Journal of Biomedical Optics最新文献

{"title":"Label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging for rapid discrimination of high-grade prostate cancer in fresh biopsy cores: a feasibility study.","authors":"Julien Bec, Xiangnan Zhou, Yash Tipirneni, Shuai Chen, Jinyi Qi, Kenneth A Iczkowski, Marc Dall'Era, Laura Marcu","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Prostate biopsy remains the gold standard for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment planning. However, current techniques suffer from low cancer detection rates, with most biopsy cores sampling benign tissue, leading to undergrading and repeat procedures. Label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) offers a potential solution by enabling real-time discrimination between malignant and benign tissue during biopsy collection, potentially reducing both the number of cores required and the repeat biopsy rates.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This pilot study evaluates the feasibility of label-free FLIm for rapid discrimination of malignant from benign prostate tissue in freshly obtained core needle biopsies.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Twenty patients undergoing prostate biopsy were enrolled. FLIm measurements were performed immediately after sample collection ( <math><mrow><mo>∼</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>s</mi></mrow> </math> ) using a custom fiber-optic probe. For each point measurement, FLIm parameters from four spectral bands associated with the emission of distinct endogenous fluorophores including structural proteins and metabolic cofactors (e.g., NADH and FAD) were entered in the analysis. Each FLIm point measurement was labeled based on histological annotation. These data were analyzed to characterize tissue-type differences and to train and evaluate support vector machine (SVM) classifiers for malignancy detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Separation between benign tissue and Gleason pattern <math><mrow><mo>≥</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>PCa</mi></mrow> </math> can already be observed using just 2 out of 56 FLIm-derived parameters. The SVM classifier, using all parameters, achieved a receiver operating characteristic of 0.88 for identifying Gleason pattern 4 PCa. A shorter lifetime value observed in the NADH-associated band was observed for Gleason pattern 4 PCa relative to benign tissue, consistent with increased free NADH from upregulated glycolysis, supporting the biochemical basis for optical differentiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FLIm demonstrates strong potential for identifying high-grade PCa. Because measurements were performed using a single fiber optic, this approach can be readily integrated into standard prostate biopsy devices to enable FLIm-guided and real-time tissue characterization during the biopsy procedure and to inform targeted tissue collection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"036001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12950611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147348204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved 3D image reconstruction via deep-learning-based fusion of light-field microscopy and Fourier light-field microscopy images.","authors":"Er Ouyang, Liang Liang, Xuhui Zhou, Lin Zhao, Hui Fang","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Light-field microscopy (LFM) is a scanning-free 3D imaging technique that is useful for observing dynamic biological systems due to its unique capability to capture both spatial and angular information from samples in a single exposure. However, LFM suffers from the spatial-angular information trade-off associated with microlens arrays, and its spatial resolution is usually unsatisfactory for fine-structure imaging.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To overcome this bottleneck, we introduce a deep-learning-based image fusion technique that combines LFM images with Fourier LFM (FLFM) images. The high spatial resolution of FLFM is combined with the dense angular acquisition capability of LFM to improve 3D image reconstruction quality.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>The deep learning network was trained with LFM, FLFM, and epipolar plane image data. The proposed neural network employs specialized feature extraction modules for each modality, with a U-Net backbone for 3D reconstruction, and integrates a hierarchical cascade-based result-level fusion strategy to jointly optimize multimodal features. This approach significantly enhances detail preservation and depth recovery in the final output.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results obtained using a publicly available dataset of synthetic tubulins demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques. Quantitatively, it achieved a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 38.4729 and a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.9876, significantly outperforming both traditional algorithms and single-modality deep learning approaches. Furthermore, validation on a mouse brain blood vessels dataset confirms the effectiveness of the method in reconstructing biological structures, achieving a PSNR of 35.0548 and an SSIM of 0.8424.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We introduce an approach that combines LFM with FLFM, providing an efficient and reliable solution for practical LFM applications. The deep-learning-based framework demonstrates significant potential to simultaneously accelerate imaging acquisition and enhance 3D reconstruction quality, offering further possibilities for computational microscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"036002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12955040/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a high-resolution hyperspectral imaging system for the retina.","authors":"Minh H Tran, Kelden Pruitt, Michelle Bryarly, Isioma Emordi, Arrsh Ali, Ling Ma, Baowei Fei","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Early detection of Alzheimer's diseases, diabetic retinopathy, or macular degeneration with advanced retinal imaging technologies can help improve patient care and treatment outcome.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to create a high-resolution hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system for the retina. Retinal vessel diameter and oxygenation rate will be extracted simultaneously from HSI data.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Our hyperspectral retinal imaging system consists of a snapshot hyperspectral camera, a high-resolution RGB camera, a beamsplitter, and an imaging endoscope. Multiple pansharpening algorithms, including deep learning methods, were developed to generate high-resolution hyperspectral images that were further used for the measurement of vessel size and oxygenation rate in mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hyperspectral retinal imaging system was tested for its spatial resolution and spectral fidelity in retina phantoms. <i>In vivo</i> imaging experiments were performed in mice. The deep learning-based pansharpening algorithm achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of <math><mrow><mn>2.15</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.64</mn></mrow> </math> , a correlation coefficient (CC) of <math><mrow><mn>0.96</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.05</mn></mrow> </math> , a spectral angle score of <math><mrow><mn>0.06</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.03</mn></mrow> </math> radians, and an error relative global dimensionless synthesis (ERGAS) score of <math><mrow><mn>2.37</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.71</mn></mrow> </math> . Oxygen saturation ( <math> <mrow><msub><mi>sO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> ) and lumen diameters of blood vessels were measured in the retina. The average lumen diameter of the venules was <math><mrow><mn>45.7</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>13.6</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> , whereas the average lumen diameter of the arterioles was <math><mrow><mn>31.5</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>8.7</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> . The average arteriole <math> <mrow><msub><mi>sO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> was 98%, whereas the average venule <math> <mrow><msub><mi>sO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> was 58%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A high-resolution hyperspectral imaging system was developed and validated for retina imaging and measurement of blood vessels and oxygen saturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"036006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniature 3D-printed rod-like refractive objective for endoscopic applications.","authors":"Kevin Beckford, Yicheng Ma, Jinyun Liu, Tomasz S Tkaczyk","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036003","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance: &lt;/strong&gt;The three-dimensional (3D)-printed refractive rod objective for endoscopy preserves the compact, gradient index (GRIN)-like format while delivering a wide field of view (FOV) comparable to its diameter and larger than that of a commercial GRIN lens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim: &lt;/strong&gt;We focus on the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a proof-of-concept refractive rod objective for fluorescence imaging of mouse colon tissue, with performance compared with a commercial GRIN lens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approach: &lt;/strong&gt;A 1× magnification refractive rod-like objective was designed in Zemax OpticStudio and fabricated using two-photon polymerization additive manufacturing. The objective consists of a sequence of convex refractive surfaces printed in contact at their vertices, with refractive index contrast provided by partially or non-polymerized resin contained within an enclosing wall. The lens has a diameter of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;500&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;  &lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; with a clear aperture of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;470&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;  &lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , a total length of 2.06 mm, and a working distance of 1.6 mm and was optimized for a numerical aperture of 0.075 and a &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;500&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;-&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; design field at 525-nm light. Three photopolymer resins (IP-S, IP-Visio, and IPX-Clear) were evaluated through excitation-emission matrix measurements to assess autofluorescence. By imaging group 7, element 6 of a 1951 United States Air Force (USAF) resolution target, the field was assessed by plot profile and modulation transfer function measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The fabricated objective resolved group 7, element 6 of a USAF resolution target ( &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4.38&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;  &lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ), closely matching the theoretical diffraction-limited resolution of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4.27&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;  &lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; . Compared with a commercial &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;600&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;-&lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; -diameter GRIN lens, the 3D-printed objective achieved a substantially larger FOV (498 versus &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;188&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mtext&gt;  &lt;/mtext&gt; &lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ). Spectral characterization showed that IP-Visio exhibited the lowest autofluorescence under 455-nm excitation when unpolymerized resin was present. Using an IP-Visio objective, fluorescence images of proflavine-stained mouse colon tissue were successfully acquired.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The demonstrated refractive rod-like objective combines the compact geometry of a GRIN lens with the aberration correction capability of multi-element refractive optics, enabling uniform resolution across a large FOV. The approach also allows material selection tailored to fluorescence imaging requirements. Future work will focus on integration with fiber bundles an","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"036003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12975134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re: Tyagi comments on \"<i>In situ</i> observation of urothelial responses to NaCl-induced osmotic stress using optical coherence tomography\".","authors":"Hui Wang, Hui Zhu","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.039702","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.039702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The letter responds to the comments from P. Tyagi in the same issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"039702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12950897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147348230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding elastin-collagen resemblance in keloid scar through label-free imaging and machine learning.","authors":"Chuncheng Wang, Jia Meng, Lingxi Zhou, Lingmei Chen, Shuhao Qian, Rushan Jiang, Changyong Chen, Lu Yang, Lu Chen, Wei Zhou, Zhihua Ding, Shuangmu Zhuo, Zhiyi Liu","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Label-free imaging of keloid scar tissues and inter-channel characterization of fibrous structures provide insights for understanding the process of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during human skin aberrant wound healing.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Multiphoton microscopy imaging is used for <i>ex vivo</i> human skin samples, based on endogenous signals of elastin and collagen fibers, and an algorithm is designed to quantify the resemblance in morphology and structure between the two fiber components.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Based on two-photon excitation fluorescence images of elastin fibers and second harmonic generation images of collagen fibers in normal, keloid, and adjacent skin samples, a parameter termed \"resemblance metric\" (RM) is developed to quantify the morphological and organizational similarity of the two fiber components within the human keloid scar model. The application potential of this method is demonstrated by identifying inter-heterotypic-fibrous resemblance features of three tissue types with high sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Keloid scar tissues exhibit the highest elastin-collagen resemblance level, and adjacent tissues are the most heterogeneous. Using this parameter, adjacent tissues are identified with an accuracy higher than 98%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high sensitivity of RM in interpreting the elastin-collagen resemblance within the human keloid scar model reveals a perspective in understanding the mechanism of ECM remodeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"036005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical hyperspectral imaging: an updated review of technology advancements and biomedical applications.","authors":"Minh H Tran, Ling Ma, Mandy Yuan, Baowei Fei","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.030901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.030901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an advanced spectral imaging technique that captures spatial and spectral information across numerous wavelength bands. This capability allows tissue characterization, disease detection and diagnosis, surgical guidance, and digital histopathology, making it an increasingly valuable tool with wide biological and medical applications.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to provide readers with (1) an understanding of the principles and technological advancements in HSI, (2) a comprehensive overview of HSI data processing and analysis methods, and (3) an updated survey of biomedical applications, from disease detection, intraoperative imaging, to histopathology.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with the keyword \"hyperspectral imaging.\" We previously published a comprehensive review paper on medical HSI in 2014, which was widely cited in the field. Therefore, this updated review focused on new technology advancements and emerging applications. Based on their biological and medical relevance, 612 HSI papers were included and analyzed in this review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Recent advances in HSI span both hardware and computational techniques, including improvements in sensor technology, data processing and analysis, short-wave near-infrared imaging, and deep-learning and AI tools. HSI is actively explored for various applications in oncology, neurology, ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, gastroenterology, hepatology, wound care, endocrinology, dentistry, infectious disease, plastic and reconstructive surgery, general surgery, intraoperative guidance, histopathology, microbiology, nanopathology, and pharmacology.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HSI has become an emerging imaging modality in biomedical research and clinical settings. Continued advancements in hardware miniaturization, computational efficiency, and clinical validation will further solidify the role of next-generation HSI in biomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"030901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147498834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating mesh-based Monte Carlo simulations using contemporary graphics ray-tracing hardware.","authors":"Shijie Yan, Douglas Dwyer, David R Kaeli, Qianqian Fang","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.035002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.035002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Monte Carlo (MC) methods are the gold standard for modeling light-tissue interactions due to their accuracy. Mesh-based MC (MMC) offers enhanced precision for complex tissue structures using tetrahedral mesh models. Despite significant speedups achieved on graphics processing units (GPUs), MMC performance remains hindered by the computational cost of frequent ray-boundary intersection tests.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We propose a highly accelerated MMC algorithm, RT-MMC, which leverages the hardware-accelerated ray traversal and intersection capabilities of ray-tracing cores (RT-cores) on modern GPUs.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Implemented using NVIDIA's OptiX platform, RT-MMC extends graphics ray-tracing pipelines toward volumetric ray-tracing in turbid media, eliminating the need for challenging tetrahedral mesh generation while delivering significant speed improvements through hardware acceleration. It also intrinsically supports wide-field sources without complex mesh retessellation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RT-MMC demonstrates excellent agreement with traditional software-ray-tracing MMC algorithms while achieving 1.5× to 4.5× speedups across multiple GPU architectures. These performance gains significantly enhance the practicality of MMC for routine simulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Migration from software- to hardware-based ray tracing not only greatly simplifies MMC simulation workflows but also results in significant speedups that are expected to increase further as ray-tracing hardware rapidly gains adoption. Adoption of graphics ray-tracing pipelines in quantitative MMC simulations enables leveraging of emerging hardware resources and benefits a wide range of biophotonics applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 3","pages":"035002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12999973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147498769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative photoacoustic tomography of skin vasculature predicts subcutaneous implant exposure.","authors":"Anthony M Yu, Xinyue Huang, Samuel M A Morais, Jeong Hun Park, David A Zopf, Scott J Hollister, Stanislav Emelianov","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.2.026005","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.2.026005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Craniofacial implants are prone to skin necrosis and exposure, likely due to implant-induced stress and ischemia. However, this relationship has not been quantitatively validated. Identifying an imaging biomarker of skin vascular health could confirm this mechanism and help predict skin failure to mitigate implant complications.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) was used to monitor changes in the skin vasculature surrounding subcutaneous implants with the goal of obtaining a quantitative metric predictive of implant exposure.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Three designs of 3D-printed porous polycaprolactone (PCL) constructs-unimodal block, bimodal block, and unimodal dome-were implanted in 16 hairless mice. PAT was performed biweekly for 16 weeks, and a skeletonization algorithm was applied to quantify vascular density in skin overlying the implants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mice that developed implant exposure ( <math><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn></mrow> </math> ) exhibited a progressive decline in vascular density beginning 6 weeks before visible exposure, whereas nonexposed mice ( <math><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn></mrow> </math> ) remained stable. Group differences were significant 4 weeks ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.031</mn></mrow> </math> ) and 2 weeks ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.001</mn></mrow> </math> ) before exposure onset.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings establish a quantitative temporal relationship between vascular ischemia and implant exposure. PAT-derived vascular density serves as a predictive biomarker of skin failure, which can be used to enable interventional treatment and improve implant designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 2","pages":"026005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12940092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cause, effect, and remediation of melanin-associated bias in pulse oximetry.","authors":"Kevin J Benner, Neha N Goel, Mark S Rea","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.2.028002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.31.2.028002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Black patients are at greater risk than White patients for occult hypoxemia due to a melanin-associated bias in <math> <mrow> <msub><mrow><mi>SpO</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math> readings from commercially available pulse oximeters that employ polychromatic light sources.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to demonstrate how melanin-associated inaccuracies in commercially available pulse oximeters increase the likelihood of occult hypoxemia for all patients and how monochromatic light sources could minimize melanin-associated occult hypoxemia.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Published values of mean error ( <math><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow> </math> <math><mrow><mo>[</mo> <msub><mi>SpO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub><mi>SaO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>]</mo></mrow> </math> ) and uncertainty (SD <math><mrow><mo>[</mo> <msub><mi>SpO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub><mi>SaO</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>]</mo></mrow> </math> ) for Black and White patients were used to analytically model the risk of occult hypoxemia. Mean errors and uncertainties were also estimated for hypothetical patients with no skin melanin, which are directly comparable to values for pulse oximeters employing monochromatic light sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analytically predicted risk of occult hypoxemia for Black patients relative to White patients was 2.1, consistent with published empirical findings. Oximeters unaffected by melanin in the skin would have smaller mean errors and uncertainties than current oximeters, significantly reducing the risk of occult hypoxemia in both Black patients (83% reduction) and White patients (65% reduction).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Because everyone has melanin in their skin, the use of monochromatic light sources in pulse oximeters could significantly reduce the risk of occult hypoxemia for everyone.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"31 2","pages":"028002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12945331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}