Journal of Comparative Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Cellular Organization and Migration Pathways of the Ventricular–Subventricular Zone in the Juvenile Swine Brain (Sus scrofa domesticus)","authors":"Lucía Inés Torrijos-Saiz,&nbsp;Júlia Freixes,&nbsp;Ester Desfilis,&nbsp;Loreta Medina,&nbsp;Kazunobu Sawamoto,&nbsp;José Manuel García-Verdugo,&nbsp;Vicente Herranz-Pérez","doi":"10.1002/cne.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ventricular–subventricular zone (V-SVZ), lining the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles, is a major neurogenic region in the adult brain of many mammals. This study investigates the structural organization and cellular composition of the V-SVZ in the juvenile swine brain (3–5 months), providing novel insights into neuroblast migration in gyrencephalic species. Using immunohistochemistry combined with transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we redefined the cytoarchitecture of the swine V-SVZ, identifying four distinct cellular layers. Layer 1 consists of a pseudostratified epithelium of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive ependymal cells, whose cilia and microvilli extend into the ventricular lumen, frequently surrounding supraependymal axons. Beneath it, layer 2 is composed of astrocytic and radial glia processes and contains occasional clusters of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells with prominent microtubules and elongated cytoplasm, indicative of a migratory phenotype. Layer 3 is further subdivided into a low-cell-density sublayer 3a, enriched with myelinated axons and scattered DCX⁺ clusters, and a high-cell-density sublayer 3b, characterized by large groups of DCX⁺ migratory cells. In sagittal sections, these cells form long chains oriented parallel to the ventricular surface. Neuroblasts emerging from the dorsal V-SVZ migrate caudorostrally through the rostral migratory stream toward the olfactory bulb. The layered organization of the swine V-SVZ resembles that of humans, where DCX⁺ chains persist up to 18 months of age, positioning the swine as a valuable model for investigating postnatal plasticity and neurogenic potential in gyrencephalic brains. The persistence of immature neurons in the V-SVZ of gyrencephalic mammals, including infant humans, underscores the relevance of this region for neurogenesis and plasticity in large-brained species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral Thinking: Exploring the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Projections to the Hippocampus in the Rodent Brain","authors":"Rebecca Przy,&nbsp;Mira M. M. Wade,&nbsp;Priscilla G. Welter,&nbsp;Patricia S. Brocardo,&nbsp;Brian R. Christie","doi":"10.1002/cne.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) projections to the hippocampus (HC) play a critical role in cognition and have been associated with cognitive impairments related to aging and neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to provide a detailed anatomical description of the LEC-to-HC pathway, based on a review of data collected using neuroanatomical tract tracing techniques. The LEC projects to the HC in a layer-specific manner. Layer II of the LEC provides the primary source of projections to the dentate gyrus (DG), while layer III is the primary source of projections to the subiculum and cornu Ammonis (CA) region. These projections terminate in the molecular layers of the HC and follow a topographical distribution along the dorsolateral–ventromedial axis. Having a clear understanding of the LEC-to-HC pathway is essential background for investigating its functions and alterations due to disease and aging processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of Postnatal Retinal Input Perturbs Cortical Lamination in the Developing Ferret Visual Cortex","authors":"Connor Hilts,&nbsp;Sarah E. Santiago,&nbsp;Christopher D. Kroenke,&nbsp;Anthony P. Barnes","doi":"10.1002/cne.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neuroanatomical development of the visual system is influenced by activity-dependent processes. Removal of retinal input early in development in animal model experiments reproduces several structural characteristics of the primary visual cortex in humans who have been blinded early in life. Yet, many questions regarding how the loss of retinal activity affects the organization and cellular composition of the visual cortex remain to be answered. Here, we report alterations to primary visual cortex development in ferrets over the postnatal day 20 (P20) to P38 age range that arise following bilateral enucleation on P7. Most notably, during this age range, V1 is observed to become thicker in P7 enucleates than in control animals. While this effect recapitulates observations of abnormally thick visual cortex in early blind humans, the observation that the thickness difference is observable by P32, while the cortex is still developing, has implications that run counter to prevailing interpretations of the V1 thickness difference. In order to further characterize the cytoarchitectural development of V1, we quantify the number and distribution of the two largest populations of inhibitory neurons through postnatal development, illustrating how the emergence of visual input–dependent organization displays a unique time course in both controls and enucleates. We observe perturbations to macroscopic anatomical development with only minor effects on the number and distribution of interneurons present throughout late corticogenesis following binocular enucleation. Our results demonstrate that postnatal enucleation can produce substantial and durable alterations to the mature organization of the visual cortex, likely mirroring those occurring in human patients who lose sight early in life. Our findings identify specific cellular and molecular alterations and highlight challenges that will need to be addressed in the design and development of restorative therapeutics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Method for Culturing Telencephalic Neurons in Axolotls","authors":"Sevginur Bostan,&nbsp;Safiye Serdengeçti,&nbsp;F. Kemal Bayat,&nbsp;Sadık Bay,&nbsp;AyşeServer Sezer,&nbsp;Neşe Ayşit,&nbsp;Gürkan Öztürk","doi":"10.1002/cne.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>), a neotenic salamander with remarkable regenerative capabilities, serves as a key model for studying nervous system regeneration. Despite its potential, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this regenerative capacity remain poorly understood, partly due to the lack of reliable in vitro models for axolotl neural cells. In this study, we developed a novel protocol for primary cultures of adult axolotl telencephalon/pallium, enabling the maintenance of viable and functionally active neural cells. Using calcium imaging and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrated the presence of neuronal and glial markers, synaptic connections, and spontaneous calcium activity, highlighting the functional integrity of the cultured cells. Our findings reveal that these cultures can be maintained in both serum and serum-free conditions, with neurons exhibiting robust neurite outgrowth and responsiveness to injury. This protocol addresses a critical gap in axolotl research by providing a controlled in vitro system to study neurogenesis and regeneration. By offering insights into the regenerative mechanisms of axolotl neurons, this work lays the foundation for comparative studies with mammalian systems, potentially informing therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injuries in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canonical Proprioceptors Are Largely Absent in the Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles of the Rat Larynx","authors":"Victoria X. Yu,&nbsp;Ignacio Hernández-Morato,&nbsp;Susan Brenner-Morton,&nbsp;Charlotte L. West,&nbsp;Yalda Moayedi,&nbsp;Michael J. Pitman","doi":"10.1002/cne.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Proprioception plays a crucial role in laryngeal function for voicing and swallowing. Despite this, the physiology of laryngeal proprioception is not well-understood, and controversy remains over whether canonical proprioceptive organs, like muscle spindles, even exist in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. This study's primary aim is to determine whether the intrinsic laryngeal muscles contain muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs using VGLUT1, a marker for proprioceptors. This is a novel approach, as prior studies have relied on morphology and myosin composition to study this question. Larynges of 62 Sprague-Dawley rats distributed across five age groups were immunostained with VGLUT1 and other neuromarkers. Muscle spindles were identified in the lateral thyroarytenoid muscles of just three P8 rats, and no Golgi tendon organs were noted. VGLUT1-positive intramuscular receptor-like entities and flower spray-like endings were found in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and mucosal formations were observed clustered at the medial surfaces of the arytenoid and aryepiglottic folds. Employing VGLUT1 immunostaining, this study shows that rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles rarely contain muscle spindles and do not possess Golgi tendon organs. This suggests the possibility that the larynx exhibits a unique proprioceptive apparatus. VGLUT1-positive intramuscular and mucosal structures provide candidates for an alternative system. Further defining the role of these structures will increase our understanding of vocal fold function and ultimately lead to better treatment of vocal fold disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Repertoire Behind the World's Most Complex Retina: Neuroanatomy of the Stomatopod Lamina","authors":"Amy Streets,&nbsp;Hayley England,&nbsp;Justin Marshall","doi":"10.1002/cne.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lamina is the first optic neuropil and visual information integration station in crustaceans and insects, containing synaptic connections between photoreceptors and first-order interneurons. The lamina circuitry in mantis shrimp (stomatopods) is both interesting and complex, as there are 16 different types of photoreceptors contained within the mid-band region of the eye. Using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, we have reconstructed photoreceptor terminals and lamina interneurons in two major superfamilies with different visual ecologies. Neurons follow the same general pattern as other crustaceans but with notable differences in gross anatomy from insects. The photoreceptors form bulbous terminals in the lamina, following the same overall connectivity pattern in all lamina cartridges across species examined and eye regions. The photoreceptor terminals themselves appear to be complex, with many large mitochondria, a notable difference between insects and stomatopods. Connectivity between photoreceptors and interneurons, as well as cross-cartridge connections, is estimated based on neuronal overlap. Lamina monopolar cells follow previous research in stomatopods and crustaceans, with a set of common neuron types that may provide the beginning of an opponency circuit. Additionally, neurons that extend beyond their parent cartridge in the midband show a preference for branching between rows within the same visual column of cells, as well as some connections within the same row. This added complexity suggests that the stomatopod lamina performs a unique processing of visual signals versus other crustaceans and insects and provides further evidence for the emerging hypotheses around the processing of information by the scanning visual system of stomatopods.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles for Dendritic Spine Size and Density in Human and Mouse Cortical Pyramidal Neurons","authors":"Ruth Benavides-Piccione,&nbsp;Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa,&nbsp;Asta Kastanauskaite,&nbsp;Javier DeFelipe","doi":"10.1002/cne.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons are the targets of most excitatory synapses in the cerebral cortex, and dendritic spine morphology directly reflects their function. However, there are scarce data available regarding both the detailed morphology of these structures for the human cerebral cortex and the extent to which they differ in comparison with other species. Thus, in the present study, we used intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow to reconstruct—in three dimensions—the morphology of basal dendritic spines from pyramidal cells in the human and mouse CA1 hippocampal region and compared these spines with those of the human temporal and cingular cortex. We found that human hippocampal dendrites show lower spine density, larger volume, and longer length of dendritic spines than mouse CA1 spines. Furthermore, human hippocampal dendrites show higher spine density, smaller spine volume, and shorter length compared to dendritic spines from the human temporal and cingular cortex. This morphological diversity suggests an equally large variability of synaptic strength and learning rules across these brain regions in humans and between humans and mice. Nevertheless, a balance between size and density was found in all cases, which may be a cortical rule maintained across cortical areas and species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Otolith Irregular Fiber Stimulation Elicits a Rostro-Caudal Activity Gradient in the Vestibular Nuclear Complex and Both Direct and Indirect Afferent Pathways of the Vestibulocerebellum","authors":"Avril Genene Holt,&nbsp;Shana King,&nbsp;Syed Danial Naqvi,&nbsp;Rod D. Braun,&nbsp;David S. Bauer,&nbsp;Marie Anderson,&nbsp;William Michael King","doi":"10.1002/cne.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The vestibular system is important for posture, balance, motor control, and spatial orientation. Each of the vestibular end organs has specialized neuroepithelia with both regular and irregular afferents. In otolith organs, the utricle and saccule, afferents most responsive to linear jerk (jerk—derivative of acceleration) are located in the striola and project centrally to the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) as well as the uvula and nodulus of the vestibulocerebellum (VeCb). The pattern of central neuronal activation attributed to otolith irregular afferents is relatively unknown. To address this gap, c-Fos was used as a marker of neuronal activity to map the distribution of active neurons throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the VNC and VeCb in rats. Immunohistochemistry for c-Fos was performed to assess activation of VNC and VeCb neurons in response to a linear jerk stimulus delivered in the naso-occipital plane. Activated neurons were distributed throughout the VNC, including the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVe), magnocellular medial vestibular nucleus (MVeMC), parvocellular medial vestibular nucleus (MVePC), spinal vestibular nucleus (SpVe), and superior vestibular nucleus (SuVe). Notably, after stimulation, the MVePC exhibited the greatest number of c-Fos-labeled nuclei. Significant increases in c-Fos labeling were found in mid-rostro-caudal and caudal regions of the VNC in the LVe, MVe, and SpVe. Additionally, c-Fos labeling was observed across all regions of the VeCb after jerk stimulation. Significant increases in the number of labeled nuclei were found throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the nodulus and uvula. The distribution of neuronal activity suggests that regions receiving the greatest direct otolith input exhibit the most substantial changes in response to otolith-derived, irregular fiber stimulation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in Functional Connectivity Density in Patients With Phantom Limb Pain","authors":"Yalan Liao,&nbsp;Linqiong Sang,&nbsp;Qiannan Wang,&nbsp;Pengyue Li,&nbsp;Li Wang,&nbsp;Ye Zhang,&nbsp;Mingguo Qiu,&nbsp;Jingna Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cne.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phantom limb pain (PLP) is prevalent and challenging to treat in amputees, which likely stems from maladaptive cortical reorganization, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the cortical remodeling patterns in amputees experiencing PLP, pinpointing key brain regions and neural circuits directly associated with the pain. Eighteen PLP patients and 20 healthy participants were recruited for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping method was used to identify PLP-related abnormal local and global signaling hubs. FCD changes were observed within the sensorimotor, pain-processing, and visual stream networks in PLP patients, with the precentral gyrus (PreCG), insula (INS), precuneus (PCUN), and middle occipital gyrus (MOG) identified as key hubs correlated with the visual analog scale (VAS) pain ratings. A voxel-wise functional connectivity (FC) analysis was further performed between the VAS-correlated FCD hubs and the rest of the brain. FC was significantly decreased between the hubs and widespread brain regions. In contrast, increased FC was revealed between the hubs and subregions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (the dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus [SFGdor] and middle frontal gyrus [MFG]). FC of the SFGdor-INS and MFG-PCUN pathways was negatively correlated with VAS pain ratings specifically, likely playing crucial roles in PLP. These results provide novel insights into the critical neural mechanisms of PLP, highlighting valuable targets for developing long-term effective neuromodulation modalities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogenetic Changes in Endocranial Anatomy in Gorgosaurus libratus (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) Provide Insight Into the Evolution of the Tyrannosauroid Endocranium","authors":"Jared T. Voris,&nbsp;François Therrien,&nbsp;Ryan C. Ridgely,&nbsp;Lawrence M. Witmer,&nbsp;Darla K. Zelenitsky","doi":"10.1002/cne.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past two decades, increased accessibility to computed tomography (CT) scanners has greatly facilitated documentation of the endocranium in numerous extinct theropod taxa. However, most of these studies have focused on the morphology of mature individuals, thus changes or variation through ontogeny of the endocranium in theropods remains largely unknown. The current study sheds light on the endocranial anatomy of the eutyrannosaurian tyrannosauroid, <i>Gorgosaurus libratus</i>, in both an ontogenetic and evolutionary context. Based on CT scans of six <i>Gorgosaurus</i> braincases, including those of two recently discovered juvenile individuals, we virtually reconstruct and describe the endocranial morphology for a growth series of <i>G. libratus</i>. Despite considerable changes in skull architecture, relatively few ontogenetic changes occurred in the endocranium of <i>Gorgosaurus</i>. These changes include a subtle increase in the length of the hindbrain region of the endocast and increased inflation of the tympanic sinus diverticula in adults relative to juveniles. Among the most significant ontogenetic changes is a decrease in the distinctiveness of the brain morphology in endocasts as <i>Gorgosaurus</i> mature. The endocasts of juvenile <i>Gorgosaurus</i> exhibit better defined cerebral hemispheres, optic lobes, and cerebella than those of larger and more mature individuals. This suggests a closer correspondence between the endocast and the brain in juvenile tyrannosaurids, indicating the endocast of juvenile individuals provides a more accurate representation of the structure of the brain and its regions relative to the endocast of more mature individuals. The brain of <i>Gorgosaurus</i> displays a mix of basal archosaurian traits and more derived coelurosaurian traits. More primitive archosaurian features of the <i>Gorgosaurus</i> brain include large olfactory bulbs and tracts, a posteroventrally oriented long axis of the cerebrum, and posteriorly positioned optic lobes, whereas derived features include prominent hindbrain flexure, a somewhat enlarged cerebrum, and a cerebellum that at least partially separates the left and right optic lobes. An understanding of the evolutionary acquisition of such derived features leading to the avian brain may be further elucidated via the study of the endocasts of juvenile individuals (more reflective of the structure/organization of various brain regions) of earlier-diverging theropods (e.g., Allosauroidea, Megalosauroidea, and Coelophysoidea).</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}