Journal of Functional Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Class-I and Class-II Restorations with the Application of a Flowable Composite as an Intermediate Layer-A Narrative Review of Clinical Trials.","authors":"Anh Duc Nguyen, Kerstin Bitter, Christian Ralf Gernhardt","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030111","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this review is to investigate the effect of an additional layer of flowable composite for cavity lining on the clinical outcome of direct posterior composite restorations. The PICO question (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) was stated as follows: Does the additional application of a flowable composite as a cavity liner improve the clinical outcome of Class-I and Class-II restorations? The electronic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILAS, and BBO were assessed for identifying relevant clinical studies. After removal of duplicate records, 309 records could be identified and, after a screening of the title and abstract, 20 articles were selected for full-text analysis. Finally, six studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review for further investigation. Four of the included studies have a follow-up period of two years, while the other two studies had an observation period of three and seven years, respectively. No significant differences in annual failure rates were observed between restorations with and without a flowable composite liner. Consequently, the additional usage of flowable composites as a cavity liner seems to have no effect on the clinical longevity of direct composite restorations in Class-I and Class-II cavities. Therefore, the application of a flowable composite is a possible option in everyday dental clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Carbon-Based Nanomaterial with Dichotomous Effects: Antineoplastic on Oral Cancer Cells and Osteoinductive/Chondroinductive on Dental Pulp Stem Cells.","authors":"Milica Jaksic Karisik, Nataša Jović Orsini, Jelena Carkic, Milos Lazarevic, Dijana Mitić, Bojan Jokanovic, Vukoman Jokanović, Jelena Milasin","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030109","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral cancer is an aggressive malignancy with modest survival rates. It also causes disfigurement following surgical removal of the tumor, thus highlighting the need for new cancer treatment and tissue repair modalities. Carbon-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising tools in both anticancer and regenerative therapies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to synthesize a new carbon-based nanomaterial (CBN) and test its antineoplastic effects, as well as its potential regenerative capacity.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A carbon nanomaterial, obtained by ball milling graphite flakes, was functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (CBN/PVP). Its physicochemical properties were explored with X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy, and wettability analysis. For the antineoplastic effects investigation, oral cancer cells were treated with CBN/PVP and examined with MTT and migration assays, as well as cell-cycle and ROS production analyses. Gene expression was determined by qPCR. To examine the pro-regenerative capacity of CBN/PVP, dental pulp stem cell cultures (DPSCs) were treated with the nanomaterial and subjected to osteo- and chondro-induction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lower concentrations of CBN/PVP (50, 100 μg/mL) applied on cancer cells exerted remarkable cytotoxic effects, induced G1 cell-cycle arrest, and reduced cancer cell invasion potential by different mechanisms, including downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In contrast, the addition of 50 µg/mL of CBN/PVP to DPSCs stimulated their survival and proliferation. CBN/PVP significantly enhanced both the osteogenic (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and chondrogenic (<i>p</i> < 0.01) induction of DPSCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The novel carbon-based nanomaterial displays unique characteristics, making it suitable in anticancer and regenerative therapies concomitantly.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Non-Engaging Abutment and Screw in Internal Implant Systems: Comparative Fatigue and Load Testing.","authors":"Su-Min Cho, Soo-Hwan Byun, So-Yee Ahn, Hyun-Sook Han, Sung-Woon On, Sang-Yoon Park, Sang-Min Yi, In-Young Park, Byoung-Eun Yang, Lee-Kyoung Kim","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030107","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental implants rely on precise prosthetic design and biomechanical stability to ensure long-term success. This study evaluates the mechanical performance of non-engaging abutments in multi-unit combined screw- and cement-retained prostheses (CSCRP) using two internal implant systems: the BlueDiamond (BD) and AnyOne (AO) systems. Unlike conventional implant systems that utilize the same type of screw for both engaging and non-engaging abutments, the BD system employs a distinct screw design for non-engaging abutments. A total of 80 implants were tested, with 40 in each group. Mechanical testing included static compressive load and fatigue tests following ISO 14801 standards. The BD system demonstrated significantly higher compressive strength (326.32 kgf vs. 231.82 kgf, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 23.4% greater fatigue strength compared to the AO system. Precision fit analysis confirmed no significant deformation, microcracks, or fractures after 5 million loading cycles. These findings suggest that the BD system's unique screw design for non-engaging abutments contributes to improved mechanical performance and durability. Further clinical studies are needed to assess the long-term implications of this design on prosthetic stability and implant longevity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZnO Nanoparticle-Infused Vaterite Coatings: A Novel Approach for Antimicrobial Titanium Implant Surfaces.","authors":"Atiđa Selmani, Scarlett Zeiringer, Ankica Šarić, Anamarija Stanković, Aleksander Učakar, Janja Vidmar, Anže Abram, Branka Njegić Džakula, Jasminka Kontrec, Anamarija Zore, Klemen Bohinc, Eva Roblegg, Nives Matijaković Mlinarić","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030108","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loss of implant function is a common complication in orthopaedic and dental surgery. Among the primary causes of implant failure are peri-implant infections which often result in implant removal. This study demonstrates the development of a new antimicrobial titanium coating with ZnO nanoparticles of various sizes and morphologies immobilised in poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and alginate multilayers, combined with epitaxially grown vaterite crystals. The coated samples were characterised with various methods (FTIR, XRD, SEM) and surface properties were evaluated via water contact angle and surface charge measurements. Zinc ion release was quantified using ICP-MS. The antimicrobial efficacy of the coatings was tested against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> while the biocompatibility was tested with preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1). Results demonstrated the successful preparation of a calcium carbonate/ZnO composite coating with epitaxially grown vaterite on titanium surfaces. The Zn ions released from ZnO nanoparticles dramatically influenced the morphology of vaterite where a new flower-like morphology was observed. The coated titanium surfaces exhibited robust antimicrobial activity, achieving over 90% microbial viability reduction for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i>. Importantly, the released Zn²⁺ concentrations remained below the cytotoxicity limit for MC3T3-E1 cells, showing potential for safe and effective implant applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing Superhydrophilic 3D Porous Surfaces on Polyetherketoneketone Surfaces to Promote Biocompatibility.","authors":"Hui-Ching Lin, Chiang-Sang Chen, Kai-Yi Lin, Ya-Lin Huang, Hao-Hsiang Hsu, Yu-Lin Kuo, Wei-Cheng Chen, Her-Hsiung Huang","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030106","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) exhibits satisfactory mechanical properties and biocompatibility, with an elastic modulus closely resembling that of natural bone. This property reduces the stress-shielding effect associated with bone implants. However, the biological inertness of the PEKK surface remains a significant limitation for its application in bone tissue engineering. The objective of this study was to create a superhydrophilic 3D porous structure on the surface of PEKK to enhance biocompatibility, in terms of vascularization and bone remodeling. A combination of mechanical, chemical, and physical surface treatments was employed to modify the PEKK surface. Initially, mechanical sandblasting was used to create a rough surface to promote mechanical interlocking with bone tissue. Subsequently, chemical acid etching and physical low-temperature atmospheric plasma cleaning were applied to develop a superhydrophilic 3D porous surface. The modified surfaces were characterized for morphology, roughness, hydrophilicity, and functional groups. Cellular responses, including vascularization and bone remodeling, were evaluated to assess the potential for improved biocompatibility. The combination of acid etching and low-temperature atmospheric plasma cleaning, with or without prior sandblasting, successfully created a superhydrophilic 3D porous structure on the PEKK surface. This modified surface enhanced the tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It also promoted the adhesion and mineralization of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and slightly reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase expression and F-actin ring size in mouse macrophage cells. This study introduces an innovative and effective surface modification strategy for PEKK surface, combining mechanical, chemical, and physical treatments to enhance biocompatibility. The modified PEKK surface promotes angiogenic and osteogenic responses while slightly inhibiting osteoclastic activity, making it a potential alternative for dental and orthopedic PEKK implant applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns.","authors":"KeunBaDa Son, Ji-Min Lee, Kyoung-Jun Jang, Sang-Kyu Lee, Jun Ho Hwang, Jong Hoon Lee, Hyun Deok Kim, So-Yeun Kim, Kyu-Bok Lee","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030103","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pixel offset adjustments in digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing on the marginal and internal fit and surface trueness of zirconia crowns. Zirconia crowns were designed using dental computer-aided design software (Dentbird; Imagoworks) and fabricated with a vat photopolymerization DLP 3D printer (TD6+; 3D Controls) under three pixel offset conditions (-1, 0, and 1). Pixel offset refers to the controlled modification of the outermost pixels in the XY plane during printing to compensate for potential dimensional inaccuracies. The marginal and internal fit was assessed using a triple-scan protocol and quantified using root mean square (RMS) values. Surface trueness was evaluated by measuring RMS, positive and negative errors between the designed and fabricated crowns. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis (α = 0.05). The Pixel offset had a significant effect on fit accuracy and surface trueness (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Higher pixel offsets increased marginal discrepancies (<i>p</i> = 0.004), with the marginal gap exceeding 120 µm at a pixel offset of 1 (114.5 ± 14.6 µm), while a pixel offset of -1 (85.5 ± 18.6 µm) remained within acceptable limits (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Surface trueness worsened with increasing pixel offset, showing greater positive errors (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Optimizing pixel offset in DLP 3D printing is crucial to ensuring clinically acceptable zirconia crowns. Improper settings may increase marginal discrepancies and surface errors, compromising restoration accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Dental Resin Adhesives-A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Waad Khalid Alomran, Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami, Hockin H K Xu, Jirun Sun","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030104","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This comprehensive review of dental resin adhesives explores their historical development, key components, recent innovations, and potential future directions, highlighting a dynamic and continually advancing field. From Buonocore's breakthrough acid-etching technique and Bowen's pioneering dental resin invention, successive generations of clinicians and scientists have pushed forward the technological and materials development for secure bonding, while preserving dental tissues. The review discusses the substantial advances in improving adhesive reliability, enabling more conservative treatment approaches. It also delves into enhancing fundamental adhesive components and their synergistic combinations. Recent innovations, including biostable and functional resins, nanotechnology, and bioactive components, address persistent challenges such as durability, antimicrobial efficacy, and therapeutic functionality. Emerging technologies, such as digital dentistry, artificial intelligence, and bioinspired adhesives, portend an exciting and promising future for dental adhesives. This review underscores the critical role of ongoing research in developing biocompatible, multifunctional, and durable adhesives. It aims to support dental professionals and researchers by providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic progression of dental adhesives, inspiring continued innovation and excellence in restorative dentistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical Performance of a Novel Dental Implant Design Reducing Mechanical Stress in Cortical Bone.","authors":"Carolin Erbel, Matthias W Laschke, Tanja Grobecker-Karl, Matthias Karl","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030102","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This animal study compared the healing performance of a novel implant design characterized by a shift in thread geometry and core diameter with two different surfaces with that of an apically tapered implant. Test Bioactive (n = 9), Test Porous (n = 7) and Control (n = 8) implants were placed in the mandibles of minipigs. Following healing, bone samples were harvested for determining bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and marginal bone loss (MBL). Comparative statistics were based on Levene's test, Shapiro-Wilk tests, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon tests with Holm correction (α = 0.05). The mean undersizing of the osteotomy was 0.15 mm for Control, while in the test groups 0.33 mm and 0.34 mm were calculated. Insertion torques ranged from 61.5 Ncm (Control) to 76.1 Ncm (Test Bioactive). Maximum BIC was seen in Test Porous with 55.83%, while Test Bioactive showed only 48.11%. MBL was 4.1 mm in Test Bioactive, while Test Porous and Control exhibited 2.8 mm. No significant differences between the implant groups were observed (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Despite greater undersizing, the novel implant type performed comparably to the established Control implants. The rougher surface of the bioactive implants increased the insertion torque and led to more MBL.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration.","authors":"Md Amit Hasan Tanvir, Md Abdul Khaleque, Junhee Lee, Jong-Beom Park, Ga-Hyun Kim, Hwan-Hee Lee, Young-Yul Kim","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030105","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rising demand for organ transplants and the need for precise tissue models have positioned the in vitro biomanufacturing of tissues and organs as a pivotal area in regenerative treatment. Considerable development has been achieved in growing tissue-engineered intervertebral disc (IVD) scaffolds, designed to meet stringent mechanical and biological compatibility criteria. Among the cutting-edge approaches, 3D bioprinting stands out due to its unparalleled capacity to organize biomaterials, bioactive molecules, and living cells with high precision. Despite these advancements, polymer-based scaffolds still encounter limitations in replicating the extracellular matrix (ECM)-like environment, which is fundamental for optimal cellular activities. To overcome these challenges, integrating polymers with hydrogels has been recommended as a promising solution. This combination enables the advancement of porous scaffolds that nurture cell adhesion, proliferation, as well as differentiation. Additionally, bioinks derived from the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) have exhibited potential in replicating biologically relevant microenvironments, enhancing cell viability, differentiation, and motility. Hydrogels, whether derived from natural sources involving collagen and alginate or synthesized chemically, are highly valued for their ECM-like properties and superior biocompatibility. This review will explore recent advancements in techniques and technologies for IVD regeneration. Emphasis will be placed on identifying research gaps and proposing strategies to bridge them, with the goal of accelerating the translation of IVDs into clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous Hydrogels Prepared by Two-Step Gelation Method for Bone Regeneration.","authors":"Yongzhi Li, Jiangshan Liu, Jiawei Wei, Li Yuan, Jiaxin Hu, Siluo Dai, Yubao Li, Jidong Li","doi":"10.3390/jfb16030100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16030100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hierarchical porous hydrogels possess advantageous characteristics that facilitate cell adhesion, promote tissue growth, and enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis. In this study, porous composite hydrogels were successfully prepared by a two-step gelation method with sodium alginate (SA), gelatin (GEL), and calcium hydrogen phosphate (DCP) as the main components. The fabricated porous hydrogels initially featured small pores (approximately 60 μm), and gradually evolved to large pores (exceeding 250 μm) during the gradual degradation in the cellular microenvironment. In vitro cell culture experiments indicated that these hydrogels could enhance the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells due to the hierarchical porous structure and the incorporation of DCP. Subcutaneous implantation and cranial defect repair experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats further confirmed that the small initial pore size of hydrogel scaffolds can provide more sites for cell adhesion. Additionally, the gradual degradation to form large pores was conducive to cell/tissue growth and blood vessel formation, ultimately being beneficial for vascularized bone regeneration. In summary, this study proposes an innovative strategy for developing porous hydrogels with gradual degradation for functional bone regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11942705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}