Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"A Physics-Informed Two-Stage Retrieval Method for EMIT Remote Sensing Methane Plumes","authors":"Yong Wan,&nbsp;Yu Liu,&nbsp;Qian Xiao,&nbsp;Shaokun Xu","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hyperspectral satellite missions, particularly EMIT, have revolutionized methane point source monitoring. However, current operational retrieval pipelines typically rely on physically-based matched filters followed by labor-intensive manual verification to mitigate high false alarm rates caused by complex background interference. This dependence on human intervention restricts the scalability and efficiency required for rapid, automated global monitoring. To address these limitations, this paper proposes Plume-Net, a novel Physics-Informed Guided Two-Stage Retrieval Method. Unlike conventional approaches, Plume-Net decouples the task into a “global existence classification” stage and a “local pixel-level regression” stage to maximize reliability without human-in-the-loop. The core innovation lies in the integration of physical priors with deep learning: In the first stage, a Physics-Informed Spectral Gating (PISG) module explicitly injects methane spectral absorption knowledge into the network, dynamically recalibrating channel weights to suppress background noise. In the second stage, to overcome the difficulties of regressing sparse, long-tail plume distributions, we propose a Plume-Focused Sampling Strategy and an Intensity-Aware Pixel-Level Weighted Loss function, forcing the network to prioritize rare but critical high-concentration signals. Evaluated on real-world EMIT observations, Plume-Net achieves an ROC-AUC of 0.961 in detection and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 33.33 ppm·m in quantification. By significantly reducing false positives while maintaining high precision, this method offers a robust, fully automated alternative to current semi-manual retrieval workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-Seasonal Forecasting of Precipitation and Soil Moisture in CFSv2 Near Gulf Coast Tropical Cyclone Landfall Locations","authors":"Wei-Ching Hsu,&nbsp;Gabriel J. Kooperman,&nbsp;J. Marshall Shepherd,&nbsp;Kevin A. Reed","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) produce intense winds, heavy precipitation, and damaging storm surges along the Gulf and East coast of the U.S. There is growing evidence that high antecedent soil moisture (SM) conditions preceding landfall can maintain or even intensify TCs over land, sustaining strong winds and precipitation further inland. In this study, we investigate the ability of the 9-month Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) operational forecast to represent near surface SM at forecast lead times (LTs) from hours to weeks over the Gulf coast TC landfalling region. Our results show that the decrease in the predictability of SM and associated precipitation with LTs not only appears at relatively short timescales (e.g., weekly or shorter events), but also evident in the interannual variability and long term (7-year) mean climatology. Moreover, the spatial biases increase with the LT at about one to 2 weeks and act to damp the spatial variability. Nevertheless, even at shorter LTs (i.e., hours to days), the forecasted precipitation fails to capture the more intense events, which contributes to biases in the SM at all LTs. Our results assess the relationship between the predictability of the SM and the related precipitation with LTs. The results suggest that CFSv2 is unlikely to capture the influence of antecedent SM variability associated with preceding convective events on subsequent events (e.g., evaluation of TCs after landfall) on LTs longer than a week, which has implications for overall subseasonal-to-seasonal predictability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD046700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-Comparison of Snow Depth Over Antarctic Sea Ice From Ocean Reanalyzes and Observations","authors":"Haofei Wang,&nbsp;Yafei Nie,&nbsp;Bin Cheng,&nbsp;Petteri Uotila,&nbsp;Hao Luo,&nbsp;Rui Xu,&nbsp;Qinghua Yang","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046705","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Snow depth on Antarctic sea ice is a critical climate variable affecting energy and mass balance, yet its observation and modeling remain challenging. We present a systematic intercomparison of snow depth from six ocean reanalysis products, two satellite retrievals, and ship-based and airborne observational constraints. Results indicate that reanalysis and satellite products show consistent large-scale climatological snow depth patterns, with the highest depths in the Weddell Sea. However, substantial differences remain in magnitude, seasonal phasing, spatial variability, and trends. The multi-model mean agrees with satellite-derived products in some integrated metrics, but tends to smooth regional features and may reflect compensation among reanalysis members. The sensitivity of simulated snow depth to atmospheric forcing and simplified snow processes highlights current limitations in representing wind redistribution and snow-to-ice conversion. Improved observations and model physics are needed to better constrain Antarctic sea-ice snow depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climatology of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Over Nearshore and Open Ocean Regions of the Western North Pacific","authors":"Yucheng Xue,&nbsp;Qiusheng Li","doi":"10.1029/2026JD048288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD048288","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) plays an important role in air–sea interactions and regional climate over the western North Pacific (WNP). Using ERA5 reanalysis data from 1979 to 2025, this paper investigates the interannual variability, monthly variations, and seasonal spatial patterns of ABLH. To explore potential drivers of ABLH variability, correlation analyses are conducted between ABLH and three key predictors: wind shear, surface sensible heat flux (HFX) and Brunt–Väisälä frequency (<i>N</i>²). In addition, records from nearshore (NS) and open ocean (OS) stations are analyzed to examine spatial differences in ABLH behavior. The results reveal clear regional differences. Open ocean ABLH increases consistently during both daytime and nighttime, with mean changes of 17.07 and 14.91 m per decade, respectively. Nearshore changes are weaker, particularly at night. Open ocean ABLH is generally highest in winter and lowest in summer, whereas NS ABLH exhibits a mixed land–sea seasonal pattern, with relatively high values commonly occurring around September and October. The controlling factors also vary by region and season. Open ocean ABLH is strongly associated with wind shear and <i>N</i>², with mechanical forcing becoming particularly important in winter. In contrast, NS daytime ABLH is primarily associated with HFX, while the influence of wind shear becomes more pronounced at night. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the marine ABL and provide valuable insights for its modeling, OS wind energy assessment, and pollutant dispersion studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD048288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily Peak Activity of the African Lightning Chimney Based on Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Lightning Imager (LI), World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), and Schumann Resonance (SR) Observations","authors":"K. Németh,&nbsp;E. Williams,&nbsp;Q. Wang,&nbsp;A. Neska,&nbsp;G. Sátori,&nbsp;M. Herein,&nbsp;T. Haszpra,&nbsp;P. Steinbach,&nbsp;T. Bozóki","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047599","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lightning activity is strongly concentrated in tropical continental “chimneys”, among which the African lightning chimney stands out as the most intense globally. However, until recently, the incomplete and spatially uneven detection efficiency of ground-based lightning networks, together with the limited spatio-temporal coverage of satellite observations, have constrained the quantitative characterization of African lightning activity, particularly on the daily timescales. Since July 2024, the Lightning Imager (LI) onboard the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellite has provided the first continuous, high-temporal-resolution observations of lightning activity over Africa and Europe from geostationary orbit. In this paper, we examine, based on the first year of MTG LI observations, how consistently daily peak activity in the African lightning chimney is represented in different observational data sets. For this purpose, we use MTG LI group and flash data, together with World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) stroke observations and Schumann resonance (SR) measurements, and focus on two key parameters: the daily peak activity and its timing. We find that daily peak activity derived from MTG flashes shows a strong positive correlation with SR intensity (<i>r</i> = 0.749), while WWLLN stroke observations show much weaker correspondence. The timing of the daily peak is broadly consistent across the data sets, with the best agreement observed between MTG flashes and SR intensity. For all data sets, daily peak activity is strongly correlated with total daily activity. The strong correspondence between MTG flashes and SR intensity supports the use of both data sets in characterizing the daily activity of the African lightning chimney.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme Atmospheric Moistening and Drying Events at Ny-Ålesund and Their Relation to Weather Systems","authors":"Christian Buhren,&nbsp;Susanne Crewell,&nbsp;Claire Pettersen,&nbsp;Phillip Eisenhuth,&nbsp;Lars Aue,&nbsp;Christoph Ritter,&nbsp;Kerstin Ebell","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047364","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the role of water vapor in Arctic amplification requires a detailed evaluation of its spatio-temporal variability. In this work, we use an integrated water vapor (IWV) data set from a ground-based microwave radiometer at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, covering 2012–2024, to characterize temporal IWV variability. We also identify extreme atmospheric moistening and drying events based on a new detection method and relate them to large-scale circulation patterns and airmass pathways. IWV exhibits a pronounced annual cycle with values ranging from 0.6 to 33 kg <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{m}}^{-2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. While absolute IWV variability within a month is smaller in winter than in summer, relative variability is nearly twice as large. We identified 352 extreme moistening and 371 extreme drying events, accounting for 20% of the study period. Extreme drying occurs primarily through continuous drying, whereas extreme moistening events include a higher fraction of consecutive moistening episodes and therefore last longer. Most events occur on synoptic time scales of 1–3 days. Extreme moistening events are linked to large-scale circulation patterns that facilitate the advection of moist airmasses toward Svalbard from southeasterly to westerly directions, which account for 52% of all moistening events. Extreme drying occurs under similar circulation patterns, but is mainly linked to a reduction in the poleward moisture transport due to an eastward shift of the prevailing pressure centers. 45% of extreme drying events follow directly after an extreme moistening event. Given the comprehensive ground-based observations available at Ny-Ålesund, the identified events provide a useful framework to study their impact on clouds, precipitation, radiation, and surface conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overestimation of Cloud Sensitivity in Orographic Clouds Over the Southern Tibetan Plateau Due To Neglected Dynamical Constraints","authors":"Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Fang Fang,&nbsp;Jiming Li,&nbsp;Ping Zhang,&nbsp;Zhao Ji,&nbsp;Hailing Jia,&nbsp;Jianping Huang","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046935","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurately quantifying cloud sensitivity (<i>S</i>_aci), the relative change in cloud droplet number with aerosol loading, is essential for reducing uncertainties in aerosol–cloud interactions. However, its dependence on cloud dynamics is often overlooked, causing biases in estimates of <i>S</i>_aci and Twomey effect radiative forcing (<i>RF</i>_aci). Using in situ observations of orographic clouds over the southern Tibetan Plateau (STP), we estimate cloud-base updraft velocity (<i>w</i>) from the water vapor supersaturation budget and examine how <i>S</i>_aci varies with <i>w</i>. Results reveal that <i>S</i>_aci follows a sigmoid pattern with increasing <i>w</i>. Driven by Köhler activation theory and its mathematical definition, this pattern is theoretically expected to potentially hold across diverse cloud regimes. Ignoring this dependence yields a 14%–40% overestimate of <i>S</i>_aci for STP shallow orographic clouds, which may consequently bias local estimates of <i>RF</i>_aci. These findings provide new insights into quantifying cloud sensitivity, while their global applicability and implications require further observational validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol Retrieval Over Ocean From DPC-2/GF-5(02): Using RemoTAP Extended With a 3-Parameter Ocean Bio-Optical Model and Comparisons With a 1-Parameter Model","authors":"Cheng Fan,&nbsp;Jeon-Teo Dong,&nbsp;Guangliang Fu,&nbsp;Sha Lu,&nbsp;Zihan Zhang,&nbsp;Neranga K. Hannadige,&nbsp;Meng Gao,&nbsp;Peng-Wang Zhai,&nbsp;Gerrit de Leeuw,&nbsp;Zhengqiang Li,&nbsp;Otto Hasekamp","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multi-angle polarimetric instruments (MAPs) enable the retrieval of essential aerosol properties over oceanic regions. MAPs retrieval algorithms commonly use a 1-parameter ocean bio-optical model (OBM), based on chlorophyll-a concentration only to represent optical properties over open waters (case-1), whereas the coastal water (mixture of case-1 and case-2 waters) representation generally requires multi-parameter models as demonstrated for sophisticated sensors such as SPEXone. In this study, we investigated whether meaningful improvements in aerosol retrieval over coastal waters can be achieved using data from the Directional Polarization Camera DPC-2, with a relatively limited spectral configuration, by the addition of bio-optical degrees of freedom. To this end, the Remote Sensing of Trace Gases and Aerosol Products (RemoTAP) algorithm, developed by the Space Research Organization Netherlands (SRON), is extended by incorporating a 3-parameter OBM to represent coastal waters. The three parameters are chlorophyll-a concentration, backscattering coefficient of particulate matter at 660 nm, and the absorption coefficient of non-algal particles (NAP) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) at 440 nm. We applied the extended algorithm for aerosol retrieval from synthetic and real DPC-2 observations. Results were compared with those using the 1-parameter OBM and retrieval results from real observations were evaluated using colocated coastal AERONET data over case-1 and case-2 waters. The most important finding from this work is that a simple open ocean 1-parameter OBM together with fitting a wavelength-dependent Lambertian correction term provides sufficient accuracy for global aerosol retrieval using DPC-2 data, even over coastal water.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROSAIL5B-DR: A Radiative Transfer Model Extension for Dust Retention Effects on Vegetation Spectra","authors":"Wei Yang,&nbsp;Mijun Zou,&nbsp;Wenpeng Lin,&nbsp;Yiwen Shi,&nbsp;Yi Xiong,&nbsp;Yiting Ding,&nbsp;Yi Wang,&nbsp;Youqi Xu","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047328","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dust deposition on urban vegetation alters canopy spectral reflectance and can reduce the reliability of parameter retrieval based on radiative transfer models (RTMs). However, conventional RTMs, including the coupled PROSPECT–SAIL (PROSAIL) model, do not explicitly represent these external optical effects. We developed PROSAIL5B-DR by incorporating a dust-induced absorption term into the leaf absorption coefficient, allowing dust effects to propagate to canopy reflectance. The dust mass-specific absorption coefficient was calculated using the Mie theory. We evaluated model performance across dust retention levels, vegetation types, and urban environments. PROSAIL5B-DR reproduced canopy spectral responses more accurately than PROSAIL5B while preserving the original model structure. It also reduced the simulation bias that increased with dust retention without adding redundant parameters. Explicitly representing retained particulate matter therefore improves canopy spectral simulations and provides a physically based approach for assessing vegetation optical properties in polluted urban environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Assessment and Error Budget of EarthCARE Column Aerosol Optical Depth: Physical Limits and Quantitative Mitigation","authors":"Jiajun Xiong,&nbsp;Yi Wang,&nbsp;Yanyu Wang,&nbsp;Wenhui Dong,&nbsp;Minghui Tao,&nbsp;Lunche Wang","doi":"10.1029/2026JD048195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD048195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) provides critical spaceborne high spectral resolution LiDAR observations for global aerosol profiling. However, integrating these vertically resolved aerosol extinction coefficient profiles into column Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) introduces systematic biases from physical observation boundaries, which currently lack global validation and quantitative attribution. This study presents a global assessment and error budget of EarthCARE 355 nm column AOD using solar and lunar AErosol Robotic NETwork measurements from August 2024 to March 2026. Baseline validations demonstrate robust spatiotemporal tracking capabilities (daytime <i>R</i> = 0.873, nighttime <i>R</i> = 0.859) and physically consistent independently retrieved LiDAR ratio distributions across coarse and fine mode aerosol regimes. Nevertheless, cross-framework comparisons show that complex absorbing mixtures are frequently assigned to fine mode dominant EarthCARE categories. Concurrently, a pervasive systematic underestimation persists globally (daytime MB = −0.060, nighttime MB = −0.073). Mechanistically, this underestimation is associated with three distinct physical limits: near-surface clutter truncation (0–400 m), free-tropospheric signal-to-noise ratio detection limits, and attenuation-induced sampling biases under extreme aerosol loading (AOD &gt; 1.0). Applying a constant boundary-layer geometric extrapolation mitigates the near-surface truncation, reducing the daytime MB by ∼40% (to −0.036) and recovering the linear regression slope from 0.67 to 0.77 while preserving high R. Further, compensating for free-tropospheric background detection limit reduces the ubiquitous underestimation by an additional ∼17% (+0.010). This physically based error-budget framework quantifies the major recoverable contributions and characterizes the factors associated with the remaining bias, providing a robust basis for optimizing future spaceborne LiDAR retrievals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}