Journal of Comparative Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Ultrastructural Localization of Glutamate Delta Receptor 1 in the Rodent and Primate Lateral Habenula","authors":"Diane Choi,&nbsp;Jean-Francois Paré,&nbsp;Shashank Dravid,&nbsp;Yoland Smith","doi":"10.1002/cne.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glutamate delta receptor 1 (GluD1) is a unique synaptogenic molecule expressed at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. The lateral habenula (LHb), a subcortical structure that regulates negative reward prediction error and major monoaminergic systems, is enriched in GluD1. LHb dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, both of which are associated with <i>GRID1</i>, the gene that encodes GluD1. Thus, disruption in GluD1 synaptic signaling may contribute to LHb dysfunction and the pathophysiology of LHb-associated disorders. Despite its strong cellular expression, little is known about the subsynaptic and subcellular localization of GluD1 in LHb neurons. Given that GluD1 is involved in the development and/or regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses in various brain regions, a detailed map of GluD1 synaptic localization is essential to elucidate its role in the LHb. To address this issue, we used immunoelectron microscopy methods in rodents and monkeys. In both species, GluD1 immunoreactivity was primarily expressed in dendritic profiles, with lower expression in somata, spines, and glial elements. Pre- and post-embedding immunogold experiments revealed strong GluD1 expression in the core of symmetric GABAergic synapses. Albeit less frequent, GluD1 was also found at the edges (i.e., perisynaptic) of asymmetric, putative glutamatergic synapses. Through the combination of anterograde tracing with immunogold labeling in rats, we showed that axon terminals from the entopeduncular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus express postsynaptic GluD1 immunolabeling in the LHb. Our findings suggest that GluD1 may play a critical role in modulating GABAergic transmission in the rodent and primate LHb.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11723828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Methods and Probabilistic Mapping of Subcortical Brain Components in Fossil Carnivora","authors":"Emily Baer,&nbsp;Phuoc D. Nguyen,&nbsp;Stefan Lilly,&nbsp;Jiyoon Song,&nbsp;Mathew Yee,&nbsp;Olivia Matz,&nbsp;Rachna Sahasrabudhe,&nbsp;Douglas R. Hall,&nbsp;Susan La,&nbsp;Brandon J. Merritt,&nbsp;Pallavi Mahesh,&nbsp;Christelle Eliacin,&nbsp;Kathleen Bitterman,&nbsp;Demi Oddes,&nbsp;Mads F. Bertelsen,&nbsp;Cheuk Y. Tang,&nbsp;Peter F. Cook,&nbsp;Rogier B. Mars,&nbsp;Patrick R. Hof,&nbsp;Rachel Dunn,&nbsp;Paul R. Manger,&nbsp;Chet C. Sherwood,&nbsp;Muhammad A. Spocter","doi":"10.1002/cne.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Paleoneurology reconstructs the evolutionary history of nervous systems through direct observations from the fossil record and comparative data from extant species. Although this approach can provide direct evidence of phylogenetic links among species, it is constrained by the availability and quality of data that can be gleaned from the fossil record. Here, we sought to translate brain component relationships in a sample of extant Carnivora to make inferences about brain structure in fossil species. Using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging on extant canids and felids and 3D laser scanning on fossil Carnivora, spanning some 40 million years of evolution, we derived measurements for select brain components. From these primary data, predictive equations of cortical (gray matter mass, cortical thickness, and gyrification index) and subcortical structures (caudate nucleus, putamen, and external globus pallidus mass) were used to derive estimates for select fossil Carnivora. We found that regression equations based on both extant and simulation samples provided moderate to high predictability of subcortical masses for fossil Carnivora. We also found that using exploratory probabilistic mapping of subcortical structures in extant Carnivora, a reasonable prediction could be made of the 3D subcortical morphospace of fossil endocasts. These results identify allometric departures and establish adult species ranges in brain component size for fossil species. The integrative approach taken in this study may serve as a model to promote further dialog between neurobiologists working on extant Carnivora models and paleoneurologists describing the nervous system of fossils from this understudied group of mammals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"533 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructural Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Placement Independent of Synapse Placement in Fine Caliber C. elegans Neurons","authors":"Danielle V. Riboul,&nbsp;Sarah Crill,&nbsp;Carlos D. Oliva,&nbsp;Maria Gabriela Restifo,&nbsp;Reggie Joseph,&nbsp;Kerdes Joseph,&nbsp;Ken C. Q. Nguyen,&nbsp;David H. Hall,&nbsp;Yaouen Fily,&nbsp;Gregory T. Macleod","doi":"10.1002/cne.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neurons rely on mitochondria for an efficient supply of ATP and other metabolites. However, while neurons are highly elongated, mitochondria are discrete and limited in number. Due to the slow rates of metabolite diffusion over long distances, it follows that neurons would benefit from an ability to control the distribution of mitochondria to sites of high metabolic activity such as synapses. Ultrastructural data over substantial portions of a neuron's extent that would allow for tests of such hypotheses are scarce. Here, we mined the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>’ electron micrographs of John White and Sydney Brenner and found systematic differences in average mitochondrial length (ranging from 1.3 to 2.4 µm), diameter (0.18–0.24 µm) and volume density (3.7%–6.5%) between neurons of different function and neurotransmitter type, but found limited differences in mitochondrial length, diameter, and density between axons and dendrites of the same neurons. In analyses of mitochondrial distribution, mitochondria were found to be distributed randomly with respect to presynaptic sites. Presynaptic sites were primarily localized to varicosities, but mitochondria were no more likely to be found in synaptic varicosities than non-synaptic varicosities. Consistently, mitochondrial volume density was no greater in synaptic varicosities than non-synaptic varicosities. Therefore, beyond the capacity to disperse mitochondria throughout their length, at least in <i>C. elegans</i>, fine caliber neurons manifest limited subcellular control of mitochondrial size and distribution.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 532, Issue 12","authors":"Jichao Ma,&nbsp;Ariege Bizanti,&nbsp;Andrew M. Kwiat,&nbsp;Kayla Barton,&nbsp;Duyen Nguyen,&nbsp;Jazune Madas,&nbsp;Zulema Toledo,&nbsp;Kohlton Bendowski,&nbsp;Jin Chen,&nbsp;Zixi Jack Cheng","doi":"10.1002/cne.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the Research Article <i>Spinal Afferent Innervation From Left Dorsal Root Ganglia in the Flat-Mounts of Whole Atria of Rats: Anterogade Tracing</i> by Jichao Ma and Ariege Bizanti et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.25681.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular Development of Fetal and Postnatal Neocortex of the Pig, the European Wild Boar Sus scrofa","authors":"Eric Sobierajski,&nbsp;Katrin Czubay,&nbsp;Christa Beemelmans,&nbsp;Christoph Beemelmans,&nbsp;Martin Meschkat,&nbsp;Dennis Uhlenkamp,&nbsp;Gundela Meyer,&nbsp;Petra Wahle","doi":"10.1002/cne.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of the brain's vascular system is a predominantly prenatal process in mammalian species and is required for neurogenesis and further brain development. Our recent work on fetal pig has revealed that many neurodevelopmental processes start well before birth and proceed rapidly reaching near-mature status already around birth. Here, we analyzed the development of neocortical vasculature from embryonic day (E) 45 onward (gestation in pig lasts 114 days) using qualitative and quantitative image analyses and protein blots. In all cortical layers, vessel volume from total brain volume at E100 resembled that of a postnatal day (P) 30 piglet. Endothelial cells expressed the tight junction protein claudin-5 from E45 onward. GFAP+ and AQP4+ astrocytes, PDGFRβ+ pericytes, and α-SMA+ smooth muscle cells are detectable near vessels at E60 suggesting an early assembly of blood–brain barrier components. The vascular system in the visual cortex is advanced before birth with an almost mature pattern at E100. Findings were confirmed by blots that showed a steady increase of expression of tight junction and angiogenesis-related proteins (claudin-5, occludin, VE-cadherin, PECAM-1/CD31) from E65 onward until P90. The expression profile was similar in visual and somatosensory cortex. Together, we report a rapid maturation of the vascular system in pig cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supraspinal Plasticity of Axonal Projections From the Motor Cortex After Spinal Cord Injury in Macaques","authors":"Satoko Ueno,&nbsp;Reona Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Kaoru Isa,&nbsp;Toshinari Kawasaki,&nbsp;Masahiro Mitsuhashi,&nbsp;Kenta Kobayashi,&nbsp;Jun Takahashi,&nbsp;Tadashi Isa","doi":"10.1002/cne.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During recovery following spinal cord injury in the macaque, the sensorimotor cortex on the same side as the injury (ipsilesional, unaffected) becomes activated and plays a role in guiding movements of the affected hand. Effective regulation of these movements by the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex would depend not only on its ability to send motor commands directly to target muscles but also on coordinated functioning with higher-level motor planning systems such as the cortico-basal ganglia and cortico-cerebellar loops. In this study, using anterograde viral tracers, we analyzed the axonal trajectories of corticofugal fibers from the contralesional (affected) primary motor cortex (M1) at the brainstem level in two macaque monkeys with sub-hemisection spinal cord injury at the mid-cervical level. They showed considerable recovery of grasping movements after injury. We found an increase in axonal projections from the contralesional M1 to the contralateral putamen, ipsilateral lateral reticular nucleus, and contralateral pontine nucleus compared to projections from the ipsilesional (unaffected) M1. We propose that these increased projections from the contralesional M1 to the striatum and precerebellar nuclei on the nondominant side may function to recruit the ipsilesional M1 through the cortico-basal ganglia and cortico-cerebellar loops to control hand movements on the affected side during recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroarchitecture of the Central Complex in the Madeira Cockroach Rhyparobia maderae: Tangential Neurons","authors":"Stefanie Jahn,&nbsp;Vanessa Althaus,&nbsp;Ann-Katrin Seip,&nbsp;Saron Rotella,&nbsp;Jannik Heckmann,&nbsp;Mona Janning,&nbsp;Juliana Kolano,&nbsp;Aurelia Kaufmann,&nbsp;Uwe Homberg","doi":"10.1002/cne.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Navigating in diverse environments to find food, shelter, or mating partners is an important ability for nearly all animals. Insects have evolved diverse navigational strategies to survive in challenging and unknown environments. In the insect brain, the central complex (CX) plays an important role in spatial orientation and directed locomotion. It consists of the protocerebral bridge (PB), the central body with upper (CBU) and lower division (CBL), and the paired noduli (NO). As shown in various insect species, the CX integrates multisensory cues, including sky compass signals, wind direction, and ego-motion to provide goal-directed vector output used for steering locomotion and flight. While most of these data originate from studies on day-active insects, less is known about night-active species such as cockroaches. Following our analysis of columnar and pontine neurons, the present study complements our investigation of the cellular architecture of the CX of the Madeira cockroach by analyzing tangential neurons. Based on single-cell tracer injections, we provide further details on the internal organization of the CX and distinguished 27 types of tangential neuron, including three types of neuron innervating the PB, six types of the CBL, and 18 types of the CBU. The anterior lip, a brain area unknown in flies and highly reduced in bees, and the crepine are strongly connected to the cockroach CBU in contrast to other insect species. One tangential neuron of the CBU revealed a direct connection between the mushroom bodies and the CBU.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irx3/5 Null Deletion in Mice Blocks Cochlea-Saccule Segregation and Disrupts the Auditory Tonotopic Map","authors":"Bernd Fritzsch,&nbsp;Xin Weng,&nbsp;Ebenezer N. Yamoah,&nbsp;Tianli Qin,&nbsp;Chi-Chung Hui,&nbsp;Laura Lebrón-Mora,&nbsp;Gabriela Pavlinkova,&nbsp;Mai Har Sham","doi":"10.1002/cne.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A gene cadre orchestrates the normal development of sensory and non-sensory cells in the inner ear, segregating the cochlea with a distinct tonotopic sound frequency map, similar brain projection, and five vestibular end-organs. However, the role of genes driving the ear development is largely unknown. Here, we show double deletion of the Iroquois homeobox 3 and 5 transcription factors (<i>Irx3/5</i> DKO) leads to the fusion of the saccule and the cochlear base. The overlying otoconia and tectorial membranes are absent in the <i>Irx3/5</i> DKO inner ear, and the primary auditory neurons project fibers to both the saccule and cochlear hair cells. The central neuronal projections from the cochlear apex-base contour are not fully segregated into a dorsal and ventral innervation in the <i>Irx3/5</i> DKO cochlear nucleus, obliterating the characteristic tonotopic auditory map. Additionally, <i>Irx3/5</i> deletion reveals a pronounced cochlear-apex-vestibular “vestibular-cochlear” nerve (VCN) bilateral connection that is less noticeable in wild-type control mice. Moreover, the incomplete segregation of apex and base projections that expands fibers to connect with vestibular nuclei. The results suggest the mammalian cochlear apex is a derived lagena reminiscent of sarcopterygians. Thus, <i>Irx3 and 5</i> are potential evolutionary branch-point genes necessary for balance-sound segregation, which fused into a saccule-cochlea organization.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental and Adult Striatal Patterning of Nociceptin Ligand Marks Striosomal Population With Direct Dopamine Projections","authors":"Emily Hueske,&nbsp;Carrie Stine,&nbsp;Tomoko Yoshida,&nbsp;Jill R. Crittenden,&nbsp;Akshay Gupta,&nbsp;Joseph C. Johnson,&nbsp;Ananya S. Achanta,&nbsp;Smitha Bhagavatula,&nbsp;Johnny Loftus,&nbsp;Ara Mahar,&nbsp;Dan Hu,&nbsp;Jesus Azocar,&nbsp;Ryan J. Gray,&nbsp;Michael R. Bruchas,&nbsp;Ann M. Graybiel","doi":"10.1002/cne.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Circuit influences on the midbrain dopamine system are crucial to adaptive behavior and cognition. Recent developments in the study of neuropeptide systems have enabled high-resolution investigations of the intersection of neuromodulatory signals with basal ganglia circuitry, identifying the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) endogenous opioid peptide system as a prospective regulator of striatal dopamine signaling. Using a prepronociceptin-Cre reporter mouse line, we characterized highly selective striosomal patterning of <i>Pnoc</i> mRNA expression in mouse dorsal striatum, reflecting the early developmental expression of <i>Pnoc</i>. In the ventral striatum, <i>Pnoc</i> expression in the nucleus accumbens core was grouped in clusters akin to the distribution found in striosomes. We found that Pnoc^tdTomato reporter cells largely comprise a population of dopamine receptor D1 (<i>Drd1</i>) expressing medium spiny projection neurons localized in dorsal striosomes, known to be unique among striatal projection neurons for their direct innervation of midbrain dopamine neurons. These findings provide a new understanding of the intersection of the N/OFQ system among basal ganglia circuits with particular implications for developmental regulation or wiring of striato-nigral circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Ontology of the Nucleus of Solitary Tract","authors":"Silvia Gasparini,&nbsp;Gislaine Almeida-Pereira,&nbsp;Ana Sofia Peraza Munuzuri,&nbsp;Jon M. Resch,&nbsp;Joel C. Geerling","doi":"10.1002/cne.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) receives visceral information and regulates appetitive, digestive, and cardiorespiratory systems. Within the NTS, diverse processes operate in parallel to sustain life, but our understanding of their cellular composition is incomplete. Here, we integrate histologic and transcriptomic analysis to identify and compare molecular features that distinguish neurons in this brain region. Most glutamatergic neurons in the NTS and area postrema co-express the transcription factors <i>Lmx1b</i> and <i>Phox2b</i>, except for a ventral band of neurons in the far-caudal NTS, which include the <i>Gcg</i>-expressing neurons that produce glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). GABAergic interneurons intermingle through the <i>Lmx1b</i>+<i>Phox2b</i> macropopulation, and dense clusters of GABAergic neurons surround the NTS. The <i>Lmx1b</i>+<i>Phox2b</i> macropopulation includes subpopulations with distinct distributions expressing <i>Grp</i>, <i>Hsd11b2, Npff</i>, <i>Pdyn</i>, <i>Pou3f1</i>, <i>Sctr</i>, <i>Th</i>, and other markers. These findings highlight <i>Lmx1b</i>–<i>Phox2b</i> co-expression as a common feature of glutamatergic neurons in the NTS and improve our understanding of the organization and distribution of neurons in this critical brain region.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"532 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}