Journal of Biomedical Optics最新文献

{"title":"OptoCENTAL: a standardized, bench-testing platform based on phantoms for validating optical systems aimed at clinical monitoring of the placenta.","authors":"Luca Giannoni, Uzair Hakim, Frédéric Lange, Musa Talati, Darshana Gopal, Angelos Artemiou, Niccole Ranaei-Zamani, Subhabrata Mitra, Ilias Tachtsidis","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.097004","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.097004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Optical imaging and spectroscopy solutions, such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse optical tomography, have the potential to provide compact, bedside monitoring of the placenta in the clinic, thanks to recent advancements in miniaturization and wireless wearability. This would provide neonatologists with continuous assessment of the pregnancy status in real time, as well as tools to possibly predict delivery outcomes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Numerous challenges are associated with validating the performances of any optical system in providing the above goals, particularly the required depth sensitivity and accuracy to target the placenta <i>in vivo</i>. Currently, no testing procedure is available that can verify in a thorough and comparable manner the capability of a given photonic system to be successful in the clinics for placental monitoring.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We present here OptoCENTAL, a standardized platform based on multiple optical phantoms, from digital, through solid to liquid, for versatile bench testing, characterization, and validation of any photonics solution and instrumentation that aims at <i>in vivo</i> clinical monitoring of the human placenta.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exemplary applications of the OptoCENTAL platform on different types of optical systems, from wearable, continuous-wave devices to broadband and time-domain NIRS systems, demonstrate the flexibility of its procedures to be implemented with any setup, allowing users to compare performances across different solutions. The results also show the capability of OptoCENTAL to provide quantitative assessment of the major features required by any photonic solution for providing effective and efficient monitoring of the placenta, including basic instrument performances, quantification of monitoring accuracy, and depth sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OptoCENTAL represents the first-of-a-kind effort in standardizing bench-testing and validation of optical imaging and spectroscopy methods in the framework of placental clinical applications, further advancing the translation of such modalities into hospitals, as well as toward future certification and commercialization of such technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"097004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unifying the spectrum: a framework for the meta-analysis of human skin tone scales.","authors":"Amir S Bernat, Lea Bromberg, David Sinefeld, Boaz Arad","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.095005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.095005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Quantification of human skin tone is fundamental to dermatology, medical imaging, computer vision, and social studies. However, the field currently lacks a standardized framework, relying on fragmented methodologies, from the Fitzpatrick skin phototype (FST) to the Monk skin tone (MST) scale. Even nowadays, this creates barriers to scientific progress and introduces systemic errors and bias in medical devices and AI fairness.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study is to establish a meta-analytic framework, termed a \"scale of scales,\" to critically assess and quantitatively compare the interoperability and accuracy of prevailing skin tone quantification systems.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We utilized the International Skin Spectra Archive (ISSA), composed of 15,256 spectral reflectance measurements from a globally diverse population, as a biological baseline. We overlaid the categories of major verbal, physical, and digital scales onto this dataset to evaluate their coverage and fidelity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis reveals that widely used scales such as FST and MST fail to capture the continuous, multidimensional nature of human pigmentation. Furthermore, physical targets such as the Pantone skintone guide exhibit significant metameric failure, rendering them unreliable under varying illumination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current subjective and categorical proxies are insufficient for robust scientific application. The field must transition toward a unified, data-driven framework rooted in spectral reflectance data to ensure interoperability and inclusivity in medical and technical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"095005"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Preclinical study of using multiphoton microscopy to diagnose liver cancer and differentiate benign and malignant liver lesions (Erratum).","authors":"Jun Yan, Shuangmu Zhuo, Gang Chen, Xiufeng Wu, Dong Zhou, Shusen Xie, Jiahao Jiang, Mingang Ying, Fan Jia, Jianxin Chen, Jian Zhou","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.099801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.099801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.2.026004.].</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"099801"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149061449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical assessments of high-fluence corneal cross-linking with supplemental oxygen using optical coherence elastography in <i>ex vivo</i> rabbit eyes.","authors":"Vance Thompson, Kenneth A Beckman, Rajesh Rajpal, Behrouz Tavakol, Stuart Elmhurst, David B Usher, Jason M Hill, Tomas Navratil","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.095002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.095002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Epithelium-off corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has drawbacks related to epithelial removal. Earlier epithelium-on approaches without supplemental oxygen showed limited efficacy due to inadequate permeation of the photoenhancer and oxygen into the corneal stroma. Improved epithelium-on CXL with improved photoenhancer permeation and supplemental oxygen has demonstrated effective cross-linking in two phase 3 trials.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The study aims to evaluate the effect of supplemental oxygen during epithelium-on CXL in an <i>ex vivo</i> animal study mirroring the clinical CXL procedure, using an in-house built optical coherence elastography (OCE) system that measures biomechanical changes (stiffness) in the cornea.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Epithelium-on CXL was performed on two groups of <i>ex vivo</i> rabbit eyes at a UV fluence of <math><mrow><mn>10</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>J</mi> <mo>/</mo> <msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math> and irradiance of <math><mrow><mn>30</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>mW</mi> <mo>/</mo> <msup><mi>cm</mi> <mn>2</mn></msup> </mrow> </math> . Eyes in Group 1 were treated under normoxic (ambient air, 21% oxygen) conditions, whereas eyes in Group 2 were treated under hyperoxic ( <math><mrow><mo>></mo> <mn>90</mn> <mo>%</mo></mrow> </math> oxygen) conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty eyes treated under hyperoxic conditions and pulsed illumination exhibited a statistically significant greater increase ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.0001</mn></mrow> </math> ) in shear modulus (81% larger increase), as a measure of stiffness, compared with eyes treated under normoxic conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results strongly suggest that the use of supplemental oxygen during epithelium-on CXL produces stronger inter-corneal collagen cross-links and greatly improves corneal stiffness, potentially lessening or preventing the risk of vision loss for patients with keratoconus.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"095002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy system using unmodified clinical laser fibers for tissue optical property recovery for photodynamic therapy treatment planning.","authors":"Md Nafiz Hannan, Timothy M Baran","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.097001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.097001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Estimation of tissue optical properties in workflow- and resource-constrained clinical settings is required to support photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment planning, yet large-scale clinical translation remains limited by spectroscopy probe cost, complexity, and the need for probe-specific inverse models. Single-fiber reflectance (SFR) spectroscopy offers a simple and low-cost option, but previous implementations relied on customized angle-polished fibers.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objective was to develop a proof-of-concept SFR spectroscopy system employing an unmodified, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical optical fiber for quantitative optical property extraction.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>A semi-empirical photon pathlength model was used to recover the absorption spectra <math> <mrow> <msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow> </msub> <mo>(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>)</mo></mrow> </math> and reduced scattering spectra <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>'</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <mo>(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>)</mo></mrow> </math> from tissue-mimicking phantoms containing methylene blue (MB) as the absorber and Intralipid-20% as the scatterer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Optical property retrieval from measurements acquired using three nominally identical fibers demonstrated clinically sufficient accuracy across fibers without requiring model adaptation. Across all fibers, MB concentration <math><mrow><mo>(</mo> <msub><mi>C</mi> <mrow><mi>MB</mi></mrow> </msub> <mo>)</mo></mrow> </math> was recovered with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.6 to <math><mrow><mn>0.7</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>M</mi></mrow> </math> ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.88</mn></mrow> </math> among fibers), while <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>'</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <mo>(</mo> <mn>665</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>nm</mi> <mo>)</mo></mrow> </math> was recovered with an RMSE of 1.5 to <math><mrow><mn>2.2</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn></mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math> ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.68</mn></mrow> </math> among fibers).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We demonstrate the potential of SFR spectroscopy using a standard clinical optical fiber as a scalable and clinically useful tool for tissue optical property estimation to support PDT treatment planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"097001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148880589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning-enhanced image reconstruction in optical tomography using the Monte Carlo method for light transport.","authors":"Jonna Kangasniemi, Meghdoot Mozumder, Andreas Hauptmann, Tanja Tarvainen","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>The Monte Carlo method for light transport is widely accepted as an accurate method for simulating light propagation in a scattering medium. Its use in optical tomography, however, suffers from inherent stochastic noise. This noise is present in both evaluations of the forward model, as well as in the search direction of the minimization algorithm used for image reconstruction.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to utilize machine learning to compensate for the stochastic Monte Carlo noise in the reconstruction of absorption and scattering in optical tomography.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>An iterative image reconstruction algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses convolutional neural networks in a stochastic Gauss-Newton update when estimating absorption and scattering coefficients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The methodology is evaluated using numerical simulations and compared against the conventional stochastic Gauss-Newton algorithm in optical tomography. It is demonstrated that the methodology can be used to compensate for image reconstruction artifacts caused by the stochastic noise.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed machine learning approach can be used to compensate for stochastic noise in Gauss-Newton iterations, and it enables reconstruction of absorption and scattering with a significantly lower number of photons than a conventional stochastic Gauss-Newton algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"096001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13533593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148874118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shining a light on brain tumors: a review of Raman spectroscopy in the operating room.","authors":"Samuel Cutfield, Katherine Ember, Clinton Turner, Jason Correia, Kevin Petrecca, Michel Nieuwoudt, Michael Dragunow, Claude Aguergaray, Frédéric Leblond","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.090901","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.090901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Maximizing brain tumor resection while preserving neurological function remains a neurosurgical challenge. Current intraoperative tools, including MRI, ultrasound, and frozen section, disrupt workflow and provide limited real-time molecular information.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This review synthesizes evidence for Raman spectroscopy as an intraoperative tool in glioma and brain metastasis surgery, comparing it against established alternatives and framing findings within a diagnostic hierarchy from analytic validity through clinical utility to outcome benefit.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Evidence is arranged by surgical setting: <i>in vivo</i> handheld fiber-optic probes and <i>ex vivo</i> platforms including Raman microscopy, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging, and visible resonance Raman.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>In vivo</i> multicenter studies report <math><mrow><mo>></mo> <mn>85</mn> <mo>%</mo></mrow> </math> per-measurement sensitivity and specificity for tumor versus normal classification, with nondestructive analysis in <math><mrow><mo>∼</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>s</mi></mrow> </math> . Molecular marker detection, including IDH mutation status, has been demonstrated predominantly <i>ex vivo</i>. <i>Ex vivo</i> SRS generates histology-quality images and can classify selected molecular alterations within <math><mrow><mo>∼</mo> <mn>90</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>s</mi></mrow> </math> , though this molecular capability is not clinically validated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While multicenter studies support the analytic validity of Raman-based tissue detection, clinical adoption requires prospective outcome trials, standardized acquisition protocols, and regulatory advancement.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"090901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13546084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148897388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberration correction and complementary beam subtraction in light-sheet fluorescence microscopy.","authors":"Yang Zhang, Ruiwen Yang, Xing Li, Dan Dan, Yanlong Yang, Yuzhu Liu, Runze Li, Jia Qian, Taiqiang Dai, Liang Kong, Xianghua Yu, Baoli Yao","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096501","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Scanning nondiffracting Bessel beams in light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) can expand the field of view (FOV), but side lobes of the Bessel beams produce the out-of-focus background and limit the axial resolution. Furthermore, optical aberrations degrade the image quality and affect the imaging depth.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compensate wavefront distortions and enhance the imaging performance in LSFM, we propose a method that combines the adaptive optics (AO) with the complementary beam subtraction (CBS) method in LSFM, referred as AO-CBS.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>In the AO-CBS method, the sensorless AO is employed to correct optical aberrations in LSFM, resulting in a notable enhancement of image contrast and signal intensity by 48%. Higher axial resolution is achieved by effectively removing the out-of-focus background through subtracting the two image stacks acquired by scanning the Bessel beam and its corresponding complementary beam.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final axial resolution is improved from <math><mrow><mn>2.13</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.18</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> to <math><mrow><mn>1.19</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.02</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> with AO-CBS methods. The effectiveness of AO-CBS in correcting aberrations is demonstrated through imaging of fluorescent beads, <i>Aspergillus</i> conidia, cleared mouse liver section, and other biological tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AO-CBS method effectively addresses key issues existing in traditional Bessel beam-based LSFM, including the sidelobe-induced out-of-focus background, the limited axial resolution, and the degraded image quality caused by optical aberrations. The successful application of this idea in LSFM can serve as a design strategy to enhance the light-sheet-based imaging systems, thereby promoting the development and the application of LSFM and providing more powerful tools for biomedical imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"096501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13597018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149025006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depth estimation from wavelength-dependent fluorescence spread profiles across NIR-I and NIR-II.","authors":"Dogancan Kuyel, Zhongmin Zhu, Brianna Hajek, Sinisha Stojanovski, Anamarija Jankulovska, Igorce Djikovski, Risto Colanceski, Imran Ferati, Natasha Toleska Dimitrovska, Ilir Vela, Despot Despotovski, Nexhati Jakupi, Darko Angjushev, Magdalena Bogdanovska Todorovska, Goran Kondov, Borislav Kondov, Fumihiro Kawano, Shuming Nie, Claudius Conrad, Viktor Gruev","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096004","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Wide-field fluorescence-guided imaging is inherently depth ambiguous. Multispectral imaging across NIR-I and NIR-II may encode depth because longer-wavelength fluorescence undergoes less diffuse broadening in tissue.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The study aims to determine whether wavelength-dependent radial spread profiles of subsurface indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence can be used to estimate depth from a single excitation wavelength.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>ICG phantoms (1 to <math><mrow><mn>50</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>M</mi></mrow> </math> ) were imaged through <i>ex vivo</i> chicken breast under 785 nm excitation using four emission bands spanning NIR-I and NIR-II. Radial spread profiles from high-dynamic-range images formed a multispectral dictionary, and depth was estimated with an inverse model evaluated leave-one-thickness-out across 2.2 to 6.0 mm under concentration-matched and concentration-randomized conditions, randomized exposure subsets, and spectral-band ablations, and compared with analytical and empirically calibrated scalar dual-emission fluorescence-ratio baselines of Leblond et al. Two ICG-localized sentinel lymph nodes from a breast cancer specimen were analyzed <i>ex vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Longer-wavelength channels produced more compact spread profiles, and full width at 20% peak intensity increased linearly with tissue thickness for all filters ( <math> <mrow> <msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.94</mn></mrow> </math> to 0.95). The NIR-II-only subset (940 and 1070 nm) yielded sub-millimeter root mean square error at every held-out thickness under both concentration conditions (0.32 to 0.66 mm), whereas the analytical and empirical scalar-ratio baselines yielded 1.58 to 5.24 and 1.13 to 2.74 mm. Clinical sentinel lymph nodes preserved the wavelength-dependent profile narrowing, with phantom-to-clinical normalized-width RMSE of 3.3% to 8.5%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Wavelength-dependent fluorescence spread profiles across NIR-I and NIR-II can encode depth information for subsurface ICG targets, providing a wide-field, single-fluorophore, single-excitation approach compatible with emerging multispectral surgical imaging platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"096004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13580399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative optical property mapping of the periocular region using spatial frequency domain imaging.","authors":"Lilangi S Ediriwickrema, Miranda B An, Stephanie D Kirk, John Abdelmalek, Divya Devineni, Shijun Sung, Katherine Chen, Kaylyn C Mattick, Fiza A Qureshi, Claire Malley, Jaylen M Lee, Danny Xie, Gordon T Kennedy, Bernard Choi, Anthony J Durkin","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.9.096005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Noninvasive characterization of periocular skin optical properties is critical for understanding tissue alterations associated with thyroid eye disease and other orbital adnexal pathologies. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) provides quantitative, <i>in vivo</i> assessment of tissue absorption and scattering, making it a promising tool for clinical evaluation of the periocular region. However, the complex curvature and height variations of orbital anatomy pose unique challenges that may affect measurement accuracy and reproducibility. This study evaluates the feasibility and repeatability of SFDI for periocular imaging in healthy subjects, establishing a foundation for future investigations of disease-related tissue changes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The study aims to establish normative SFDI-derived optical properties of periocular skin in the absence of cutaneous disease.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Twenty-five healthy participants were imaged using the Reflect RS™ SFDI system. Reduced scattering ( <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>'</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> ) and absorption ( <math> <mrow> <msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math> ) coefficients were quantified for predefined regions of interest (ROI): inferior temporal, inferior nasal, and forehead (control). A subset of seven subjects underwent imaging in both frontal and lateral orientations to evaluate the effect of acquisition angle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Normative ranges for <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>'</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> and <math> <mrow> <msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math> across periocular and forehead ROIs are reported. Imaging angle did not significantly affect optical property estimates. Across the cohort, <math> <mrow> <msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math> increased and <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>'</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> decreased with higher Fitzpatrick scores, consistent with prior literature. We observed that laterality and ROI appear to be significant when measuring optical properties. In addition, <math> <mrow> <msubsup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow> <mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>'</mo></mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </math> suggests a potential stepwise decline with advancing age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides the first quantitative characterization of normal periocular skin using SFDI across diverse skin types. Measurements were robust to acquisition angle but varied with pigmentation, underscoring the need to account for Fitzpatrick scores in clinical applications. Establishing normative data is essential for future studies involving periocular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 9","pages":"096005"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}