Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres最新文献

{"title":"Assessing Co-Located NISAR and Sentinel-1 Observations for Atmospheric Characterization","authors":"Shadi Oveisgharan,&nbsp;Paul Rosen,&nbsp;Christopher Wells,&nbsp;Emre Havazli","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047910","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropospheric delay remains one of the largest sources of uncertainty in repeat-pass Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements, while accurate three-dimensional deformation retrieval continues to be limited by the geometry of current spaceborne SAR systems. The recent availability of near-simultaneous observations from the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission and Sentinel-1 provides a unique opportunity to investigate atmospheric signals using independent sensors observing nearly the same scene within minutes of each other. We analyze colocated NISAR L-band and Sentinel-1 C-band interferometric observations over four regions spanning flat and mountainous terrain with varying vegetation cover. After applying the ionospheric correction provided in NISAR GUNW products, the residual NISAR interferometric phase exhibits strong agreement with corresponding Sentinel-1 observations, with Pearson correlations exceeding 0.9 in several cases. The similarity between the two data sets suggests that both systems are observing a common atmospheric signal, which is interpreted primarily as tropospheric delay for the short (12-day) interferometric intervals considered here. In contrast, tropospheric correction layers provided in the NISAR products often fail to reproduce the dominant spatial variability observed in either data set, particularly over flat terrain. These results demonstrate the potential of colocated NISAR and Sentinel-1 observations for future evaluation of atmospheric correction products and motivate the development of multi-frequency, multi-geometry approaches for improved atmospheric characterization and three-dimensional deformation estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold-Air Pooling and Temperature-Elevation Mapping in a Colorado Watershed","authors":"John Cramblitt,&nbsp;Rosemary W. H. Carroll,&nbsp;Jessica D. Lundquist","doi":"10.1029/2025JD045697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD045697","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Near-surface air temperature grids are important environmental model forcings. In narrow mountain valleys, most gridded products are too coarse to resolve variability across slopes, so regional studies often map temperature across terrain following locally determined lapse rates. However, lapse rate approaches are complicated by patterns such as cold-air pooling (CAP), which decouples the valley floor from upper slopes. We used a network of temperature sensors distributed across Colorado's East River watershed to characterize local CAP using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and a topographic algorithm. We then compared three approaches to map observed temperatures across terrain: a two-station lapse rate, a lapse rate fit to a dense station network, and a CAP-aware scheme which treated upper slopes separately from the valley floor. The CAP-aware scheme reduced pooled root mean square error (RMSE) in predicted daily-minimum temperatures (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mi>min</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathit{T}}_{min }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) to 0.9°C, compared to 5.6°C and 1.6°C for the other two approaches, and an application with only a few local weather stations retained skill despite low sensor density (1.1°C). When used to construct 800 m <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mi>min</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathit{T}}_{min }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> grids, the CAP-aware approach reduced pooled RMSE compared to PRISM (1.1°C vs. 3.8°C), even when only a few stations were used (1.9°C). When the best and worst performing approaches were mapped to a 100 m grid to force a regional hydrologic model, early summer cumulative basin snow water equivalent differed by 111% between runs, indicating strong sensitivity to melt season temperature input. Finally, analysis across Colorado state suggests CAP effects are widespread among SNOTEL observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD045697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decadal Modulation of ENSO's Impact on North Tropical Atlantic SSTs by Tropical Pacific Precipitation","authors":"Yixin Wang,&nbsp;Ping Huang","doi":"10.1029/2026JD048118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD048118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) often induces sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) during the following spring. However, the decadal stability of ENSO's impact and its underlying modulation mechanisms remain unclear. Based on the piControl runs from 40 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate models, this study reveals that ENSO's impact on NTA SSTs exhibits significant decadal variability. We find that this variability is modulated by the background intensity of wintertime precipitation over the central-eastern tropical Pacific. When the precipitation background state strengthens, the atmospheric Pacific–North American Teleconnection wave train responses to ENSO become more pronounced. These enhanced responses intensify westerly wind anomalies over the NTA, which in turn promotes local warming via the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) feedback. Additionally, increased precipitation in key regions enhances tropospheric heating, increasing atmospheric stability over the tropical Atlantic and further amplifying the NTA warming response. This study identifies tropical Pacific precipitation as a contributing mechanism behind the decadal variability of ENSO's impact on NTA SSTs, offering a new perspective on the factors that modulate ENSO's remote climate impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Gravity Wave Packets Using a Multiple Balloon, Multiple Linear Regression Technique","authors":"I. M. Dulá Razzolini,&nbsp;B. Green,&nbsp;A. Sheshadri,&nbsp;M. J. Alexander","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Typical climate model resolutions preclude the explicit simulation of most of the spectrum of atmospheric gravity waves (GWs). Climate models must therefore rely on GW parameterizations, which observations help constrain. Between 2011 and 2021, Loon LLC launched thousands of balloons, some of which flew close enough together to be affected by the same GW packet. These groups provide sufficient information to estimate the wavenumbers of GW packets. We identify 23 distinct GW packets seen by groups of four or more balloons using Wavelet analysis. For each GW packet, we perform a multiple linear regression using the balloons' spacing and phase offset to estimate the horizontal and vertical wavenumbers, which we use to calculate the phase speed and group velocity. Across the 23 packets found, we observe mostly low-frequency GWs that propagate primarily meridionally. From packet properties and ERA5 reanalysis data, we test for proximity to convective and shear instabilities and find no preference for either. These results serve as a proof of concept for a novel GW property estimation technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Trends in Northern Hemisphere Summer Extratropical Cyclone Activity and Their Link to Precipitation and Temperature Trends","authors":"Ian Baxter,&nbsp;Tiffany Shaw,&nbsp;Isla R. Simpson,&nbsp;Pu Lin,&nbsp;Zhihong Tan","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046609","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years a robust weakening of the storm tracks has been identified in reanalysis data. This trend has been linked to coinciding changes in surface temperature extremes and precipitation over land. Here we use a surface-based metric to quantify regional trends in the boreal summertime low-level extratropical cyclone activity (ECA) and link this to surface impacts. We compare trends over the satellite-era across a single model large ensemble (SPEAR-MED Large Ensemble) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations, including full and single forcing simulations and prescribed sea-surface temperature simulations. The models successfully capture the hemispheric-wide ECA decrease and regional trends over the Pacific, North America, and Europe seen in reanalysis. However, this masks a model-observation discrepancy over the North Atlantic, which is anti-correlated with mean circulation trends. We then re-examine previous links between extratropical cyclones and increasing daily maximum surface temperatures and shifts in precipitation in historical trends. ECA trends cannot account for the magnitudes of daily maximum surface temperature trends over North America or Europe but can explain a large fraction of land precipitation trends over the North Atlantic. This suggests other drivers, such as greenhouse gas radiative forcing, are more important in strengthening daily maximum surface temperature trends. In contrast, models struggle to capture the North Atlantic ECA-related trends, primarily because they underestimate ECA trends. This can explain model-observation discrepancies in total precipitation change over land in the West Atlantic, but not the East Atlantic.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD046609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding OCO-2's Volcanic Observation Record to the Low-Intensity 2021 Fagradalsfjall and the Ninth Sundhnúkur Crater Row Eruptions","authors":"C. Delbet,&nbsp;P. Ringrose,&nbsp;J. Eidsvik,&nbsp;M. Calovi","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046937","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Since 2021, Iceland experienced 12 volcanic eruptions, all located on the Reykjanes peninsula. From these events, the 2021 Fagradalsfjall and the ninth Sundhnúkur crater row (16 July–5 August 2025) eruptions were detected by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). This study uses the OCO-2 column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;XCO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{XCO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) to compare the &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; plume characteristics of both events. The Fagradalsfjall eruption produced a remarkably small &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;XCO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{XCO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; enhancement of ∼ 0.5 ppm, demonstrating that sub-ppm volcanic &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; signals can be observed with OCO-2. Thereafter, the estimated &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; flux from Fagradalsfjall was 53.4 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;36.6&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $pm ,36.6$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD046937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Unbalanced Jet Streak Circulations in East Asian Dust Storms","authors":"Ashok Kumar Pokharel,&nbsp;Michael L. Kaplan","doi":"10.1029/2026JD046356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD046356","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A mesoscale study of three severe dust storms over China and Mongolia was conducted using observational and high- resolution numerical model data sets. The analysis of these data indicates many commonalities among the three case studies, (a) precursor wind flow across the mountain creating a strong statically stable layer in the lee of the mountain, (b) interaction of the exit region of the jet streak with that statically stable layer, (c) breakdown of geostrophic balance of the exit region of the jet streak in the leeside of the mountains, (d) generation of low-level ageostrophic isallobaric wind flow (Vis) as a product of the deep three-dimensional mass/momentum adjustment process, and (e) the development of significant planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). The isallobaric low-level ageostrophic wind-induced vertical shear and warm buoyant air column heated by surface sensible heat flux led to significant TKE generation resulting in extensive deflation of dust from the surface close to the lee of the mountains (namely Tien Shan, Gobi Altai, and Khangai Mountains). Several dust streaks which resulted from the effects of significant vertical motion and TKE at the meso-γ scale were also observed in response to these adjustment processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD046356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements and Analysis of Light Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Mole Fractions in 1982–1987 at Six Remote Sites Along the Pacific Rim","authors":"A. M. Smith,&nbsp;C. L. Butenhoff,&nbsp;M. A. K. Khalil,&nbsp;A. L. Rice","doi":"10.1029/2026JD048040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD048040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are important trace species with anthropogenic and natural sources including fugitive emissions from fossil fuel mining and distribution, biomass burning, biofuel combustion, and biogenic emissions from microbes and plants. We present previously unpublished whole air sample measurements of NMHCs collected at approximately weekly intervals from 1982 to 1987 at six stations spanning the Northern and Southern hemispheres, which sampled primarily Pacific Basin air masses as determined by back-trajectory analysis. The four alkanes in this data set, ethane, propane, i- and n-butane had a mean measured mole fraction of 712 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 22 ppt, 245 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 13 ppt, 55.2 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 4.4 ppt, and 87.6 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 8.7 ppt, respectively. When compared with measurements at comparable sites two decades later, the global ethane mole fraction decreased by 21% between the mid-1980s and 2009–2010 with larger decreases in propane and butanes, corroborating a multi-decadal decline in NMHCs over this period. No discernible Pacific Basin secular trend for the NMHCs was found over the 5-year period 1982–1987, but significant trends at some individual sites including short-term increases in the Northern Hemisphere and decreases in the Southern Hemisphere. A large multi-year enrichment anomaly that is likely associated with the strong El Niño of 1982–83 occurs at all sites and influences trends observed in the Southern Hemisphere. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we estimated global emissions of ethane during this period were 13.4 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 0.4 Tg/yr based on the globally-averaged measured mole fractions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD048040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloud Microphysics and Drizzle Relationships With CCN Modality in Southern Ocean Stratocumuli","authors":"James G. Hudson,&nbsp;Fatma Emin,&nbsp;Stephen Noble","doi":"10.1029/2026JD047923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JD047923","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extended-range high resolution cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) modality relationships to cloud microphysics and drizzle of the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) were consistent with Physics of Stratocumulus Tops (POST) and Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) observations. Stratus clouds in these three projects demonstrated that bimodal CCN spectra often caused by cloud processing were associated with clouds that contained higher concentrations of smaller droplets and less drizzle than clouds associated with unimodal CCN spectra. Subsequent brighter clouds and greater cloudiness could enhance both indirect aerosol effects (IAE). However, ACE 1 clouds within lower CCN concentration air displayed bimodal/unimodal reversals within the drizzle size range so that clouds associated with bimodal CCN exhibited less small drizzle but more large drizzle than clouds associated with unimodal CCN. On the other hand, ACE 1 clouds associated with higher CCN concentrations exhibited order of magnitude more drizzle in clouds associated with unimodal CCN. Thus, these higher concentration ACE 1 observations agreed better with MASE and POST stratus observations than the complete ACE 1 data set. Despite robust ACE 1 associations of CCN modality with droplet and drizzle microphysics it is not possible to demonstrate independent causal attribution in an observational aircraft study.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JD047923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Dry Deposition of Sea Spray Aerosol and Height of Aerosol Plume Using a Controlled Wave Pool","authors":"Alexander J. Johnson,&nbsp;Raymond J. Santucci,&nbsp;Ivan Savelyev,&nbsp;William Kinee,&nbsp;Peter Buffolino,&nbsp;Sheri Stanke,&nbsp;Steven Kopitzke","doi":"10.1029/2025JD045479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD045479","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deposition of sea spray aerosols facilitates atmospheric corrosion of materials, requiring maintenance and replacement over time. However, the dimensions of sea spray aerosol plumes produced from breaking waves have not been well-characterized, limiting useful prediction of particle transport downwind and atmospheric corrosion. Therefore, this project aimed to measure sea spray aerosol production from breaking waves in a controlled environment at several elevations to obtain the height profile of an aerosol plume. Measurements were conducted using a 13.7 × 6.7 m pool with 1.5 m depth filled to 101.6 cm with Instant Ocean® at the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems (LASR), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Waves were generated to simulate a total of 525 wave crashes using fully automated pistons. Airborne concentrations, aerosol number size, and dry deposition fluxes were measured at 47, 153.7 and 260.4 cm above the water surface. Aerosol size distributions and dry deposition fluxes showed that coarse, salt-rich aerosols deposited mostly at 47 cm while submicron particles traveled further up to 153.7 and 260.4 cm. Furthermore, corrosion was evaluated at each elevation using C1010 witness coupons, Ag witness coupons, and corrosion sensors. Corrosion rates of C1010 were most severe at 153.7 cm, suggesting that corrosion may not necessarily be the most severe adjacent to the water surface. This study provided experimental data for initial plume conditions, including loss of particles by dry deposition, that could be used for modeling the transport of sea spray aerosols.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"131 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD045479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149199037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}