Journal of Comparative Neurology最新文献

{"title":"The Connections of the Telencephalic Pallium in the White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: An Experimental Study","authors":"R. Glenn Northcutt","doi":"10.1002/cne.70185","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sturgeons are an ancient and basal group of ray-finned fishes whose morphology is critical to our understanding of the evolution of teleosts, which form most of the ray-finned fish radiation. In sturgeons, the pallium, or area dorsalis, consists of lateral, medial, and posterior divisions. The connections of these pallial divisions were determined by injections of biotinylated dextran amine and DiI. All three divisions receive olfactory input, with the posterior division receiving the bulk of the secondary olfactory projections. All three pallial divisions also have extensive intratelencephalic connections, as well as input from the thalamus and the posterior tubercle. The posterior division also receives sparse input from the midbrain and secondary gustatory nucleus of the isthmus. All three pallial divisions project heavily to the hypothalamus of the ipsilateral inferior lobe, and more sparsely to the ipsilateral optic tectum, posterior tubercle, and midbrain tegmentum. Cytological and connectional data provide no evidence that either a dorsal or central pallial division exists in sturgeons, and these pallial divisions likely arose in ancestral teleosts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Functional Molecular Profiles Within the Mammalian Cortex: A Commentary on Limbic Mesocortex","authors":"Luis Puelles,&nbsp;Elena Garcia-Calero","doi":"10.1002/cne.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two lateral mouse brain sagittal sections labeled, respectively, for <i>Lypd1</i> (A) and <i>Kcnab3</i> (B). (A) <i>Lypd1</i> labels <i>positively</i> cortical Layers 2 and 5 (less heavily), but only at limbic mesocortical sites, forming the limbic ring that separates the unlabeled isocortex (IsoCx) from the unlabeled hippocampal and olfactory allocortex (Hi, Sub, ERh; OlfCx). The limbic ring is marked twice as the insula (Ins, MCx) and the postrhinal area (PoRh, MCx). (B) <i>Kcnab3</i>, contrarily, labels selectively various layers of the isocortex (IsoCx) and the hippocampal allocortex (Hi, Sub, ERh) but leaves unlabeled selectively the insula (Ins, MCx) and postrhinal (PoRh, MCx) areas of the limbic mesocortical ring, being thus a <i>negative</i> marker for this sort of cortex.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Neuroanatomy of Hydrothermal Vent Shrimps: Ecological Differentiation Among Four Alvinocaridid Species","authors":"Adrien Mathou,&nbsp;Julia Machon,&nbsp;Rebecca Meth,&nbsp;Magali Zbinden,&nbsp;Juliette Ravaux,&nbsp;Steffen Harzsch","doi":"10.1002/cne.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alvinocaridid shrimps colonize hydrothermal vent fields along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), where they experience extreme environmental conditions including high hydrostatic pressure, steep thermal and chemical gradients, and dim light. While various aspects of the biology of the dominant vent shrimp <i>Rimicaris exoculata</i>, such as general anatomy, microhabitat, symbiotic relationships, or trophic networks, have been extensively studied, little is known about how brain organization varies among alvinocaridid species occupying different ecological niches. Here, we investigated whether vent shrimps share common neuroanatomical features and whether differences in brain and vascular organization reflect ecological diversification among species. Using histology, immunohistochemistry, µCT scans, and 3D reconstruction, we compared the brain and the neurovascular system (<i>cor frontale</i>) in four MAR species with distinct ecologies (<i>R. exoculata</i>, <i>Rimicaris chacei</i>, <i>Mirocaris fortunata</i>, <i>Alvinocaris markensis</i>) and in the coastal relative <i>Palaemon elegans</i>. Our results reveal strong commonalities in brain organization among vent shrimps. All MAR species display a compact brain architecture with hypertrophied mushroom bodies (MBs), suggesting enhanced multisensory integration and memory capacities. Corresponding to the low-light environment, the visual neuropils (lamina, medulla, lobula) are smaller than those of the coastal species <i>P. elegans</i>. In all species living near hydrothermal vents, the retina exhibits modifications; it extends along the dorsal part of the cephalothorax, and its length varies according to the species, being the longest in the genus <i>Rimicaris</i>. The lobula satellite neuropil is absent in all alvinocaridids, suggesting a limited capacity to track moving visual signals. The olfactory lobes exhibit a common glomerular organization but differ among species in quantitative parameters, such as volume and number of glomeruli. The neurovascular system shows marked interspecific variation; the <i>cor frontale</i> differs in size and volume among hydrothermal vent species but retains a conserved subdivision of central arteries surrounding a longitudinal muscle bundle. We conclude that the observed variations in the volume of neuropils and arrangement of the vascular system likely reflect the ecological divergence related to microhabitat conditions and trophic strategies near hydrothermal emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical Characteristics of Tongue-Innervating Mechanoreceptors","authors":"Thomas A. Myers,&nbsp;Madison Sneve,&nbsp;Robin F. Krimm","doi":"10.1002/cne.70186","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mechanosensory innervation of the oral cavity enables us to detect the texture and location of the foods we consume. Our goal was to find a genetic identifier for a mechanoreceptive subtype. Toward this goal, we examined neurons expressing the neurotrophin receptor TrkC (TrkC-tdTomato), parvalbumin (Pvalb), or glutamate transporter, Vglut3. We found that the majority of Pvalb-lineage, Vglut3-lineage, and TrkC-tdTomato neurons innervating the tongue are separate trigeminal neuron populations. Because different papilla types contribute to food detection in different ways, we examined the innervation patterns of these neuron subtypes. We found that Pvalb-lineage and Vglut3-lineage neurons were fungiform papilla-specific, whereas TrkC+ fibers innervated both papilla types. We found that all Pvalb-lineage nerve fibers are labeled with neurofilament heavy chain (NFH), have axons that are surrounded by myelin basic protein, and lack calcitonin gene-related peptide. This indicates that these are all myelinated neurons. In contrast, Vglut3-lineage and TrkC-tdTomato nerve fibers were a mixed population of NFH+ nerve fibers and NFH− nerve fibers, as well as myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. When we examined the axonal ending morphologies of the three genetic populations, we found that the Pvalb-lineage neurons consistently displayed a “basket-like” axonal ending that surrounded the taste bud. While TrkC+ and Vglut3-lineage neurons sometimes displayed this “basket-like” axonal ending, other axonal endings lacked this structure. When compared across groups, the Vglut3-lineage axonal endings displayed the greatest degree of morphological variability. Collectively, these data show that Pvalb-lineage may be a genetic identifier for a single myelinated mechanoreceptor innervating fungiform papillae.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localization of Ceramide Synthase 5 in Mouse Retina","authors":"Soo-Jin Song,&nbsp;Jae-Hyun Koo,&nbsp;Hee-Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Joo-Won Park,&nbsp;Sun-Sook Paik,&nbsp;In-Beom Kim,&nbsp;Jung-A. Shin","doi":"10.1002/cne.70192","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ceramide synthases (CerS) are key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism that regulate fundamental cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell growth, and homeostasis. Among the six known mammalian isoforms (CerS1–CerS6), CerS5 has been particularly well studied for its involvement in the synthesis of the sphingolipid C16-ceramide. However, its expression, localization, and functional significance of CerS5 in the retina remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the presence, distribution, and functional role of CerS5 in mouse retina using CerS5 knockout (KO) mice. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction, X-gal staining, and immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression and localization. Electroretinography (ERG) was employed to assess the impact of CerS5 deficiency on retinal function. Our results demonstrated that CerS5 is localized to the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer, co-localizing with horizontal cells and specific subsets of amacrine and ganglion cells. The retina of CerS5 KO mice showed a reduction in overall thickness, with significant thinning observed in all retinal layers except the photoreceptor, whereas the outer plexiform layer showed increased thickness. Despite these structural alterations, ERG recordings revealed no significant changes in retinal function. These findings suggest that CerS5 contributes to the maintenance of retinal structural integrity, particularly through its presence in specific retinal cell types, whereas its loss does not markedly impair retinal function in adult mice. The observed structural alterations highlight its potential role in retinal physiology and possible implications for retinal pathophysiology, warranting further investigation into compensatory mechanisms by other ceramide synthase isoforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subcellular Localization of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in the Mouse Hippocampus","authors":"Cameron B. Swope,&nbsp;Garrett Sommer,&nbsp;Ravon Smith,&nbsp;Teresa A. Milner,&nbsp;Jimcy Platholi","doi":"10.1002/cne.70187","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dopamine signaling through dopamine 1 receptors (D1Rs) and dopamine 2 receptors (D2Rs) regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory, yet their subcellular localization within the hippocampus is unknown. Here, we performed electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to elucidate the distribution of D1R and D2R in subregions of the mouse hippocampus. In CA1 and CA3 stratum radiatum (SR), D1R- and D2R-immunoreactivity was found primarily on pyramidal cell dendritic spines and unmyelinated axons, and to a lesser extent in axon terminals and glia. In both regions, D1R-labeled terminals formed predominantly asymmetric (excitatory-type) synapses on dendritic spines, whereas D2R-labeled terminals formed mainly symmetric (inhibitory-type) synapses on pyramidal cell dendritic shafts. In the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus, D1R labeling was almost exclusively found in unmyelinated axons and glia. D2R immunoreactivity in the hilus similarly was present in unmyelinated axons and glia but was also detected in dendritic spines originating from mossy cells and in terminals forming symmetric synapses. These findings indicate that dopamine receptors are positioned to influence excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the murine hippocampus. As D1R and D2R exert opposing effects on neuronal signaling, their localization on pyramidal neuron compartments provides a structural substrate for bidirectional modulation of synaptic plasticity and pyramidal cell activity. In addition, the presence of D2Rs on inhibitory terminals contacting pyramidal neurons and hilar interneurons suggests a role in regulating inhibitory circuitry within the hippocampus.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148549351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neural Distribution of Vasotocin, Oxytocin, Dopamine, and Serotonin in Two Australian Skinks With Contrasting Social Lives","authors":"Jai Lake,&nbsp;Martin J. Whiting,&nbsp;Geoffrey M. While,&nbsp;David Kabelik,&nbsp;Dustin R. Rubenstein,&nbsp;Daniel Hoops","doi":"10.1002/cne.70184","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The neurotransmitters vasotocin, oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin are widely involved in vertebrate social behavior, and changes in their abundance and distribution in the brain have been linked to the evolution of complex sociality. Reptiles provide an excellent system in which to investigate the neural mechanisms of social living. Using immunohistochemistry, we compare distributions of these transmitters in two skinks differing primarily in social ecology: the family-living <i>Liopholis whitii</i> and the solitary <i>Eulpamrus quoyii</i>. We describe patterns of immunopositive signal for both cell bodies and fibers across the entire brain (excluding the olfactory bulbs). In both species, vasotocin and oxytocin were found in the preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and supraoptic decussation, as well as surrounding the lateral forebrain bundle. Tyrosine hydroxylase (a marker for dopamine) was found in the paraventricular organ nucleus, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area, and serotonin was found in the raphe nuclei and superior reticular field. We found novel oxytocin cell groups in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and cerebellum of <i>L. whitii</i>, and novel serotonin signal in the red nucleus of <i>E. quoyii</i>. Immunopositive signals found only in <i>L. whitii</i> also include vasotocin in the ventral tegmental area, tyrosine hydroxylase in the interpeduncular nucleus, and serotonin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The qualitatively greater abundance of these transmitters in the family-living <i>L. whitii</i> suggests that these molecules may have played an important role in the evolution of social behavior in these skinks and provides a foundation for broader comparisons across the social skinks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13384232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148536000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Characterization of Abdominal Neuromuscular System of Aedes aegypti Larvae","authors":"Si Seng Lam,&nbsp;Sehjin Jo,&nbsp;Liam Keefe,&nbsp;Xinzhuoyun Li,&nbsp;Jen-Wei Lin","doi":"10.1002/cne.70183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mosquitoes are major disease vectors that pose significant threats to human health. Recent efforts to understand the neurobiology of these insects have utilized modern research tools to advance our knowledge of the neural circuits underlying ecologically relevant behaviors in adults. However, the neurobiology of mosquito larvae remains relatively unexplored. This report focuses on the neuromuscular system of mosquito larvae, providing a morphological analysis of the abdominal neuromuscular system in <i>Aedes aegypti</i>. We identified 24 muscle fibers per hemi-segment and detailed their anchoring points and orientations. Using immunocytochemistry, the organization and innervation of abdominal body-wall muscles were reconstructed. Two primary nerve branches emerged from the ventral nerve cord in each segment. The branches, trajectories, and targets of the two primary nerves were named and described. At the synaptic level, motor axons arborization on muscle fibers were quantitatively analyzed. Motor axons branched extensively on muscle fibers, covering up to 90% of large fibers’ length and approximately 30% of small fibers. Varicosities along axonal branches showed considerable size variation, with antibody labeled active zones present in all varicosities. Furthermore, active zone densities per varicosity on smaller muscle fibers were significantly higher than those on larger fibers. These observations provide a functional and morphological framework for understanding the physiology of mosquito larval locomotion.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Threat Location Impacts Brain-Wide Visual Adaptation Networks","authors":"Tessa Mancienne,&nbsp;Emmanuel Marquez-Legorreta,&nbsp;Marielle Piber,&nbsp;Maya Wilde,&nbsp;Gilles Vanwalleghem,&nbsp;Itia Favre-Bulle,&nbsp;Ethan K. Scott","doi":"10.1002/cne.70182","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Habituation is a simple form of nonassociative learning that is characterized by a decrease in response to a repetitive stimulus. As escape responses can be energetically costly and disruptive to normal behavior, it is important that prospective prey learn whether a perceived stimulus is a genuine threat or an innocuous stimulus that they can ignore. In response to a visual looming stimulus, larval zebrafish perform a characteristic escape swim that reliably habituates, and because they are small and transparent, they have been an important model for characterizing brain-wide activity patterns during habituation. In this study, we explore the spatial properties of visual adaptation to gauge whether it is mediated by local, regional, or brain-wide circuits. We present repetitive visual loom stimuli either in a fixed position in visual space or in variable positions, while also performing brain-wide calcium imaging. Across the brain, we identify both neural responses that are specific to looms at particular positions within the visual field and responses that occur regardless of where the loom is presented. By quantifying the degree of adaptation across these responses, we show that brain-wide adaptation occurs more rapidly when the position of the loom remains unchanged and that alternate looms occurring in different parts of the visual field minimally contribute to adaptation for looms at the original position. We found that the tectum, homologous to the superior colliculus, has response profiles and spatial sensitivity indicative of important contributions to this position-specific visual adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148436827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inner Ear Anatomy of Caenagnathidae (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) Emphasizes Mosaic Evolution of the Avian Neurosensory System","authors":"Kayla D. Bazzana-Adams,&nbsp;Gregory F. Funston,&nbsp;David C. Evans","doi":"10.1002/cne.70180","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The endocranial anatomy of oviraptorosaurian theropods, and their inferred sensory adaptations, has played a key role in understanding the origin of bird-like senses among avian ancestors. However, within oviraptorosaurs, sampling has thus far been limited, and a major gap exists in our understanding of the endocranial anatomy of an enigmatic subclade, Caenagnathidae. Here, we describe the inner ear morphology of three caenagnathid oviraptorosaurs, spanning a wide range of stratigraphy and body size. Our data show that the incipiently bird-like inner ears of caenagnathids were relatively similar both over the course of &gt;10 million years and over multiple orders of magnitude of body mass. Overall, the caenagnathids sampled here show similarities to other maniraptoran theropods and particularly other oviraptorosaurs, but with some key differences that possibly speak to behavioral differences in these groups. In particular, a reduced cochlear duct in the most complete labyrinth suggests restricted hearing sensitivity in caenagnathids, which is at odds with previous suggestions that they were more predatory than oviraptorids. Our results highlight the independent acquisition of some bird-like features along the avian stem and show that late-diverging members of these clades may exhibit divergent features that do not characterize the diversity within the entire group.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148390895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}