Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Assessing GEOS-CF Analysis of Ozone Profiles as a Priori for Hyperspectral BUV Ozone Profile Retrievals","authors":"Juseon Bak,&nbsp;Xiong Liu,&nbsp;Pamela A. Wales,&nbsp;Viral Shah,&nbsp;Junsung Park,&nbsp;Won-Jin Lee","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite remote sensing of ozone has progressed from daily global observations by polar-orbiting platforms to hourly regional monitoring by geostationary platforms. However, retrieving detailed vertical profiles remains challenging because satellite measurements have inherently limited vertical sensitivity. Within the optimal estimation (OE) framework, a priori information constrains the retrieval, preventing unphysical deviations driven by measurement uncertainties while supplementing the limited information content of the observations. In this study, we evaluate ozone profiles from the Goddard Earth Observing System Composition Forecasting (GEOS-CF) system as an alternative a priori to the tropopause-based (TB) ozone profile climatology. To ensure a robust assessment, retrieval experiments are performed across multiple satellite platforms, including OMI, TROPOMI, and GEMS. The GEOS-CF ozone analysis systematically exhibits a systematic positive bias in the troposphere relative to ozonesonde soundings, but agreeing with limb observations within a few percent throughout most of the stratosphere, particularly between 50 and 1 hPa. Larger discrepancies are found in the tropopause region (&gt;100 hPa) and in the upper atmosphere (&lt;1 hPa). These characteristics are reflected in the satellite retrievals: the positive tropospheric bias in the GEOS-CF a priori propagates into the retrieved ozone profiles, whereas the improved representation of the stratosphere in GEOS-CF reduces the retrieval biases associated with the TB a priori. These results support a hybrid a priori strategy that combines the tropospheric stability of the TB climatology with the improved stratospheric representation of GEOS-CF.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Impacts of Proxy Archives on Paleoclimate Reconstruction Performance","authors":"Patrick G. Cho,&nbsp;Feng Zhu,&nbsp;Diogo Bolster,&nbsp;Marc F. Müller","doi":"10.1029/2025JD045958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD045958","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reconstructing past climates is challenging because pre-instrumental observations are geographically sparse and proxy records are noisy; data assimilation offers one approach to address these limitations. Although such reconstructions are now widespread, the extent to which different proxy archives determine their accuracy remains unclear. We address this gap using proxy withholding experiments to quantify the marginal impact of eight proxy archives—corals, tree rings, speleothems, documentary records, lake sediments, marine sediments, glaciers, and ground ice—on four reconstructed climate targets: the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole, global mean surface temperature, and global mean precipitation. We also assess their influence on spatial skill patterns and zonal mean skill for temperature and precipitation. Comparing performance across multiple priors shows that assimilation consistently improves skill, with the multi-model ensemble achieving the highest and most stable results by averaging out structural and mean-state biases in single models. Corals emerge as indispensable across all indices, while documentary records and speleothems add key hydroclimate information in monsoon-sensitive, data-sparse regions. Archive-specific fingerprints reveal that some proxy archives exert outsized leverage relative to their geographic coverage, underscoring the importance of proxy location. Together, these results highlight that targeted proxy selection, archive-specific forward modeling, and seasonally resolved assimilation represent promising directions for improving the accuracy and robustness of future hydroclimate reconstructions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD045958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Temperature and Precipitation Variability in Northeast Asia Since the Last Glacial Maximum Recorded in an Annually Laminated Maar Lake","authors":"Deke Xu,&nbsp;Jiatong Lu,&nbsp;Guoqiang Chu,&nbsp;Caiming Shen,&nbsp;Ning Tan,&nbsp;Anning Cui,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Baoshuo Fan,&nbsp;Bing Song,&nbsp;Xiudong Yang,&nbsp;Kangyou Huang,&nbsp;Yun Zhang,&nbsp;Yuecong Li,&nbsp;Sangheon Yi,&nbsp;Jungjae Park,&nbsp;Zhuo Zheng,&nbsp;Qinghai Xu,&nbsp;Jie Liu,&nbsp;Chang Li,&nbsp;Houyuan Lu","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temperature and precipitation variability in monsoonal Asia is central to understanding regional climate dynamics and global teleconnections. How post-LGM warming and hydroclimate change unfolded in Northeast Asia, and how they were linked to external forcing, remain poorly constrained. Here we present high-resolution pollen-derived reconstructions of mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) from Xiaolongwan Maar Lake, spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. From the LGM to the mid-Holocene, MAT increased by ∼9.0 ± 2.2°C and MAP by ∼470 ± 121 mm. During ∼19.0–17.0 kyr b2k, MAT declined markedly, whereas MAP changed only slightly and remained largely within reconstruction uncertainties, indicating clear MAT-MAP divergence. In contrast, across the BA onset, Younger Dryas, and early Holocene, MAT and MAP shifted rapidly and broadly contemporaneously, with changes of −6.5 to 6.2°C and −300 to 350 mm at rates of −2.5 to 2.7°C kyr-1 and -120 to 130 mm kyr-1, respectively. Comparisons with proxy records and transient climate simulations indicate that the ∼19.0–17.0 kyr b2k divergence reflects different sensitivities to climate forcing: MAT was more closely linked to high-latitude forcing through winter temperature, whereas MAP was more strongly associated with East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) dynamics and Western Pacific sea surface temperature. This divergence suggests that high-latitude and monsoon forcing can act on different timescales in Northeast Asia, with implications for hydroclimate proxies that assume temperature and precipitation track one another.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dipole-Like Responses in Near-Surface Ozone Induced by Mid-Latitude Cut-Off Lows Over East Asia: A 40-Year Simulated Climatology","authors":"Yuehan Luo,&nbsp;Tianliang Zhao,&nbsp;Xuewei Hou,&nbsp;Guicai Ning,&nbsp;Yongqing Bai,&nbsp;Kai Meng,&nbsp;Tianqi Zhang,&nbsp;Xiuli Lei,&nbsp;Zhikuan Li,&nbsp;Yuxiang Jin,&nbsp;Kai Yang,&nbsp;Lin Wu","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046527","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Midlatitude cut-off lows (COLs) strongly influence weather, climate, and regional ozone (O₃) variability, yet their seasonal impacts on near-surface O₃ and underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. A 40-year climatological analysis reveals a dipole-like pattern in COL-induced near-surface O₃ changes, most evident during spring and summer, featuring positive anomalies in the south and negative anomalies near the center. Specifically, spring O₃ responses arise from a co-regulated mechanism in which suppressed tropospheric photochemistry reduces central O₃ levels, while intensified stratospheric intrusion enhances O₃ in southern regions. Differently, the summer dipole is primarily shaped by spatially differentiated tropospheric processes, with central inhibited and southern promoted photochemistry. Horizontal redistribution further reinforces the dipole structure by cyclonically transporting O₃ from the western to the eastern sectors. These multi-process synergistic responses highlight the complexity of atmospheric environmental perturbations under synoptic-scale forcing and provide insights for addressing the compound risks of extreme weather and air-quality degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Can the Latent Heat Entrainment Flux in the Convective Boundary Layer be Characterized?","authors":"Linus von Klitzing,&nbsp;David D. Turner,&nbsp;Diego Lange,&nbsp;Christoph Senff,&nbsp;Volker Wulfmeyer","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047353","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A proposed theoretical description of the latent heat entrainment flux at the top of a convective boundary layer (CBL) was tested. It is related to the vertical velocity scale times the ratio of the water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) gradient to the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. This relation was tested with different LiDAR and radiosonde measurements. Utilized were observations from several months between 2017 and 2019 from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains site. Water vapor mixing ratio and vertical wind data were retrieved from turbulence-resolving LiDAR systems, while temperature data were obtained by interpolating radiosonde profiles onto a height grid normalized by the boundary layer height. The available data were screened for CBL situations, resulting in 81 selected profiles that were used for the conducted analysis. The analysis, conducted at the lower boundary of the interfacial layer, agreed with the proposed formulation only in parts. In the search for potential driving variables of the flux at this height level, this study confirmed a high correlation <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.77</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(r=0.77)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> with the square root of the variances of vertical wind and WVMR. This study reveals that the flux can be described by the initially tested relationship when the vertical velocity scale is swapped out against the vertical wind variance. A linear fit between the latent heat entrainment flux observations and the found relationship led to a slope of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.26</mn>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.03</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $0.26pm 0.03$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and a correlation of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.66</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $r=0.66$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, confirming recent results achieved over Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supersaturation Fluctuation Modulates Warm Rain Formation in Cumulus Clouds: Implications for Hygroscopic Cloud Seeding","authors":"Pengfei Mu,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Jing,&nbsp;Jing Yang,&nbsp;Yan Yin,&nbsp;Yubao Liu,&nbsp;Baojun Chen,&nbsp;Yanbin Huang,&nbsp;Shaofeng Hua","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047718","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent observational studies have demonstrated that supersaturation fluctuations (SS’) in clouds induced by turbulence at scales smaller than 100 m can significantly affect microphysical processes such as aerosol activation and droplet condensation. However, subgrid-scale SS’ is often ignored in the current model. To investigate the impact of SS’ on warm rain and hygroscopic cloud seeding, this study conducted numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting large-eddy simulations for an isolated cumulus cloud in a relatively clean environment. Subgrid-scale SS’ is represented by Gaussian probability distribution functions. Sensitivity experiments were made to investigate the impact of SS’ on aerosol activation and condensation growth, as well as the seeding effect. The results indicate that subgrid-scale SS’ affects warm rain processes through different dominant mechanisms: when SS’ acts solely on the activation, the droplets concentration increases significantly while their radius decreases, delaying the onset of precipitation; when SS’ acts simultaneously on activation and condensation, the large droplets are formed faster, which causes precipitation to begin earlier. For the case investigated in this study, hygroscopic seeding near cloud base results in a delay in precipitation formation due to competition between seeded and natural aerosols for water vapor, regardless of seeding fine or coarse aerosols. The subgrid-scale SS’ could in part offset this delay, suggesting SS’ can modulate the seeding-induced rain formation. This study reveals the key mechanisms by which subgrid-scale SS’ influences the rain formation and emphasizes the importance of considering SS’ in understanding the hygroscopic seeding effect using model simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separating Environmental Modulation From Source Intermittency in Methane Leakage From a Legacy Well in British Columbia","authors":"Benjamin Pullen,&nbsp;Aaron G. Cahill","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046590","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Legacy oil and gas wells are an incompletely quantified source of greenhouse gas emissions and offer leakage pathways for subsurface gas migration if inadequately isolated. We present a high-resolution, process-based characterization of leakage dynamics at an integrity-compromised legacy gas well in northeastern British Columbia using five spatial flux surveys and approximately 70 hr of continuous hotspot measurements of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), integrated with co-located soil and meteorological observations. Multivariate statistics and machine learning were used to separate environmental modulation from intrinsic source variability. Methane emissions formed a compact, persistent core (∼1 m²), whereas CO₂ exhibited a broader (∼30 m²), evolving footprint consistent with near-surface oxidation and redistribution during upward gas migration. Baseline CH₄ flux was strongly modulated by soil thermal–hydrological and atmospheric conditions, whereas episodic high-flux events were not explained by surface drivers, indicating transient subsurface source dynamics. Consequently, similar surface flux magnitudes can arise from different combinations of environmental state and source strength, demonstrating that flux magnitude alone is not a unique indicator of leakage severity. These findings show how short-duration or spatially limited surveys can mischaracterize well-scale emissions and that CH₄-only measurements may under-detect leakage where oxidation broadens the CO₂ signal. By resolving environmental modulation and source intermittency, this study provides process-level insight into legacy-well leakage and a framework for interpreting surface flux measurements and designing multi-species monitoring strategies across emissions assessment, abandoned-well management, and subsurface gas storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD046590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Nucleation-Mode Particles Increase During Intense Vertical Exchange Between the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and the Free Troposphere","authors":"Fangzhi Wei,&nbsp;Tianwen Wei,&nbsp;Yuying Wang,&nbsp;Mengya Wang,&nbsp;Jialu Xu,&nbsp;Junhui Zhang,&nbsp;Li Yi,&nbsp;Haiyun Xia","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vertical exchange between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the free troposphere (FT) is a key pathway for aerosol transport and can substantially influence surface air quality. In this study, an intense ABL-FT exchange event over Shanghai on 29 March 2024 was captured and analyzed using ground-based Doppler wind LiDAR, microwave radiometer, particle-size spectrometer measurements, and numerical diagnostics. Southwesterly warm-moist advection and daytime surface heating promoted the growth of a warm and moist boundary layer, while drier and more stably stratified air persisted above the ABL top. Under this thermodynamic background, the boundary-layer jet and associated dynamical disturbances favored vigorous ABL-FT exchange. During this period, vigorous vertical motions developed, with vertical velocities ranging from −1.5 to 2.0 m <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{s}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and extending to nearly 3 km. The estimated ABL-FT air-mass exchange flux ranged from −0.97 to 1.46 kg <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{m}}^{-2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{s}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, with vertical motion accounting for 58.5% of the total exchange. During the exchange event, ultrafine-particle concentrations increased markedly at the surface, while particles smaller than 10 nm did not show a corresponding increase. These observations are more consistent with downward transport of particles likely present aloft, followed by growth within the boundary layer, than with a purely local surface-formation mechanism. This study highlights a possible linkage among dust intrusion, particle processes aloft, and ABL-FT mixing in shaping near-surface aerosol number concentrations, and advances understanding of vertical aerosol transport in megacity environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Temperature-Driven Surface Ozone Formation: Insights From Field Observations","authors":"Ruiyu Li,&nbsp;Tianzeng Chen,&nbsp;Yang Yue,&nbsp;Jun Liu,&nbsp;Biwu Chu,&nbsp;Qingxin Ma,&nbsp;Yonghong Wang,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Xiaochen Wu,&nbsp;Rongfu Xie,&nbsp;Yuzhen Fu,&nbsp;Jianhuai Ye,&nbsp;Joseph S. Francisco,&nbsp;Hong He","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046864","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropospheric ozone (O₃) pollution has emerged as an increasingly prominent environmental challenge, especially in the context of global warming. This study quantitatively assessed key factors influencing O₃ formation using field observations in cities spanning from northern to southern China and eastern China (Beijing, Haikou, and Suzhou) combined with an interpretable XGBoost-SHAP model. Model performance was validated across space and time. Temperature explained 33.6% of the total model-attributed importance for O₃ in Beijing, with effects varying by pollution scenario: highest under co-pollution (83.3 ± 39.9 μg m⁻³, 56%), followed by O₃ pollution (51.9 ± 30.6 μg m⁻³, 49%), and PM_2.5 pollution (21.3 ± 11.3 μg m⁻³, 25%). A 1°C rise increased O₃ by 6.1 ± 3.0 μg m⁻³ in Beijing, with lower sensitivities observed in Suzhou and Haikou, consistent with their distinct precursor availability and chemical regimes. During heatwaves (≥35°C), O₃ concentrations were 2.3 times higher than at normal temperatures (≤30°C). These results provide scenario-specific, quantitative insights into temperature-driven O₃ formation across contrasting pollution regimes and climatic zones, with implications for climate-informed air quality management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting and Improving Soil Surface Resistance Schemes for Land Surface Modeling","authors":"Zhuo Liu,&nbsp;Hua Yuan,&nbsp;Wenzong Dong,&nbsp;Zhongwang Wei,&nbsp;Shupeng Zhang,&nbsp;Jiayi Xiang,&nbsp;Nan Wei,&nbsp;Qingliang Li,&nbsp;Jiahao Shi,&nbsp;Cheng Zhang,&nbsp;Han Zhang,&nbsp;Wanyi Lin,&nbsp;Xinran Yu,&nbsp;Fei Chen,&nbsp;Yongjiu Dai","doi":"10.1029/2025JD046279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD046279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate representation of soil evaporation is critical for understanding land-atmosphere interactions and improving climate simulations, where soil surface resistance plays a key regulatory role. However, existing schemes differ substantially and lack systematic evaluation. We compared five typical schemes and found large discrepancies in soil surface resistance values and site-level simulations. Under intermediate soil wetness, different schemes showed over tenfold differences and had differing sensitivity parameters. Incorporating these schemes into the Common Land Model (CoLM) markedly altered soil wetness, evaporation, energy fluxes and ecosystem productivity, with mean soil wetness increasing by approximately 5%–35% and evaporation decreasing by approximately 9%–73% in summer. Using FLUXNET data and machine learning (XGBoost), we identified sand volume fraction as a key driver of <i>β</i> (a factor reflecting evaporation suppression calculated from soil resistance, with smaller values indicating stronger suppression). Building on Sellers et al. (1992, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd01096) (S92), widely adopted for its simplicity and effectiveness in simulating latent heat flux and soil moisture, we incorporated this parameter to develop S92_sand, which better reproduced observation-derived <i>β</i> than the typical schemes. When implemented in CoLM, S92_sand reduced mean absolute error and root mean square error (RMSE) of soil wetness by approximately 10% at evaporation-dominant sites compared to S92. Regional assessments across China using GLEAM v4.2a demonstrated its superiority over the original S92 scheme, mitigating systematic overestimation of soil evaporation and reducing RMSE across 90% of the region, with improvements up to 1 mm day⁻¹ over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the North China Plain. The simulations of soil wetness and evapotranspiration also showed noticeable regional improvements. This study provides new insights into soil surface resistance and advances land surface modeling of soil evaporation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD046279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}