Journal of Biomedical Optics最新文献

{"title":"Optical coherence tomography needle probe for real-time visualization of temperature-induced phase changes within subcutaneous fatty tissue.","authors":"Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt, Michael Wang-Evers, Naja Meyer-Schell, Daniel Karasik, Malte J Casper, Tim Eixmann, Felix Hilge, Reginald Birngruber, Dieter Manstein, Gereon Hüttmann","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.035002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.035002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Significance</b>: Selective cryolipolysis is a widely used aesthetic procedure that cools subcutaneous adipose tissue to temperatures as low as <math><mrow><mo>-</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mo>°</mo> <mi>C</mi></mrow> </math> to induce fat cell destruction. However, real-time monitoring techniques are lacking, limiting the ability to optimize safety and efficacy. Traditional imaging methods either fail to provide adequate penetration depth or lack the resolution necessary for visualizing subcutaneous fatty tissue dynamics. <b>Aim</b>: This paper aims to demonstrate that an optical coherence tomography (OCT) needle probe can be used for real-time observation of temperature-induced changes in subcutaneous fatty tissue, potentially enhancing the assessment and optimization of cryolipolysis procedures. <b>Approach</b>: We developed a side-viewing OCT-based needle probe designed for subcutaneous imaging. The probe consists of a fiber-optic system encased in a transparent, biocompatible polymer catheter with an outer diameter of <math><mrow><mn>900</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> . A 49-degree angled fiber enables imaging, while a piezoelectric scanning system moves the fiber transversely within the catheter. The probe achieves a lateral resolution of <math><mrow><mo><</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> , a working distance of <math><mrow><mn>600</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi></mrow> </math> , and a lateral field of view dictated by the scanning system length. OCT imaging was performed on porcine skin with a subcutaneous fat layer >3 cm thick during controlled heating and cooling. <b>Results</b>: OCT imaging revealed increased optical scattering in subcutaneous fatty tissue during cooling, corresponding to the phase transition from liquid to solid. This effect was reversible upon warming, indicating that OCT can dynamically monitor adipocyte crystallization in real time. The observed transition temperatures varied, likely due to differences in lipid composition. <b>Conclusions</b>: OCT-based needle imaging enables direct, high-resolution visualization of adipocyte crystallization, offering a potential tool for optimizing selective cryolipolysis treatments. This technology could improve safety and efficacy by providing real-time feedback on tissue response, facilitating a better understanding of the cooling-induced fat reduction process.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"035002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11895999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote sensing of alcohol consumption using machine learning speckle pattern analysis.","authors":"Doron Duadi, Avraham Yosovich, Marianna Beiderman, Sergey Agdarov, Nisan Ozana, Yevgeny Beiderman, Zeev Zalevsky","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.037001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.037001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Alcohol consumption monitoring is essential for forensic and healthcare applications. While breath and blood alcohol concentration sensors are currently the most common methods, there is a growing need for faster, non-invasive, and more efficient assessment techniques. The rationale for our binary classification relates to law enforcement applications in countries with strict limits on alcohol consumption such as China, which seeks to prevent driving with even the smallest amount of alcohol in the bloodstream.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We propose a remote optical technique for assessing alcohol consumption using speckle pattern analysis, enhanced by machine learning for binary classification. This method offers remote and fast alcohol consumption evaluation without requiring before and after comparisons.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Our experimental setup includes a laser directed toward the subject's radial artery, a camera capturing defocused speckle pattern images of the illuminated area, and a computer. Participants consumed alcohol and were tested periodically. We developed a machine learning classification model that performs automatic feature selection based on temporal analysis of the speckle patterns. The model was evaluated using various labeling schemes: classification with five labels, consolidation to three labels by merging similar labels, and three different binary classifications cases (\"Alcohol\" or \"No alcohol\").</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our classification models showed improving accuracy as we reduced the number of labels. The initial five-label model achieved 61% accuracy. When consolidated into three labels, the models achieved accuracies of 74% and 85% for the two cases. The binary classification models performed best, with model A achieving 91% accuracy and 97% specificity, model B achieving 83% accuracy, and model C achieving 88% accuracy with 99% sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our binary classification model C can successfully distinguish between pre- and post-alcohol consumption with high sensitivity and accuracy. This performance is particularly valuable for clinical and forensic applications, where minimizing false negatives is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"037001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-based therapy of infected wounds: a review of dose considerations for photodynamic microbial inactivation and photobiomodulation.","authors":"Nidhi Singh, Lothar Lilge","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.030901","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.030901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Chronic or surgical wound infections in healthcare remain a worldwide problem without satisfying options. Systemic or topical antibiotic use is an inadequate solution, given the increase in antimicrobial-resistant microbes. Hence, antibiotic-free alternatives are needed. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) has been shown to be effective in wound disinfection. Among the impediments to the wide utility of aPDI for wounds is the high variability in reported photosensitizer and light dose to be effective and unintentional detrimental impact on the wound closure rates. Additionally, the time required by the healthcare professional to deliver this therapy is excessive in the present form of delivery.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We reviewed the dose ranges for various photosensitizers required to achieve wound disinfection or sterilization while not unintentionally inhibiting wound closure through concomitant photobiomodulation (PBM) processes.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>To allow comparison of aPDI or PBM administered doses, we employ a unified dose concept based on the number of absorbed photons per unit volume by the photosensitizer or cytochrome C oxidase for aPDI and PBM, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One notes that for current aPDI protocols, the absorbed photons per unit volume for wound disinfection or sterilization can lead to inhibiting normal wound closure through PBM processes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Options to reduce the dose discrepancy between effective aPDI and PBM are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"030901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11803141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visible light polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with balanced detection.","authors":"Bahar Baradaran, Adam J Black, Sarah R Heilbronner, Taner Akkin","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036002","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>We introduce a visible-light polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system that operates in the spectral domain with balanced detection (BD) capability. While the BD improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the use of shorter wavelengths improves spatial resolution and birefringence sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to implement a new optical design, characterize its performance, and investigate the imaging potential for biological tissues.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>The design utilizes a unique interferometer and a custom spectrometer that captures four highly aligned spectra with a single area/multi-line camera. Each pair of spectral lines is highly aligned, and their subtraction yields balanced detected spectra of the PS-OCT channels. The resulting channels provide multiple imaging contrasts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We measured the axial resolution and quantified the BD performance within the imaging depth. We also used a variable retarder to characterize the phase retardance and optic axis orientation measurements. Imaging results demonstrate the expected improvements for biological tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We successfully implemented BD for a high-resolution visible-light PS-OCT. Improved SNR and birefringence sensitivity allow better delineation of birefringent structures in biological tissues. This opens up new opportunities in the biomedical imaging field, especially for resolving structures and fibers that exhibit birefringence.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"036002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11896081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive holographic sensor system for measuring stiffness of soft micro samples.","authors":"Hasan Berkay Abdioğlu, Yağmur Işık, Merve Sevgi, Ali Anil Demircali, Ufuk Gorkem Kirabali, Gokhan Bora Esmer, Huseyin Uvet","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Significance</b>: Measuring cell stiffness is essential in cellular biomechanics, particularly in understanding disease progression, including cancer metastasis and tissue mechanics. However, conventional techniques such as atomic force microscopy and optical stretching present limitations, including invasiveness, low throughput, and complex sample preparation. These factors restrict their applicability in dynamic and sensitive biological environments. <b>Aim</b>: This study introduces a noninvasive holographic sensor system for evaluating the stiffness of soft microscale samples. <b>Approach</b>: The proposed system integrates holographic imaging with acoustic stimulation using an off-axis Mach-Zehnder interferometer combined with bulk acoustic waves. This setup allows for label-free, high-throughput measurements while preserving sample integrity. The system was validated with polyacrylamide beads engineered to mimic cellular stiffness, ensuring precise and repeatable stiffness assessments. <b>Results</b>: Measurement errors caused by spatial variations were minimized through a structured imaging approach and a calibration strategy, improving uniformity across different regions. These corrections enhanced the consistency and reliability of stiffness assessments. Experimental validation demonstrated stable stiffness measurements regardless of sample size variations. Repeatability tests further confirmed the system's robustness, producing consistent results across multiple trials. <b>Conclusion</b>: The findings highlight the potential of this holographic sensor system in advancing cell biomechanics research, cancer diagnostics, and mechanobiology. By offering a noninvasive, high-throughput alternative for mechanical property assessments in biological samples, this method contributes to improved characterization of cellular stiffness in biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"036501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11907929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time multispectral imaging for intraoperative monitoring of coronary artery bypass graft patency.","authors":"Jens De Winne, Danilo Babin, Hiep Luong, Siri Luthman, Aleksandar M Milosavljević, Živojin Jonjev, Jan Hrubik, Lazar Velicki","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 16% of all deaths. A common treatment is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), though up to 12% of bypass grafts fail during surgery. Early detection of graft failure by intraoperative graft patency assessment could prevent severe complications.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to evaluate multispectral imaging (MSI) as a non-invasive, contrast-free method for assessing graft patency during CABG surgery.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>MSI was conducted at video rate during three CABG surgeries and two control surgeries. Two multispectral snapshot cameras captured images in the visible and near-infrared range. Tissue oxygenation and perfusion were derived using linear spectral unmixing and spectral indices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant increases in both oxygenation ( <math><mrow><mn>12.22</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>10.24</mn> <mo>%</mo></mrow> </math> , <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.001</mn></mrow> </math> ) and perfusion index ( <math><mrow><mn>4.50</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.79</mn></mrow> </math> , <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.001</mn></mrow> </math> ) were observed after CABG, with no significant changes in control surgeries (oxygenation: <math><mrow><mo>-</mo> <mn>0.36</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2.57</mn> <mo>%</mo></mrow> </math> , <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.041</mn></mrow> </math> ; perfusion: <math><mrow><mn>0.41</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.33</mn></mrow> </math> , <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.482</mn></mrow> </math> ). These findings demonstrate the ability of MSI to indicate graft patency, in which the bypass graft restores oxygen-rich blood flow.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MSI could offer a valuable tool for surgeons, helping to reduce the risk of graft failure and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"036001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based classification of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and autofluorescence spectra acquired on human skin for actinic keratoses and skin carcinoma diagnostics aid.","authors":"Valentin Kupriyanov, Walter Blondel, Christian Daul, Martin Hohmann, Grégoire Khairallah, Yury Kistenev, Marine Amouroux","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.035001","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.035001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>The incidence of keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs) is increasing every year, making the task of developing new methods for KC early diagnosis of utmost medical and economical importance.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aim to evaluate the KC diagnostic aid performance of an optical spectroscopy device associated with a machine-learning classification method.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We present the classification performance of autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance optical spectra obtained <i>in vivo</i> from 131 patients on four histological classes: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), actinic keratosis (AK), and healthy (H) skin. Classification accuracies obtained by support vector machine, discriminant analysis, and multilayer perceptron in binary- and multi-class modes were compared to define the best classification pipeline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The accuracy of binary classification tests was <math><mrow><mo>></mo> <mn>80</mn> <mo>%</mo></mrow> </math> to discriminate BCC or SCC from H. For AK versus other classes, the classification achieved a 65% to 75% accuracy. In multiclass (three or four classes) classification modes, accuracy reached 57%. Fusion of decisions increased classification accuracies (up to 10 percentage point-increase), proving the interest of multimodal spectroscopy compared with a single modality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Such levels of classification accuracy are promising as they are comparable to those obtained by general practitioners in KC screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"035001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of photodynamic therapy efficacy against <i>Escherichia coli</i>-<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilms using optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Valentin V Demidov, Matthew C Bond, Natalia Demidova, Ida Leah Gitajn, Carey D Nadell, Jonathan Thomas Elliott","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036003","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>In orthopedic trauma surgery, spatially structured biofilm ecosystems of bacteria that colonize orthopedic devices account for up to 65% of all healthcare infections, including tens of millions of people affected in the United States. These biofilm infections typically show increased resistance to antibiotics due to their structure and composition, which contributes significantly to treatment failure. Anti-biofilm approaches are needed together with clinically usable microscopic-resolution imaging techniques for treatment efficacy assessment.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms (chronic wound infections, dental biofilms, etc.) using photosensitizers excited with visible light to generate reactive oxygen species that can kill bacteria residing within pathogenic biofilms. We aim to assess the efficacy of this treatment for eradication of biofilms typically present on surfaces of orthopedic devices (e.g., intramedullary nails and osseointegrated prosthetic implants).</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>In the first phase reported here, we test aPDT <i>in vitro</i> by growing biofilms of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> bacteria (two of the seven most common pathogens found in orthopedic trauma patients) inside soft lithography-fabricated microfluidic devices. We treat these biofilms with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-based aPDT, evaluate treatment efficacy with optical coherence tomography, and compare with regular clinical antibiotic treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The antibacterial efficiency of 5-ALA-based aPDT showed nonlinear dependence on the photosensitizer concentration and the light power density, with low parameters ( <math><mrow><mn>30</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>J</mi> <mo>/</mo> <msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math> light dose, <math><mrow><mn>100</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>mg</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>mL</mi></mrow> </math> 5-ALA concentration) being significantly more effective than antibiotic-treated groups ( <math><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.01</mn></mrow> </math> ), reaching 99.98% of bacteria killed at <math><mrow><mn>150</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>J</mi> <mo>/</mo> <msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math> light dose and <math><mrow><mn>200</mn> <mtext>  </mtext> <mi>mg</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>mL</mi></mrow> </math> 5-ALA concentration setting.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Performed experiments enable the translation of this portable treatment/imaging platform to the second phase of the study: aPDT treatment response assessment of biofilms grown on orthopedic hardware.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"036003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small intestinal bleeding prediction by spectral reconstruction through band selection.","authors":"Hsin-Yu Kuo, Riya Karmakar, Arvind Mukundan, Chu-Kuang Chou, Tsung-Hsien Chen, Chien-Wei Huang, Kai-Yao Yang, Hsiang-Chen Wang","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.30.3.036004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>The identification of gastrointestinal bleeding holds significant importance in wireless capsule endoscopy examinations, primarily because bleeding is the most prevalent anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, gastrointestinal bleeding serves as a crucial indicator or manifestation of various other gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcers, polyps, tumors, and Crohn's disease. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be classified into two categories: active bleeding, which refers to the presence of continuing bleeding, and inactive bleeding, which can potentially manifest in any region of the gastrointestinal system. Currently, medical professionals diagnose gastrointestinal bleeding mostly by examining complete wireless capsule endoscopy images. This approach is known to be demanding in terms of labor and time.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This research used white-light images (WLIs) obtained from 100 patients using the PillCam™ SB 3 capsule endoscope to identify and label the areas of bleeding seen in the WLIs.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>A total of 152 photographs depicting bleeding and 182 images depicting non-bleeding were selected for analysis. In addition, hyperspectral imaging was used to transform WLI into hyperspectral images using spectral reconstruction through band selection. These images were then categorized into WLIs and hyperspectral images. The training set consisted of seven datasets, each including six spectra. These datasets were used to train the Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG-16) model, which was developed using a convolutional neural network. Subsequently, the model was tested, and its diagnostic accuracy was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The accuracy rates for the respective measures are 83.1%, 65.8%, 66.2%, 72.2%, 73.7%, and 88%. The respective precision values are 78.5%, 47.5%, 30.6%, 59.5%, 77.7%, and 80.2%. The recall rates for the relevant data points are 83.3%, 67.9%, 86%, 74.2%, 68.6%, and 92.4%. The initial dataset comprises an image captured under white-light conditions, whereas the final dataset is the most refined spectral picture data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that employing spectral imaging within the wavelength range of 405 to 415 nm can enhance the accuracy of detecting small intestinal bleeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 3","pages":"036004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiftieth anniversary of fiber optic-based fluorometry of brain mitochondrial NADH redox state monitored <i>in vivo</i>.","authors":"Avraham Mayevsky","doi":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.S2.S23902","DOIUrl":"10.1117/1.JBO.30.S2.S23902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>It is well known and accepted that the normal mitochondrial function in all cells in any organism is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The development of <i>in vivo</i> technology to monitor mitochondrial function using nicotine-amide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence started in the early 1950s. Until the early 1970s, the technology used for the light transfer between the light source and the monitored tissue as well as the detection system was very rigid and complicated. Monitoring of mitochondrial NADH redox states <i>in vivo</i> using the fluorescence approach could use a few techniques to transmit the light between the fluorometer and the monitored tissue.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>I describe the introduction of optical fibers as a tool to illuminate the monitored tissue as well as the light emitted from the tissue. I also present the advantages of using optical fibers.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>I describe in detail the introduction of ultraviolet (UV) transmitting optical fibers into the NADH monitoring system using various experimental protocols. The contact between the fiber optic probe and the monitored brain tissue was done by a special cannula cemented to the skull after removing a disk of bone in the parietal bone of the skull. In the same brain cannula, stainless steel electrodes, for electrocortical activity monitoring, were embedded in the wall of the light guide holder. The light guide holder was cemented to the skull by dental acrylic cement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the fiber optic probe to monitor NADH fluorescence together with microcirculatory blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmeter provided the new very unique types of results not published before.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The introduction of UV-transmitting optical fibers, 50 years ago, to monitor tissue mitochondrial redox state opened up a new era in understanding the energy metabolism of tissues under <i>in vivo</i> conditions and in real time.</p>","PeriodicalId":15264,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical Optics","volume":"30 Suppl 2","pages":"S23902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11836542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}