin,&nbsp;X. Xu,&nbsp;T. Chen,&nbsp;X. R. Yang,&nbsp;P. K. Xiao,&nbsp;K. J. Ren","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subgrid-scale orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) significantly influences atmospheric circulation and weather systems. However, Current OGWD schemes, based on the “dry air” assumption, struggle to meet high-precision simulation demands. This study uses the moist OGWD scheme that incorporates moisture effects in gravity wave surface stress and vertical propagation of waves to simulate the global summer circulation in 2023 and three recent heavy rainfall events in China. In this scheme, moist buoyancy frequency varies with moisture: it decreases with abundant moisture and increases with less moisture, compared to the original scheme. Results show that buoyancy frequency differences alter low-level blocking height and drag, directly affecting gravity wave surface stress. During the vertical propagation of gravity waves, reduced tropospheric buoyancy frequency increases wave amplitudes and reduces Richardson number in moist scheme, which enhances tropospheric wave breaking and reduces waves propagation to the stratosphere. This increases tropospheric OGWD and decreases stratospheric OGWD, improving positive biases of troposphere westerly winds and negative biases of stratosphere easterly winds in Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid-high latitude, as well as the bias in the stratospheric jet near the Antarctic. The moist OGWD scheme also improves simulations of three recent heavy rainfall cases. In the Henan extreme rainfall, moist buoyancy frequency decreases due to abundant water vapor. Increased tropospheric OGWD weaken circulation and moisture transport to western and northern mountainous areas, intensifying rainfall and improving underestimation. The moist OGWD scheme partially addresses the limitations of “dry air” assumption, improving atmospheric circulation and heavy rainfall simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}