Journal of Functional Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Interaction of MG63 Human Osteosarcoma-Derived Cells on S53P4 Bioactive Glass: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Valentin Schmidt, Beáta Polgár, Vanda Ágnes Nemes, Tímea Dergez, László Janovák, Péter Maróti, Szilárd Rendeki, Kinga Turzó, Balázs Patczai","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080275","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive glass materials have been used for decades in orthopedic surgery, traumatology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery to repair bone defects. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the survival and proliferation of MG63 human osteosarcoma-derived cells on S53P4 bioactive glass (BonAlive^® granules). Microscopic visualization was performed to directly observe the interactions between the cells and the material. Osteoblast-like cells were examined on non-adherent test plates, on tissue culture (TC)-treated plates and on the surface of the bioglass to assess the differences. Cell survival and proliferation were monitored using a CCK-8 optical density assay. Comparing the mean OD of MG63 cells in MEM on TC-treated plates with cells on BG, we detected a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05), over each time of observation. The sustained cell proliferation confirmed the non-cytotoxic property of the bioglass, as the cell number increased continuously at 48, 72, 96, and 168 h and even did not plateau after 168 h. Since the properties of bioglasses can vary significantly depending on their composition and environment, a thorough characterization of their biocompatibility is crucial to ensure their effective and appropriate application-for example, during hip and knee prosthesis insertion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet-Rich Fibrin Synthetic Bone Graft Enhances Bone Regeneration and Mechanical Strength in Rabbit Femoral Defects: Micro-CT and Biomechanical Study.","authors":"Yu-Kuan Lin, Hsuan-Wen Wang, Po-Kuei Wu, Chun-Li Lin","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080273","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the bone regeneration effect and mechanical properties of \"Sticky bone\", a mixture of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and synthetic bone grafts (SBGs), in the repair of large femoral bone defects in rabbits. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were included and randomly divided into a Sticky bone group and an SBG alone group. Bone graft samples were collected and analyzed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Micro- computed tomography (CT) analysis showed that the amount of the Sticky bone group in the grayscale ranges of 255-140 (highly mineralized tissue or unabsorbed bone powder) and 140-90 (representing new cancellous bone) was higher than that of the SBG group at each time point and decreased with the number of weeks. The compression strength test showed that the average compression strength of the Sticky bone group reached 5.17 MPa at the 12th week, which was 1.62 times that of the intact bone (3.19 MPa) and was significantly better than that of the SBG group (about 4.12 MPa). This study also confirmed for the first time that the use of a new polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blood collection tube to prepare PRF can stably release key growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are conducive to early bone vascularization and cell proliferation. In summary, Sticky bone has the potential to promote bone formation, enhance tissue integration and mechanical stability, and can be used as an effective alternative material for repairing large-scale bone defects in clinical practice in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PDMS Membranes Drilled by Proton Microbeam Writing: A Customizable Platform for the Investigation of Endothelial Cell-Substrate Interactions in Transwell-like Devices.","authors":"Vita Guarino, Giovanna Vasco, Valentina Arima, Rosella Cataldo, Alessandra Zizzari, Elisabetta Perrone, Giuseppe Gigli, Maura Cesaria","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080274","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell migration assays provide valuable insights into pathological conditions, such as tumor metastasis and immune cell infiltration, and the regenerative capacity of tissues. In vitro tools commonly used for cell migration studies exploit commercial transwell systems, whose functionalities can be improved through engineering of the pore pattern. In this context, we propose the fabrication of a transwell-like device pursued by combining the proton beam writing (PBW) technique with wet etching onto thin layers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resulting transwell-like device incorporates a PDMS membrane with finely controllable pore patterning that was used to study the arrangement and migration behavior of HCMEC/D3 cells, a well-established human brain microvascular endothelial cell model widely used to study vascular maturation in the brain. A comparison between commercial polycarbonate membranes and the PBW-holed membranes highlights the impact of the ordering of the pattern and porosity on cellular growth, self-organization, and transmigration by combining fluorescent microscopy and advanced digital processing. Endothelial cells were found to exhibit distinctive clustering, alignment, and migratory behavior close to the pores of the designed PBW-holed membrane. This is indicative of activation patterns associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, a critical element in the angiogenic process. This study stands up as a novel approach toward the development of more biomimetic barrier models (such as organ-on-chips).</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) in White Spot Lesion Remineralization-A Systematic Review.","authors":"Valentina Baccolini, Lígia Pereira da Silva, Liliana Teixeira, Raquel Teixeira de Sousa, Patrícia Manarte-Monteiro","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080272","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is a well-established bioceramic material known to promote the remineralization of dental hard tissues. White spot lesions (WSLs) represent the initial stage of enamel demineralization and are frequently observed in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances or inadequate oral hygiene. Although recommendations for remineralizing agents include both the prevention of lesion progression and the stimulation of tissue remineralization, the clinical efficacy of ACP-based materials remains under debate. This systematic review, registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024540595), aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-based products in the remineralization of WSLs and to compare these outcomes with those achieved using non-bioceramic approaches. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, and pilot studies conducted on human subjects with WSLs affecting permanent teeth. Studies involving artificial WSLs or non-cariogenic enamel lesions were excluded. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The main findings indicate that CPP-ACP is clinically effective in promoting the remineralization of WSLs, although the results were inconsistent across studies. Comparisons with placebo and resin infiltration treatments revealed greater efficacy for CPP-ACP. The combination of CPP-ACP with fluoride appeared to further enhance the remineralizing effect on WSLs. Additional standardized clinical studies with longer follow-up periods are warranted to confirm these outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional-Printed Biomimetic Scaffolds for Investigating Osteoblast-Like Cell Interactions in Simulated Microgravity: An In Vitro Platform for Bone Tissue Engineering Research.","authors":"Eleonora Zenobi, Giulia Gramigna, Elisa Scatena, Luca Panizza, Carlotta Achille, Raffaella Pecci, Annalisa Convertino, Costantino Del Gaudio, Antonella Lisi, Mario Ledda","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080271","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional cell culture systems are relevant in vitro models for studying cellular behavior. In this regard, this present study investigates the interaction between human osteoblast-like cells and 3D-printed scaffolds mimicking physiological and osteoporotic bone structures under simulated microgravity conditions. The objective is to assess the effects of scaffold architecture and dynamic culture conditions on cell adhesion, proliferation, and metabolic activity, with implications for osteoporosis research. Polylactic acid scaffolds with physiological (P) and osteoporotic-like (O) trabecular architectures were 3D-printed by means of fused deposition modeling technology. Morphometric characterization was performed using micro-computed tomography. Human osteoblast-like SAOS-2 and U2OS cells were cultured on the scaffolds under static and dynamic simulated microgravity conditions using a rotary cell culture system (RCCS). Scaffold biocompatibility, cell viability, adhesion, and metabolic activity were evaluated through Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays, a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. Both scaffold models supported osteoblast-like cell adhesion and growth, with an approximately threefold increase in colonization observed on the high-porosity O scaffolds under dynamic conditions. The dynamic environment facilitated increased surface interaction, amplifying the effects of scaffold architecture on cell behavior. Overall, sustained cell growth and metabolic activity, together with the absence of detectable inflammatory responses, confirmed the biocompatibility of the system. Scaffold microstructure and dynamic culture conditions significantly influence osteoblast-like cell behavior. The combination of 3D-printed scaffolds and a RCCS bioreactor provides a promising platform for studying bone remodeling in osteoporosis and microgravity-induced bone loss. These findings may contribute to the development of advanced in vitro models for biomedical research and potential countermeasures for bone degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatible Hybrid Surface Layers on Porous Magnesium Structures Fabricated by Spark Sintering.","authors":"Konstantine V Nadaraia, Anastasia A Golysheva, Evgeniy A Belov, Dmitry A Lyapin, Mariia S Gerasimenko, Maria A Nadaraia, Arina I Pleshkova, Igor M Imshinetskiy, Oleg O Shichalin, Anton A Belov, Eugeniy K Papynov, Sergey S Atarshchikov, Dmitry V Mashtalyar","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080269","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, 3D Mg scaffolds were obtained by the spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a calcium phosphate coating was then obtained on the samples by the plasma electrolytic oxidation. A hybrid coating with vancomycin, zoledronic acid, and menaquinone MK-7 was formed to improve biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the formed specimens were studied. According to XRD, XRF, SEM, EDS, and OSP studies obtained scaffolds have developed morphology and contain hydroxyapatite as well as bioactive substances. Formation of coatings improves the wettability of samples (contact angle decreases from 123.8 ± 3.1° to 26.9 ± 4.1°) and increases the surface roughness by more than 3 times. This makes them promising for use as a new generation of implantation materials. The results are important for the development of personalized implants with improved functional characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Professional Periodontal Therapy with a Novel PMA-Zeolite Application: A Clinical Study on Periodontal Outcomes and Microbiological Changes.","authors":"Ines Đapić, Andrej Aurer, Jurica Žučko, Marinka Mravak-Stipetić, Marinka Baranović Baričević, Krešimir Pavelić, Fusun Ozer, Sandra Kraljević Pavelić","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080270","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the periodontal supporting tissues, including alveolar bone, potentially resulting in tooth loss. Etiopathogenesis involves a dysbiotic shift in the subgingival microbiota where the presence of pathogenic species such as <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</i>, and <i>Treponema denticola</i> has been documented. This disbalance is combined with an inadequate host immune response, often exacerbated by other systemic comorbidities including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Conventional therapy typically comprises mechanical debridement and adjunctive local or systemic antimicrobials, but emerging antibiotic resistance highlights a need for alternative adjuvant therapeutic strategies. The present descriptive analysis of microbiome and clinical trends study evaluated the adjuvant effects of a clinoptilolite-based zeolite material, namely PMA-zeolite, with professional prophylaxis on clinical and microbiological parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis over a 10-week period. Clinical assessment revealed significant reductions in bleeding on probing (BoP) and periodontal pocket depth (PD), indicating improved inflammatory status. Microbiome profiling demonstrated a marked decrease in key periodontal pathogens, suggesting that PMA-zeolite can help rebalance the oral microbiome. These findings suggest that the combined therapy exhibits promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, indicating its role in promoting microbial homeostasis and reducing periodontal inflammation. However, further investigation through larger, controlled clinical trials is needed to validate the efficacy of the therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Osteoregenerative Properties of <i>Juglans regia</i> L. Extract on Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblasts Through Evaluation of Bone Markers: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Alina Hanga-Fărcaș, Gabriela Adriana Filip, Simona Valeria Clichici, Laura Grațiela Vicaș, Olga Şoritău, Otilia Andercou, Luminița Fritea, Mariana Eugenia Mureșan","doi":"10.3390/jfb16070268","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16070268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone tissue regeneration is a complex process that takes place at the level of osteoblasts derived from mesenchymal cells and occurs under the action of multiple signaling pathways and through the expression of osteoregenerative markers. The leaf extract of <i>Juglans regia</i> L. (JR) is rich in polyphenols with demonstrated osteoregeneration effects. In the present study, we investigated the extract's effects on three types of cells with various stages of differentiation: adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts at low passage (O6) and osteoblasts at advanced passage (O10). To assess the efficacy of the walnut leaf extract, in vitro treatments were performed in comparison with ellagic acid (EA) and catechin (CAT). The osteoregenerative properties of the leaf extract were evaluated in terms of cell viability, bone mineralization (by staining with alizarin red) and the expression of osteogenesis markers such as osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) and collagen type 1A. Another compound implicated in oxidative stress response, but also a bone homeostasis regulator, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), was studied by immunocytochemistry. Together with collagen amount, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and NF-kB levels were measured in cell lysates and supernatants. The obtained results demonstrate that JR treatment induced osteogenic differentiation and bone mineralization, and it showed protective effects against oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12295196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Integration of Micro-CT Imaging and Finite Element Simulations for Modelling Tooth-Inlay Systems for Mechanical Stress Analysis: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Nikoleta Nikolova, Miryana Raykovska, Nikolay Petkov, Martin Tsvetkov, Ivan Georgiev, Eugeni Koytchev, Roumen Iankov, Mariana Dimova-Gabrovska, Angela Gusiyska","doi":"10.3390/jfb16070267","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16070267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a methodology for developing and validating digital models of tooth-inlay systems, aiming to trace the complete workflow from clinical procedures to simulation by involving dental professionals-dentists for manual cavity preparation and dental technicians for restoration modelling-while integrating micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging with finite element analysis (FEA). The proposed workflow includes (1) the acquisition of high-resolution 3D micro-CT scans of a non-restored tooth, (2) image segmentation and reconstruction to create anatomically accurate digital twins and mesh generation, (3) the selection of proper resin and the 3D printing of four typodonts, (4) the manual preparation of cavities on the typodonts, (5) the acquisition of high-resolution 3D micro-CT scans of the typodonts, (6) mesh generation, digital inlay and onlay modelling and material property assignment, and (7) nonlinear FEA simulations under representative masticatory loading. The approach enables the visualisation of stress and deformation patterns, with preliminary results indicating stress concentrations at the tooth-restoration interface integrating different cavity alternatives and restorations on the same tooth. Quantitative outputs include von Mises stress, strain energy density, and displacement distribution. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using image-based, tooth-specific digital twins for biomechanical modelling in dentistry. The developed framework lays the groundwork for future investigations into the optimisation of restoration design and material selection in clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12295181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress in the Application of Electrospinning Technology in the Biomedical Field.","authors":"Qun Wang, Peng Ji, Tian Bu, Yating Mao, Hailun He, Naijing Ge","doi":"10.3390/jfb16070266","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16070266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrospinning has emerged as a highly effective technique for fabricating micro- and nanofibers, which are characterized by high porosity, large surface area, and structural mimicry of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These properties render it particularly suitable for biomedical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in electrospinning-based strategies across various biomedical fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, enzyme immobilization, biosensing, and protective materials. The distinctive advantages of electrospun fibers-such as excellent biocompatibility, tunable architecture, and facile surface functionalization-are discussed, alongside challenges such as the toxicity of organic solvents and limitations in scalability. Emerging approaches, including environmentally benign electrospinning techniques and integration with advanced technologies such as 3D printing and microfluidics, present promising solutions for intelligent and personalized biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12295322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}