Journal of Comparative Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Structure of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ in the Oleander Hawkmoth, Daphnis nerii","authors":"Simran Virdi,&nbsp;Sanjay P. Sane","doi":"10.1002/cne.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Insect legs serve as crucial organs for locomotion and also act as sensory probes into the environment. They are involved in several complex movements including walking, jumping, prey capture, manipulation of objects, and self-grooming. These behaviors require continuous modulation of motor output through mechanosensory feedback, which is provided by numerous mechanosensors located on the cuticle and within the soft tissue. A key mechanosensory organ in the insect leg, the femoral chordotonal organ (FeCO), detects movements of the femoro-tibial joint. This organ is multifunctional and senses both self-generated movements (proprioception) and external stimuli (exteroception). Movements of the tibia alter the length of FeCO, which activates the embedded mechanosensory neurons. Due to the mechanical nature of these stimuli, the structure and material properties of the FeCO are crucial for their function, alongside the encoding properties of FeCO neurons. Here, as a first step toward understanding how its structure modulates its function, we characterized the morphology and anatomy of FeCO in the hawkmoth <i>Daphnis nerii</i>. Using a combination of computed micro-tomography, neuronal dye fills, and confocal microscopy, we describe the structure of FeCO and the location, composition, and central projections of FeCO neurons. FeCO is located in the proximal half of the femur and is composed of the ventral (vFeCO) and dorsal scoloparia (dFeCO), which vary vastly in their sizes and in the number of neurons they house. Moreover, the characteristic accessory structures of chordotonal organs, the scolopales, significantly differ in their sizes when compared between the two scoloparia. FeCO neurons project to the central nervous system and terminate in the respective hemiganglia. Using these morphological data, we propose a mechanical model of FeCO, which can help us understand several FeCO properties relating to its physiological function.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basal Forebrain Projections to the Retrosplenial and Cingulate Cortex in Rats","authors":"Hideki Kondo,&nbsp;Laszlo Zaborszky","doi":"10.1002/cne.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The basal forebrain (BF) plays a crucial role in modulating cortical activation through its widespread projections across the cortical mantle. Previous anatomical studies have demonstrated that each cortical region receives a specific projection from the BF. In this study, we examined BF cholinergic and non-cholinergic projections to the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using two retrograde tracers, Fast Blue (FB) and Fluoro-Gold (FG), in combination with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining in rats. The RSC and ACC receive cholinergic and non-cholinergic projections mainly from the medial part of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) and the vertical limb of the diagonal band (VDB). The main difference of BF projections to the RSC, ACC, and prelimbic cortex (PL) is that the ACC and PL receive projections from the rostral half of the medial globus pallidus (GP), whereas the RSC receives stronger non-cholinergic projections from the VDB and medial septum (MS). As the injection site shifts from rostral (PL) to caudal (RSC) through the ACC, the strong GP and weak MS/VDB projections of non-cholinergic neurons are reversed. Cholinergic projection neurons make up a similar proportion of the total projection neurons in both ACC (37%) and RSC (33%) injections. Double retrograde tracer injections in the RSC and ACC revealed a small number of double-labeled projection neurons in the MS/VDB and HDB. These findings indicate that the ACC and RSC receive both spatially overlapping and differential projections from the BF, with the cholinergic and non-cholinergic projections varying between BF subregions and different rostrocaudal cortical regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Anatomical Links Between the Crow's Nidopallium Caudolaterale and Its Song System","authors":"Felix W. Moll,&nbsp;Ylva Kersten,&nbsp;Saskia Erdle,&nbsp;Andreas Nieder","doi":"10.1002/cne.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crows are corvid songbirds that exhibit remarkable cognitive control, including their ability to vocalize on command. The activity of single neurons from the crow's associative telencephalic structure nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) is correlated with the execution of this vocal and many non-vocal behaviors. However, whether anatomical connections directly link the crow NCL to its “song system” remains unclear. To address this, we used fluorescent tracers along with histological staining methods to characterize the connectivity of the crow's NCL in relation to its song system. Consistent with previous findings in other songbirds, we found that the NCL sends dense projections into the dorsal intermediate arcopallium (AID) directly adjacent to the song system's telencephalic motor output, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). Similarly, we demonstrate dense NCL projections into the striatum engulfing the basal ganglia song nucleus “area X.” Both of these descending projections mirror the projections of the nidopallial song nucleus HVC (proper name) into RA and area X, with extremely sparse NCL fibers extending into area X. Furthermore, we characterized the distribution of cells projecting from the lateral part of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (MAN) to NCL. Notably, a separate medial population of MAN cells projects to HVC. These two sets of connections—MAN to NCL and MAN to HVC—run in parallel but do not overlap. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the NCL is part of a “general motor system” that parallels the song system but exhibits only minimal monosynaptic interconnections with it.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Porcine Cingulate Sulcus Cytoarchitecture","authors":"Brendan Hoffe,&nbsp;Lisa Hebert,&nbsp;Oren E. Petel,&nbsp;Matthew R. Holahan","doi":"10.1002/cne.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cortical folding (gyrification) is a unique process by which the brain can expand and increase surface area while confined by the boundaries of the inner wall of the skull. Although there is still much debate about the exact mechanisms concerning the genetic and cellular factors involved in this process, gyrification results in a heterogenous organization of neuronal layering and cell types not seen in the smooth, lissencephalic brain of rodents. In this article, we describe differences in neuronal density and supporting cells within the depths (fundus) and adjacent walls of the cingulate sulcus of the porcine brain. We also measured the distance between pyramidal neurons within Layers III and V to investigate if the observed increase in density of neurons within the cingulate fundus is associated with a decrease in distance between neurons in these layers. We also identify the presence of the gigantopyramidal neuron within the fundus of the porcine cingulate sulcus, a pyramidal neuron subtype seen in nonhuman primates and human brains. Taken together, this article provides evidence that further supports the heterogeneous composition of the gyrified brain by describing the cellular organization of the porcine cingulate sulcus.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DHARANI: A 3D Developing Human-Brain Atlas Resource to Advance Neuroscience Internationally Integrated Multimodal Imaging and High-Resolution Histology of the Second Trimester","authors":"Richa Verma,&nbsp;Mihail Bota,&nbsp;Keerthi Ram,&nbsp;Jaikishan Jayakumar,&nbsp;Rebecca Folkerth,&nbsp;Karthika Pandurangan,&nbsp;Jivitha Jyothi Ramesh,&nbsp;Moitrayee Majumder,&nbsp;Rakshika Raveendran,&nbsp;Reetuparna Nanda,&nbsp;Sivamani K,&nbsp;Amal Dhivahar S,&nbsp;Srinivasa Karthik,&nbsp;Ramdayalan Kumarasami,&nbsp;Suresh S,&nbsp;S. Lata,&nbsp;E. Harish Kumar,&nbsp;Rajeswaran Rangasami,&nbsp;Chitra Srinivasan,&nbsp;Jayaraman Kumutha,&nbsp;Sudha Vasudevan,&nbsp;Koushik Bhat,&nbsp;Chrisline Sam C,&nbsp;Sivathanu Neelakantan,&nbsp;Stephen Savoia,&nbsp;Partha P. Mitra,&nbsp;Jayaraj Joseph,&nbsp;Paul R. Manger,&nbsp;Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam","doi":"10.1002/cne.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We introduce DHARANI, the first online platform with three-dimensional (3D) histological reconstructions of the developing human brain from 14 to 24 gestational weeks (GW) across the five fetal brains. DHARANI features 5132 Nissl, hematoxylin and eosin stained, 20 µm coronal and sagittal sections, postmortem MRI, and a neuroanatomical atlas with 466 annotated sections covering ∼500 brain structures. It is accessible online at https://brainportal.humanbrain.in/publicview/index.html. The 3D reconstruction enables a volumetric view of the fetal brain, allowing visualization in all three planes akin to MRI, previously unachievable with histological datasets from the fetal brain. This allowed qualitative assessment of the growth of brain regions and layers throughout the second trimester. “DHARANI” documents the initiation of sulci, with the lateral fissure, calcarine, parieto-occipital, and cingulate sulci, at 14 GW. The central and postcentral sulci appear by 24 GW; however, cytoarchitectonic boundaries become visible before sulcal patterns. Cortical plate (CP) lamination begins at 24 GW in the parietal and occipital cortices. The frontal cortex lacks lamination at 24 GW, although putative Betz cells are already visible and show early patterning in the intermediate zone. The cell-sparse layer between the CP and subplate, containing late migratory neurons, begins in the orbital cortex at 14 GW and reaches the frontal cortex by 17 GW. The appearance of the honeycomb pattern in the occipital and parietal cortex occurs after 14 GW. Additionally, we describe the development of the thalamic pregeniculate with the rotation of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Cerebellar nuclei and an early Purkinje cell layer appear by 21 GW in the already foliated cerebellar cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"India Gets a Seat at the Table of Human Brain Cartography","authors":"Suzana Herculano-Houzel","doi":"10.1002/cne.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70005","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In this Special Issue, &lt;i&gt;The Journal of Comparative Neurology&lt;/i&gt; is proud to bring to the scientific community a monumental contribution that comes not from the usual Western power players in the business of generating knowledge about the brain, but from an unexpected newcomer. The contribution is DHARANI, a freely accessible, digital, micrometric-resolution, three-dimensional atlas of the developing fetal human brain, currently available for five gestational ages during the second trimester, and the newcomer is what is shaping up to become a new player at the high-stakes table of human brain map-making: the Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Center (SGBC) of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, the Indian equivalent of the Allen Institute of Brain Science in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Five hundred years ago, Europeans expanded the conceptual boundaries of the world that they could represent in their minds by navigating into unknown waters, whilst updating their maps of lands and seas: charts that depicted side by side on paper what they experienced side by side in the world. The word comes from &lt;i&gt;mappa&lt;/i&gt;, the word in medieval Latin for the table napkin or cloth upon which those maps would be unrolled and examined. The &lt;i&gt;mappa mundi&lt;/i&gt; was thus the flat napkin-like representation of the world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Maps of the brain, in the form of illustrations that depict the spatial arrangement of the structures that form a brain, have existed for at least 500 years, ever since humans began to suspect that the intricate contents of our minds had something to do with the particular arrangement of that bloody soft matter that we carry inside our skulls (Scatliff and Johnston &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). Keeping a record of the brains that one sees is no longer an issue; nowadays, humans carry in their pockets the technology that allows for the direct capture and later observation of images of brains exposed to study. Moreover, any laboratory with a decent microscope can produce beautiful images of whole thin sections of mouse brains by stitching together a handful of snapshots—for, seen through an objective high-powered enough that individual neurons can be observed, even the tiny mouse brain does not fit whole through the lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Modern brain map-making is something else entirely, which goes beyond simple image capturing and representation. The brain, unlike the surface of the planet, is a complex three-dimensional structure, whereas our practical means to represent and observe it remain two-dimensional, like in the original &lt;i&gt;mappas&lt;/i&gt;. Capturing the intricacies of the anatomical organization of the human brain thus requires cutting it into series of very thin sections which can then be stained for contrast (for, cut thin, brain tissue is transparent, with hardly any visible features), placed into a system of Ptolomaic coordinates (or no navigation, mental or physical, will be possible), observed for features that can be described and later identified by","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetries in the Architecture of ON and OFF Arbors in ON–OFF Direction-Selective Ganglion Cells","authors":"Sheba Annie Philip,&nbsp;Narendra Pratap Singh,&nbsp;Saranya Viswanathan,&nbsp;Priyanka Parida,&nbsp;Santhosh Sethuramanujam","doi":"10.1002/cne.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Direction selectivity is a fundamental feature in the visual system. In the retina, direction selectivity is independently computed by ON and OFF circuits. However, the advantages of extracting directional information from these two independent circuits are unclear. To gain insights, we examined the ON–OFF direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), which recombine signals from both circuits. Specifically, we investigated the dendritic architecture of these neurons with the premise that asymmetries in architecture will provide insights into function. Scrutinizing the dendrites of dye-filled ON–OFF DSGCs reveals that the OFF arbors of these neurons are substantially denser. The increase in density can be primarily attributed to the higher branching seen in OFF arbors. Further, analysis of ON–OFF DSGCs in a previously published serial block-face electron microscopy dataset revealed that the denser OFF arbors packed more bipolar synapses per unit dendritic length. These asymmetries in the dendritic architecture suggest that the ON–OFF DSGC preferentially magnifies the synaptic drive of the OFF pathway, potentially allowing it to encode information distinct from the ON pathway.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additional Cover: Cover Image, Volume 533, Issue 1","authors":"Diane Choi,&nbsp;Jean-Francois Paré,&nbsp;Shashank Dravid,&nbsp;Yoland Smith","doi":"10.1002/cne.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the Research Article <i>Ultrastructural Localization of Glutamate Delta Receptor 1 in the Rodent and Primate Lateral Habenula</i> by Yoland Smith et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70019.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing microCT Staining and Scanning Methodology for Brain Studies in Various Sizes of Spiders","authors":"Vanessa Penna-Gonçalves,&nbsp;Nikolas J. Willmott,&nbsp;Michael B. J. Kelly,&nbsp;Jay R. Black,&nbsp;Elizabeth C. Lowe,&nbsp;Marie E. Herberstein","doi":"10.1002/cne.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent advances in microCT are facilitating the investigation of microstructures in spiders and insects leading to an increased number of studies investigating their neuroanatomy. Although microCT is a powerful tool, its effectiveness depends on appropriate tissue preparation and scan settings, particularly for soft, non-sclerotized tissues, such as muscles, organs, and neural tissues. As the application of microCT in spiders is only in its infancy, published protocols are often difficult to implement due to substantial size variation of the specimens. The present study was initiated to determine how to account for this variation. Our work builds on previous methods using microCT to image spider brains, with the aim to consolidate current knowledge and reduce time spent troubleshooting appropriate methodology, thereby facilitating future studies of spiders and their central nervous systems (CNS). We tested three different preparation and imaging techniques based on published protocols with minor modifications using 216 spiders with prosoma lengths ranging from 1.25 mm (small spiders) to 13.33 mm (large spiders). We compared the efficacy of the various specimen preparations, staining methods, and scan settings by categorizing the quality of dorsal and lateral microCT scans. We observed that only the phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining agent resulted in complete staining of the prosoma and the CNS, allowing the CNS structures to be distinguished for small, medium, and large spiders. The use of image averaging, increased number of projections, image exposure timing, and detector binning did not greatly affect image quality for small and larger spiders but reduced noise. These settings did help improve image quality for medium spiders in conjunction with higher resolutions and an aluminum filter. We discussed the suitability of methods concerning spider size, effort, chemical risk, and image quality.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localization of Cholecystokinin/Sulfakinin Neuropeptides in Biomphalaria glabrata, an Intermediate Host for Schistosomiasis","authors":"Alana Rivera,&nbsp;Dina Bracho-Rincón,&nbsp;Mark W. Miller","doi":"10.1002/cne.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Snails belonging to the genus <i>Biomphalaria</i> serve as obligatory intermediate hosts for the trematode <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>, the causative agent for the most widespread form of schistosomiasis. The simpler nervous systems of gastropod molluscs, such as <i>Biomphalaria</i>, provide advantageous models for investigating neural responses to infection at the cellular and network levels. The present study examined neuropeptides related to cholecystokinin (CCK), a major multifunctional regulator of central nervous system (CNS) function in mammals. A neural transcriptome generated from the CNS of <i>Biomphalaria alexandrina</i> included a transcript encoding two CCK-related peptides, designated <i>Balex</i>-CCK1 (pEGEWSYDY_(SO₃_H)GLGGGRF-NH₂) and <i>Balex</i>-CCK2 (NYGDY_(SO₃_H)GIGGGRF-NH₂). Peptide expression was examined in <i>Biomphalaria glabrata</i> at the mRNA level using the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) protocol and at the protein level using an antibody against <i>Balex</i>-CCK1. Expression was detected in 60–70 neurons distributed throughout the CNS, as well as in profuse fiber systems connecting the ganglia and projecting to the periphery. CCK-like immunoreactive (CCK_li) fibers were also observed on organs associated with the cardiorespiratory (nephridium, mantle, gill) and male reproductive systems. A comparison of mRNA and peptide localization suggested that CCK expression could be regulated at the level of translation. A potential role of these peptides in mediating responses to infection by larval schistosomes is discussed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}