Journal of Comparative Neurology最新文献

{"title":"On the Larval Sensory Organs and Central Nervous System of the Zoea 1 of the Asian Shore Crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Decapoda, Brachyura)","authors":"Steffen Harzsch,&nbsp;Johanna Blatt,&nbsp;Johanna Seegel-Schultz,&nbsp;Lisa Riehemann,&nbsp;Noé Espinosa-Novo,&nbsp;Jan Phillipp Geißel,&nbsp;Joshua Gauweiler,&nbsp;Alexandre Casadei-Ferreira,&nbsp;Sebastian Büsse,&nbsp;Birk Rillich,&nbsp;Wolfgang Stein,&nbsp;Gabriela Torres,&nbsp;Roland Melzer","doi":"10.1002/cne.70201","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70201","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many decapod crustaceans occupy different habitats during their ontogeny and undergo a niche shift during the transition from the larval to the juvenile phase. Their life cycle comprises pelagic larvae and, in most species, benthic juvenile-adult stages. Already at hatching, decapod larvae possess a wealth of organ systems, necessary to autonomously survive and develop in the plankton. They also exhibit a rich behavioral repertoire to appropriately respond to environmental stimuli such as light, gravity, hydrostatic pressure, tidal currents, temperature, salinity, chemical cues, and food concentration. Considering the impressive larval behavioral performance, neuroanatomists in the past have already studied selected aspects of the functional morphology of larval nervous systems, but this knowledge is distributed across a wide taxonomic range. Our study aims to provide a concise description of the morphology of selected sensory organs and that of the central nervous system in the Zoea 1 of the Asian shore crab <i>Hemigrapsus sanguineus</i> using multiple neuroanatomical methods such as three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from histological section series, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry combined with confocal laser-scan microscopy. The larval developmental cycle of this includes five zoea stages and one megalopa stage. In the Zoea 1, our data reveal well-developed visual and olfactory organs comprising hundreds of sensory receptor neurons and also complex primary visual and olfactory neuropils related to processing this sensory input. We observed a particularly high investment of nervous tissue in the central visual pathway. Furthermore, the larval brain comprises several characteristic secondary neuropils which, as higher order neuropils, in the adult crustacean brain are thought to integrate highly processed multimodal sensory input. These are, for example, the lateral protocerebrum (which in adult crabs will house the mushroom bodies) and the median protocerebrum that includes the central body. The discussion of our findings is framed against the knowledge of the larval behavioral performance and, considering the larval investment in higher order neuropils, the possibility of complex behavioral decisions that integrate aspects of learning and memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azarias Ν. Karamanlidis (1936–2026): A Life in Comparative Neuroanatomy","authors":"Lazaros C. Triarhou","doi":"10.1002/cne.70205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Afferent Projections to the Calca/CGRP-Expressing Parabrachial Neurons in Mice”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cne.70202","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70202","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Korkutata, M., R. De Luca, B. Fitzgerald, M. A. Khanday, E. Arrigoni, and T. E. Scammell. 2025. “Afferent Projections to the &lt;i&gt;Calca&lt;/i&gt;/CGRP-Expressing Parabrachial Neurons in Mice.” &lt;i&gt;Journal of Comparative Neurology&lt;/i&gt; 533: e70018. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70018&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the “Materials and Methods” section and Table 2, the units for the titers of several viral vectors were incorrectly reported as µg/mL, GC/mL, and virus mol/mL. The correct unit is vector genomes per milliliter (VG/mL).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Section 2.4, the sentence “We unilaterally injected the lateral PB of &lt;i&gt;Calca-Cre&lt;/i&gt; mice (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;  =  11) with 75 nL of &lt;i&gt;AAV8-Ef1a-FLEX-TVA-mCherry&lt;/i&gt; (UNC Vector Core, Lot#AV5008b, Titer: 5.4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; µg/mL, RRID:SCR_002448) and &lt;i&gt;AAV2/8-CAG-FLEX-RG-hGH&lt;/i&gt; (Stanford Gene Vector and Virus Core, Lot#AAV59, Titer: 2.09 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; µg/mL, RRID:SCR_023250) in a 1:1 ratio (Table 2)” was incorrect. It should read: “We unilaterally injected the lateral PB of &lt;i&gt;Calca-Cre&lt;/i&gt; mice (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 11) with 75 nL of &lt;i&gt;AAV8-Ef1a-FLEX-TVA-mCherry&lt;/i&gt; (UNC Vector Core, Lot#AV5008b, Titer: 5.4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; VG/mL, RRID:SCR_002448) and &lt;i&gt;AAV2/8-CAG-FLEX-RG-hGH&lt;/i&gt; (Stanford Gene Vector and Virus Core, Lot#AAV59, Titer: 2.09 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; VG/mL, RRID:SCR_023250) in a 1:1 ratio (Table 2).”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the first paragraph of Section 2.5, the sentence “To determine which brain regions project to the PBel&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Calca&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;/CGRP&lt;/sup&gt; neurons, we performed conditional anterograde tracing using microinjections of 6–60 nL of &lt;i&gt;AAV8-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2 (H134R)-mCherry&lt;/i&gt; (UNC, Lot# AV9080, Titer: 1.4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; µg/mL, RRID:SCR_002448)” was incorrect. It should read: “To determine which brain regions project to the PBel&lt;sup&gt;Calca/CGRP&lt;/sup&gt; neurons, we performed conditional anterograde tracing using microinjections of 6–60 nL of &lt;i&gt;AAV8-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2&lt;/i&gt; (H134R)-mCherry (UNC, Lot# AV9080, Titer: 1.4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; VG/mL, RRID:SCR_002448).”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the third paragraph of Section 2.5, the sentence “To trace inputs from the infralimbic cortex (IL) (AP: 1.9 mm, ML: −0.6 mm, DV: 2.9 mm, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;  =  4) and insular cortex (IC) (AP: −0.6 mm, ML: −3.3, DV: 3.3 mm, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;  =  4), we first used a non-Cre-dependent tracing approach by injecting 3–9 nL of &lt;i&gt;rAAV5-CAMKIIα-hChR2-mCherry&lt;/i&gt; (RRID:Addgene_26975) in &lt;i&gt;C57BL/6J&lt;/i&gt; mice, but as this failed to label axons in the PB, we used a nonconditional tracing approach by injecting 100 nL of &lt;i&gt;AAV9-CAG-hChR2-mCherry&lt;/i&gt;(Addgene, Catalog#100054-AAV9, Titer: 3.3 × 10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; GC/mL, RRID:Addgene_100054) in &lt;i&gt;C57BL/6J&lt;/i&gt; mice” was incorrect. It should read: “To trace inputs from the infralimbic cortex (IL) (AP: 1.9 mm, ML: −0.6 mm, DV: 2.9 mm, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4) and insular cortex (IC) (AP: −0.6 mm, ML: −3.3, DV: 3.3 mm, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 4), we first used a non-Cre-dependent tracing approach by injecting 3–9 nL of &lt;i&gt;rAAV5-CAMKIIα-hChR2-mCherry&lt;/i&gt; (RRID:Addgene_26975) in C57BL/6J mice, bu","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ordered Chaos: Photoreceptor Mosaics in the Larval and Adult Turquoise Killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri)","authors":"Nicole C. L. Noel","doi":"10.1002/cne.70199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An organism's vision is dependent on the photoreceptor types in the eye and how these cells are organized across the retina. The turquoise killifish (<i>Nothobranchius furzeri</i>) is an annual killifish species that lives in the turbid waters of ephemeral pools. Although turquoise killifish are gaining popularity as a model, we know little about their photoreceptors. Here, the turquoise killifish retina was investigated for photoreceptor subtype identity and mosaic organization at the adult and larval stages to assess specialization for their light environment. Turquoise killifish were determined to have cone-dominant retinas, with expression of UV, blue, green, and red cone opsins, as well as rhodopsin. Adult fish were found to have an ordered square mosaic, wherein double cones formed squares with single cones in the center and corners of the squares. Double cones could be comprised of a red and green or two red cone units, while the single cones could be UV, blue, red, or — very rarely — green in identity. Although ordered, the mosaic did not have regularity of cone subtype orientation across the retina. Larvae were found to have retinal regionalization, with a dorsonasal region of increased short-wavelength cone density. In both larvae and adult retinas, red cones were the predominant cone subtype. This study presents the first description of the photoreceptor types and mosaic in an annual killifish, and provides a foundation for future work investigating killifish photoreceptor biology and visual function.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13572892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Molecular Architecture of Somatic Spines of the Lateral Septum","authors":"Daniela Hacker,&nbsp;Erich Weisheim,&nbsp;Michaela Schweizer,&nbsp;Undine Schneeweiß,&nbsp;Maximilian Borgmeyer,&nbsp;Michael Brecht,&nbsp;Marina Mikhaylova","doi":"10.1002/cne.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lateral septum is a key subcortical structure and has been implicated in social memory. One aspect of social memory, the ability to recognize relatives, is conserved across vertebrate species and reflected in stable, lifelong memories. Synapses are considered to be the smallest unit of memory storage. Excitatory synapses are typically found on dendritic spines, whereas inhibitory synapses are mostly located on the dendritic shaft. Here, we investigate the synaptic architecture of unusual somatic spines, an apparent synaptic specialization of septal GABAergic neurons. We uncover the formation and molecular organization of septal somatic spines found in the lateral septum in in vivo and in vitro model systems using various microscopy approaches. We use classical label-free methods such as transmission electron microscopy and Golgi stainings and established new culturing methods for dissociated and organotypic septal slices that were kept in culture over multiple weeks. We describe the presence, morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular composition of excitatory somatic spines across multiple developmental stages in various model systems. We propose that the ability to develop such spines is an intrinsic feature of somatospiny neurons that does not depend on extra-septal connectivity. While smaller than dendritic spines, somatic spines exhibited distinct features, frequently containing secretory organelles such as autophagosomes, multivesicular bodies, and endosomes, but often lacking a spine apparatus and ribosomes. Our findings offer insights into the molecular architecture of septal somatic spines and establish a basis for further investigations into the somatic spines of the lateral septum.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148850839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical Investigation Reveals a Second Olfactory System in Locusts","authors":"Zane N. Aldworth,&nbsp;Brian Kim,&nbsp;Kui Sun,&nbsp;Esther Ndungu,&nbsp;Vi Nguyen,&nbsp;Mark A. Stopfer","doi":"10.1002/cne.70197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Olfaction in locusts offers a useful model for understanding how the brain encodes environmental information. While previous studies of olfaction in locusts have focused mainly on the antennal pathway, most insects, including locusts, possess olfactory receptors on their palps. Although they are traditionally considered to be gustatory or mechanosensory structures, accumulating molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioral evidence shows locust palps also mediate olfactory processing. The palps therefore initiate a second olfactory pathway, whose neural architecture and sensory functions remain largely unexplored. Here, we used anatomical approaches to characterize the chemosensory system of the palps in <i>Schistocerca americana</i>, mapping pathways from the peripheral sensilla through the brain to third-order neurons. We found that sensory input from the palps projects to two distinct regions: the gnathal ganglion, which integrates gustatory input from multiple head appendages, and the glomerular lobe of the cerebral ganglion, which, traditionally thought of as a gustatory center, appears instead to receive only olfactory input. The glomerular lobe, in turn, provides olfactory input to the accessory calyx of the mushroom body, a region traditionally considered gustatory. Notably, the palp and antennal olfactory pathways remain anatomically segregated through at least the third-order neurons. Our systematic characterization of the palp olfactory system anatomy challenges existing views of olfactory and gustatory integration in hemimetabolous insects and establishes a framework for comparative studies of antennal and palp-based olfactory coding.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.70197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Spinal Cord of the Annual Fish Garcialebias charrua: Morphology, Cell Proliferation, and NADPH-Diaphorase Activity","authors":"Stephanie Silva-Jaureguiberry,&nbsp;Laura Herrera-Astoga,&nbsp;Inés Berrosteguieta,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Rosillo,&nbsp;Anabel Sonia Fernández","doi":"10.1002/cne.70196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The spinal cord plays a central role in sensorimotor integration and exhibits substantial diversity across vertebrates in relation to ecological and behavioral demands. In teleost fish, however, detailed morphological and cellular analyses of the adult spinal cord remain scarce. Here, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the adult spinal cord of the annual fish <i>Garcialebias charrua</i>, a species displaying pronounced environmental adaptation and sexual dimorphism. Using adult males and females, the spinal cord was systematically partitioned into five equally sized rostrocaudal regions (SI–SV) to evaluate regional variation in morphology, neurochemical organization, and cell proliferation. We analyzed gross morphology and cross-sectional features, the distribution and morphology of NADPH-diaphorase–positive (NADP-d⁺) neurons as indicators of nitric oxide–related signaling, and proliferative activity using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation. Our results reveal marked rostrocaudal heterogeneity in spinal cord morphometry, with dimorphic variation in the segment SIII associated with the dorsal fin, region-specific patterns of NADPH-d⁺ neuronal populations, and sustained cell proliferation throughout the entire spinal cord in both gray and white matter. Focused analysis of segment SIII, which exhibits distinctive anatomical features, demonstrated higher proliferative activity in the central canal and dorsal regions compared to ventral areas in both sexes, with males showing significantly increased proliferation across all analyzed regions. Finally, the combination of BrdU labeling with a neuronal lineage marker provides the first evidence of adult spinal cord neurogenesis in <i>G. charrua</i>. These findings highlight the spinal cord as a dynamic and sexually dimorphic substrate underlying neuroplasticity in annual fishes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hindlimb Representation in the Spiny Mouse Sensorimotor Cortex","authors":"Anton Beljajev,&nbsp;Aleksandr Veshchitskii,&nbsp;Aleksandr Mikhalkin,&nbsp;Polina Shkorbatova,&nbsp;Natalia Merkulyeva","doi":"10.1002/cne.70194","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Cairo spiny mouse (<i>Acomys cahirinus</i>), a promising animal model in neuroscience, lacks a detailed neuroanatomical map of its cerebral cortex. This study aims to delineate the location and internal subdivision of the sensorimotor cortex, specifically the region controlling the hindlimb. For this purpose, retrograde tracing from the lumbar spinal cord using Fast Blue was combined with immunohistochemical characterization using neuronal markers (NeuN, SMI-32, and calbindin 28 kDa) in adult animals. Fast Blue-labeled neurons were identified in layer V within the cortical region defined as the sensorimotor cortex responsible for hindlimb control. Within this region, the general cytoarchitecture was defined using NeuN, which allowed visualization of all cortical layers. The border between the lateral and medial sub-areas was clearly identified by SMI-32 immunostaining, which showed denser labeling in the lateral zone (presumably the primary somatosensory cortex) compared to the medial zone (presumably the secondary motor cortex). Within the defined layers and sub-areas, a comprehensive analysis of the calbindin-expressing interneuron population was performed, revealing significant interareal differences in soma size and cellular density of calbindin-positive neurons exclusively within layers III–IV. These findings provide the first detailed map of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex in spiny mice, establishing a crucial neuroanatomical foundation for future studies using this novel model in sensorimotor research.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148697543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-Wide Mapping and Synaptic Localization of C1QL3 Using a Novel Epitope-Tagged Knock-In Mouse","authors":"William P. Armstrong IV,&nbsp;James M. Salvatore,&nbsp;Matthew J. Sticco,&nbsp;Keaven Caro,&nbsp;J. Wesley Maddox,&nbsp;Angie Huang,&nbsp;Brenna C. McAllister,&nbsp;Christopher B. O'Connell,&nbsp;Siu-Pok Yee,&nbsp;Amy Lee,&nbsp;Susanne Ressl,&nbsp;David C. Martinelli,&nbsp;Alexander C. Jackson","doi":"10.1002/cne.70193","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Synapse formation and function are coordinated spatially and temporally by a host of synaptic proteins that regulate neuronal signaling, synapse specificity, and plasticity, many of which are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Many members of the C1q/TNF superfamily function as synaptic organizers, shaping synapse assembly and maintenance. Among them, C1QL3 plays a putative role in trans-synaptic adhesion and modulation of synaptic strength, but the lack of a reliable antibody to detect it has severely limited the ability to map its endogenous localization and study its biochemical properties. Here, we present a novel epitope-tagged knock-in mouse line (<i>C1ql3</i>^2HA), in which two hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes were inserted near the N-terminus of the endogenous C1QL3 protein. This model enables purification, detection, and subcellular localization of native C1QL3 protein (C1QL3-2HA) with high specificity, eliminating the need for overexpression or custom antibodies. We validated that <i>C1ql3</i>^2HA mice maintain normal mRNA expression, biochemical properties, and behavior. Using native PAGE, we determined the endogenous oligomeric state of C1QL3-2HA. Brain-wide light-sheet microscopy uncovered an expanded neuroanatomical map of C1QL3-2HA expression, including newly identified populations in cortical and subcortical regions as well as the retina. Dual immunohistochemistry confirmed cell-type-specific expression patterns, and super-resolution STED microscopy localized C1QL3-2HA to hippocampal mossy fiber synapses, positioned between pre- and postsynaptic markers, supporting its hypothesized role in trans-synaptic complexes. This knock-in mouse line is a valuable tool for studying the anatomical, molecular, and synaptic biology of C1QL3 in all cellular/tissue contexts, enabling future studies into its potential roles in the nervous system and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13449632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148684697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Ontology Predicts Output Connections From the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract","authors":"Silvia Gasparini,&nbsp;Haidong Zhu,&nbsp;Ana Sofia Peraza Munuzuri,&nbsp;Mya L. Leuang,&nbsp;Frederico S. Fazan,&nbsp;Joel C. Geerling","doi":"10.1002/cne.70188","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cne.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how the brain processes bodily signals requires mapping the circuits that transform interoceptive information into coordinated responses. Visceral signals converge in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which coordinates appetite, breathing, cardiovascular reflexes, and digestion. The NTS contains many intermingled subpopulations of neurons, and deciphering their functions requires understanding their connections. Here, we used cell-type-specific tracing to test whether molecularly distinct NTS neurons exhibit unique connectivity patterns. First, we found that <i>Lmx1b</i>-expressing excitatory neurons provide output to a broad array of NTS target regions in both the brainstem and forebrain, while inhibitory neurons in this region project predominantly within the brainstem. Next, we found that several genetically defined excitatory subpopulations—catecholaminergic (<i>Th</i>), neuropeptidergic (<i>Cck</i>, <i>Npff</i>, or <i>Pdyn</i>), and aldosterone-sensitive (<i>Hsd11b2</i>)—exhibit unique output patterns across multiple targets. As examples, the ventrolateral medulla receives moderate <i>Th</i>, <i>Cck</i>, and <i>Pdyn</i>, light <i>Npff</i>, and no <i>Hsd11b2</i> input. The outer rim of the external lateral parabrachial subnucleus receives concentrated <i>Th</i>, <i>Cck</i>, and <i>Npff</i> input, contrasting a more uniform <i>Pdyn</i> input and a lack of <i>Hsd11b2</i> input. The subcommissural bed nucleus of the stria terminalis receives broad <i>Th</i>, light <i>Cck</i>, sparse <i>Pdyn</i>, and virtually no <i>Npff</i> input, contrasting the focal <i>Hsd11b2</i> input to its fusiform subnucleus. These divergent patterns demonstrate that molecular identity predicts connectivity and define the organizational logic by which interoceptive signals are transformed into coordinated autonomic and behavioral responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","volume":"534 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148684758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}