Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"KAZR-CloudSat Analysis of Snowing Profiles at the North Slope of Alaska: Implications of the Satellite Radar Blind Zone","authors":"J. A. Shates,&nbsp;C. Pettersen,&nbsp;T. S. L’Ecuyer,&nbsp;M. S. Kulie","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spaceborne radars provide near-global observations of clouds and precipitation, but ground clutter can result in a satellite radar blind zone as high as 2 km above the surface. As a result, satellite radars may underestimate snowfall from shallow clouds and incorrectly flag snow virga as snowfall at the surface. Ground-based radar observations provide invaluable tools to assess satellite observations of clouds and precipitation. This study investigates snowfall regimes using observations from 2011 to 2021 at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement North Slope of Alaska atmospheric observatory. Snowfall events identified in the Ka-band ARM zenith radar (KAZR) are separated into regimes based on the cloud/precipitation layer characteristics: deep snowfall, shallow snowfall, and snow virga. The shallow snowfall regime accounts for nearly half of the regime occurrence (48%) followed by snow virga (28%) and deep snowfall (23%). However, more than half (62%) of the shallow snowfall is likely underestimated and/or undetected within the satellite radar blind zone. Snow virga is incorrectly flagged as snowfall for 7% of the total annual occurrence, but increases to 12% in October. The KAZR regimes and vertical structure are qualitatively compared to collocated CloudSat observations with snow certain/possible flags; the deep and shallow snowfall regime show similarities between the ground-based and spaceborne radar observations. An assessment of observable snowfall occurrence and accumulation at varying reflectivity thresholds in KAZR and CloudSat provide a reference for detection characteristics for current and planned spaceborne radars.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Potential Atmospheric Accumulation and Radiative Impact of the Coming Increase in Satellite Reentry Frequency","authors":"Christopher M. Maloney,&nbsp;Robert W. Portmann,&nbsp;Martin N. Ross,&nbsp;Karen H. Rosenlof","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Construction of numerous satellite megaconstellations in the low Earth orbit (LEO) (300–2,000 km) is projected over the coming decades. Estimates suggest that the number of satellites in an LEO could exceed 60,000 by 2040. The increase in the annual mass flux of anthropogenic material into the upper atmosphere as a result of maintaining these megaconstellations could rival the natural occurring meteoric mass flux. Little is known about the aerosols that will be produced by reentry vaporization, which makes estimating the associated impacts on climate and ozone difficult. Aluminum is a primary satellite component that will likely be emitted during reentry vaporization. In this study we simulate a reentry emission of 10 Gg/yr, assuming that all aerosols released is aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). This level of Al₂O₃ emission is consistent with expected megaconstellation growth by 2040. We investigate how the location of atmospheric accumulation, aerosol size distribution, and radiative properties of reentry Al₂O₃ impacts the middle-to-upper atmosphere. We find that depending on reentry latitude and aerosol size distribution, a 20–40-Gg stratospheric burden of Al₂O₃ aerosols accumulates poleward of 30 N/S between 10 and 30 km. Small but statistically significant changes in mesospheric heating rates lead to 1.5 K-temperature anomalies in the mesosphere and the stratosphere at Southern Hemisphere high latitudes. These temperature anomalies are accompanied by a 10% reduction in wind speed in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex, leading to a weaker springtime ozone hole. Some reentry scenarios also experience a strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Precipitation and Wind Extremes Induced by Extratropical Cyclones in Northeastern North America","authors":"Ting-Chen Chen,&nbsp;Alejandro Di Luca","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates important characteristics of extreme (above the 99th local percentile) near-surface wind speed and precipitation hourly events associated with extratropical cyclones (ETCs) over North America, using 20-year ERA5 reanalysis and IMERG satellite-based precipitation data. For seasonal and geographical occurrence frequency, wind extremes prevail in winter over ocean and in autumn over land, while precipitation extremes show relatively weak seasonal variation over ocean and primarily occur in summer over land. For both variables, over 60% of extreme events are associated with ETCs over northeastern North America (NNA) regardless of the season. When one type of extreme is observed, the probability that it is a compound wind-precipitation extreme reaches up to 40% along the coasts and ocean, and about 20% in the NNA region. About 90% of compound wind and precipitation extremes in NNA (which occur most frequently in fall) are associated with ETCs. Significant discrepancies exist between the magnitudes of extremes in ERA5 and IMERG; however, both datasets consistently identify ETCs as the primary drivers of extremes in mid-to-high latitudes. Extratropical cyclones tend to have longer-lasting wind extremes (∼6 hr in ERA5) compared to precipitation extremes (∼3 hr in ERA5 and ∼2 hr in IMERG). Rarer and stronger extremes based on a higher threshold are more likely to be associated with ETCs, exhibiting shorter extreme duration timescales.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Daily Temporal Characteristics of Oil and Gas Methane Emissions in the Delaware Basin Using Continuous Tower Observations","authors":"Z. R. Barkley,&nbsp;K. J. Davis,&nbsp;N. L. Miles,&nbsp;S. J. Richardson","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Top-down studies have found consistent underestimations in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methane emissions inventory from the oil and gas (O&amp;G) sector. Many of these studies use observations that bias toward hours when worktime activity occurs. In this study, we analyze over 2 years of methane measurements from a tower network in the Delaware basin to analyze hourly temporal emission patterns. Inversion results suggest a range in emissions from 137 Mg/hr at night to 197 Mg/hr during the day, present during both weekdays and weekends. If these results are applicable to other basins, daytime-influenced methodologies may overestimate daily emission rates by up to 27%. This bias does not reconcile the more than 200% difference between the EPA inventory and top-down estimates in the Delaware basin. This study demonstrates how continuous measurement networks can be combined with detailed activity data to improve bottom-up inventories.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Terrain Slope and Surface Roughness Variations on Turbulence Generation in the Nighttime Stable Boundary Layer","authors":"Jielun Sun,&nbsp;Sudheer R. Bhimireddy,&nbsp;David A. R. Kristovich,&nbsp;Junming Wang,&nbsp;April L. Hiscox,&nbsp;Larry Mahrt,&nbsp;Grant W. Petty","doi":"10.1029/2024JD041815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041815","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Terrain slopes with and without upslope large surface roughness impact downstream shear-generated turbulence differently in the nighttime stable boundary layer (SBL). These differences can be identified through variations in the relationship between turbulence and wind speed at a given height, known as the HOckey STick (HOST) transition, as compared to the HOST relationship over flat terrain. The transport of cold surface air from elevated uniform terrain reduces downstream air temperature not much air stratification. As terrain slope rises, the increasing cold and heavy air enhances downstream hydrostatic imbalance, resulting in increasing turbulence for a given wind speed. That is, the rate of turbulence increase with wind speed from downslope flow is independent of terrain slope. Upslope large surface roughness elements enhance vertical turbulent mixing, elevating cold surface air from the terrain. Horizontal transport of this elevated, cold, turbulent air layer reduces the downstream upper warm air temperature. Benefiting from the progressive reduction of downstream stable stratification with increasing height in the SBL, wind shear can effectively generate strong turbulence. In addition to the turbulence enhancement from the cold downslope flow, the rate of turbulence increase with wind speed is elevated. This study demonstrates key physical mechanisms for turbulence generation captured by the HOST relationship. It also highlights the influence of terrain features on these mechanisms through deviations from the HOST relationship over flat terrain.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD041815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of a Single-Moment Cloud Microphysics Scheme Consistent With Dual-Polarization Radar","authors":"Yasutaka Ikuta,&nbsp;Masaki Satoh,&nbsp;Woosub Roh,&nbsp;Shuhei Matsugishi,&nbsp;Naomi Kuba,&nbsp;Tatsuya Seiki,&nbsp;Akihito Umehara,&nbsp;Hisaki Eito","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We develop a single-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme consistent with observations using dual-polarization radar and a disdrometer. In particular, we will introduce non-spherical properties of hydrometeor and realistic rain droplet size distributions. All the hydrometeors are assumed to be oblate, particularly snow is characterized by a combination of stellar, irregular, and column. The shape of the new rain size distribution function is determined based on 3-year disdrometer observations using the rescaled dimensionless optimizing method. Terminal velocities and diffusional growth rates are modified to be consistent with the aforementioned new assumptions. As a result, the differences between the simulated polarimetric variables, based on the new cloud microphysical settings, and the observed values were reduced. The new setting modified atmospheric temperatures through a significant increase in snow amount in the atmosphere above the freezing level and through an increase in raindrop evaporation in the lower troposphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appreciation of Peer Reviewers for 2024","authors":"Yafang Cheng,&nbsp;Rong Fu,&nbsp;Christian George,&nbsp;Filippo Giorgi,&nbsp;Yongyun Hu,&nbsp;Xin-Zhong Liang,&nbsp;Abdelwahid Mellouki,&nbsp;Yun Qian,&nbsp;Xiushu Qie,&nbsp;William Randel,&nbsp;Nicole Riemer,&nbsp;Robert Rogers,&nbsp;Manfred Wendisch,&nbsp;Ping Yang","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043819","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The editorial board of JGR Atmospheres thanks the reviewers who refereed papers in 2024. The editors of <i>Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Atmospheres</i> wish to sincerely thank the 3,028 outstanding scientists who dedicated their time and expertise to reviewing manuscripts for the journal in 2024. We also extend our gratitude to those who recommended reviewers and volunteered to contribute to the peer review process. Peer review is a crucial process to ensure the integrity and rigor of science. Your thoughtful and constructive reviews have helped to improve the quality of papers in the journal, stimulated new ideas, and advanced the careers of many young scientists. They contributed to the high quality of JGR-Atmospheres and the standard of science in our discipline.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD043819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Upward Multi-Pulse TGF Involved With Two Thunderstorm Cells","authors":"K. Nakazawa,&nbsp;M. Oguchi,&nbsp;T. Wu,&nbsp;Y. Wada,&nbsp;K. Okuma,&nbsp;D. Wang,&nbsp;Y. Tsuji,&nbsp;Y. Omiya,&nbsp;M. Ando,&nbsp;T. Enoto,&nbsp;M. Tsurumi,&nbsp;J. Kataoka,&nbsp;T. Kanda,&nbsp;R. Iwashita,&nbsp;N. Koshikawa,&nbsp;T. Shinoda,&nbsp;G. Diniz,&nbsp;Y. Ikkatai","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042303","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gamma rays associated with lightning discharges are evidence of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} 30$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> MeV electrons acceleration by electric field in the atmosphere. However, the acceleration site and actual condition of it are not yet identified. On 30 December 2021, a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) with five (or six) consecutive pulses were detected by our gamma ray detectors placed in Kanazawa City, Japan. Although analog signals of the detectors were severely saturated, timing of the five gamma ray pulses were well constrained and compared with radio observations of discharges. We detected four slow positive radio pulses associated with the first four gamma ray pulses. Another radio pulse candidate associated with the fifth gamma ray pulse was also seen. The polarity of the slow pulses suggests that the TGF were upward directed, and our detectors were observing it backward. This is the first detection of this kind on ground. The radio slow pulses were located in a thunderstorm cell located 3–6 km south from a nearly simultaneously on-going ascending negative stepped leader emerged in another thunderstorm cell. These results suggest that the TGF's acceleration location can be a few km apart from the leader development of the main discharge activity. We also found another ascending negative stepped leader emerging <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 <mn>32</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} 32$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> ms after the TGF near the region where the five slow radio pulses took place.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polar Stratospheric Cloud Observations From the OMPS Limb Profiler","authors":"Matthew T. DeLand,&nbsp;Mark R. Schoeberl","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042632","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The frequency and spatial distribution of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) has a strong influence on the magnitude of springtime ozone depletion in polar regions. We use Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP) satellite measurements to identify PSCs and characterize their distribution. Concurrent water vapor and nitric acid profiles from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements are used to determine the approximate temperature threshold for PSC formation. Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite LP daytime measurements have limited coverage of the polar vortex region during winter months, with increasing coverage as spring equinox approaches. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) OMPS LP observations since 2012 show a relatively consistent seasonal pattern of PSC formation and evolution in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), but significantly more variability during each season and between seasons in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Comparisons of OMPS LP PSC detections with concurrent Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations show good agreement in spatial distribution and seasonal evolution when the CALIOP latitude coverage is screened to the range viewed by OMPS LP daytime measurements. Limb Profiler measurements from current and future Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites will enable us to follow long-term changes in PSC behavior, such as possible effects of the increased stratospheric water vapor from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Chalmers Cloud Ice Climatology: A Novel Robust Climate Record of Frozen Cloud Hydrometeor Concentrations","authors":"Simon Pfreundschuh,&nbsp;Julia Kukulies,&nbsp;Adrià Amell,&nbsp;Hanna Hallborn,&nbsp;Eleanor May,&nbsp;Patrick Eriksson","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Frozen cloud particles are an important component of the hydrological cycle and significantly influence the Earth's energy budget. Despite their important role, observational records constraining concentrations of atmospheric ice remain severely limited. Although combined radar and lidar estimates from the CloudSat and CALIPSO missions offer over a decade of high-quality data on ice hydrometeor concentrations, these estimates remain sparse. In contrast, products derived from passive satellite sensors typically provide better spatiotemporal coverage but disagree with CloudSat-based measurements. To address these limitations, we present a novel climate data record of total ice water path (TIWP), the Chalmers Cloud Ice Climatology (CCIC). It spans 40 years, from 1983 to the present, covering latitudes from <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>70</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $70{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> S to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>70</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $70{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> N. CCIC offers TIWP estimates at three-hourly resolution from 1983 and half-hourly resolution from 2000 onwards. We demonstrate the long-term stability of CCIC by directly comparing it with CloudSat/CALIPSO-based estimates over the entire mission lifetime. Additionally, we assess CCIC against other long-term TIWP records, revealing that CCIC yields the most accurate TIWP estimates compared to CloudSat/CALIPSO-based reference estimates. Analysis of regional 40 year trends across four long-term TIWP data sets indicates an increase of TIWP over the Southern Ocean and the east Bering Sea in two observational data sets and ERA5. The CCIC climate record closes the gap between existing long-term TIWP records and CloudSat/CALIPSO-based reference measurements. The estimates' continuous coverage and demonstrated accuracy make it a valuable resource for lifecycle studies of storms and the analysis of fine-scale cloud features in a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}