Gizem İğdeli, Laura Fritzen, Claus U Pietrzik, Binnur Aydogan Temel
{"title":"Folic acid-conjugated amphiphilic copolymers for the enhanced delivery of donepezil: synthesis, characterization and blood-brain barrier permeability in a co-culture model.","authors":"Gizem İğdeli, Laura Fritzen, Claus U Pietrzik, Binnur Aydogan Temel","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486863","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with limited therapeutic options, largely due to challenges in delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we synthesized folic acid (FA) conjugated amphiphilic copolymers <i>via</i> reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to enhance the targeted delivery of donepezil (DZP) to the brain. The copolymers were self-assembled into micelles and extensively characterized for their size, zeta potential, and stability using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The micelles were further evaluated for their ability to cross an <i>in vitro</i> BBB model and their cellular uptake by brain endothelial cells. FA conjugation was employed to exploit the folate receptor-mediated transport mechanism, which has shown potential for improving drug delivery across the BBB. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using FA functionalized micelles as a targeted delivery system, offering potential advancements in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1882-1897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional hydrogels for accelerated wound healing: advances in conductive hydrogels and self-powered electrical stimulation.","authors":"Junyi Zhu, Zesheng Chen, Binghai Dong","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486858","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared to traditional dressings, hydrogel dressings not only protect the wound surface and prevent bacterial infection but also possess excellent moisturizing properties, which can provide an optimal moist environment for wound healing, and exhibit good biocompatibility, making them considered the best wound treatment materials. This review focuses on the research status and application progress of various functional hydrogel dressings, such as hemostatic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and conductive hydrogels. It proposes the combination of conductive hydrogels with flexible solar cells to form self-powered devices. Compared to traditional externally powered devices, this approach can reduce carbon footprints by utilizing clean energy, aligning with carbon neutrality policy requirements. Additionally, it eliminates the need for frequent battery replacement or power connections, effectively saving labor and operational costs. Self-powered devices can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is conducted to the wound site through hydrogels, generating continuous electrical stimulation (ES). This electrical stimulation guides the directional migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts toward the center of the wound; activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to accelerate the cell cycle process, and upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, thereby inducing endothelial cell proliferation and lumen formation. These multiple mechanisms work synergistically to promote wound healing. Finally, the review provides an outlook on the emergence and applications of multifunctional hydrogels and stimuli-responsive hydrogels, highlighting common challenges in the future development of hydrogels, such as weak mechanical strength and poor long-term stability, as well as feasible solutions to these issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1898-1929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of a new bio-inspired low molecular weight inorganic-organic hybrid resin with tunable properties and multifunctionality for in situ polymerization.","authors":"C Vibha, Gijo Raj, Susan Mani, P P Lizymol","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486861","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthesis and characterization of a new bio-inspired low molecular weight inorganic-organic hybrid polymer with tunable properties and multifunctionality for <i>in situ</i> polymerization and cross linking. The hybrid bioactive polymer was synthesized through modified sol-gel method using 3- trimethoxy silyl propyl methacrylate as the precursor. The new polymer was characterized using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR), Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (<sup>13</sup>C- NMR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for confirming the existence of inorganic as well as organic entities in the material. The volumetric shrinkage and bioactivity of the newly synthesized polymer was analyzed using Micro Computed Tomography (µ-CT) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The excellent bioactivity with low polymerization shrinkage compared to the conventional resin used in biomedical applications, makes the new bio-inspired inorganic-organic hybrid bioactive polymer a potential resin matrix for the development of dental composites, bone cements and for coating applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1871-1881"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Mathes, Letícia Bueno Macedo, Taís Baldissera Pieta, Bianca Costa Maia, Clarice M Bueno Rolim, Daniele Rubert Nogueira-Librelotto
{"title":"The role of polymer type and surfactant composition on the toxicological profile of nanoparticles: an <i>in vitro</i> comparative study.","authors":"Daniela Mathes, Letícia Bueno Macedo, Taís Baldissera Pieta, Bianca Costa Maia, Clarice M Bueno Rolim, Daniele Rubert Nogueira-Librelotto","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486860","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology is expanding rapidly, leading to the continual development of new applications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the effects of nanoparticles (NPs) and their components to develop more efficient formulations with greater potential applications. Here, we evaluated the influence of polymer and surfactant composition on NP toxicity. Our results revealed significant variations in toxicity based on NP composition. The type of polymer used to prepare the NPs affects their properties, especially in terms of cell tolerance. Notably, cell viability ranged from 6% to 100% depending on the NPs' composition. In general, NPs based on Eudragit<sup>®</sup> RL 100 exhibited greater cytotoxicity and hemolysis rates than those based on PCL, PLGA, and chitosan. This highlights the critical role of polymer selection in determining toxicity. Additionally, including Span 80<sup>®</sup> in the NP matrix amplified its toxic effects, which emphasizes the importance of surfactant choice in NP design. Both nanospheres and nanocapsules based on the same polymer displayed comparable toxicological profiles. Although smaller NPs exhibited higher toxicity, a direct correlation between size and toxicity could not be established, since the increased toxicity of smaller NPs was primarily attributed to the presence of Span 80<sup>®</sup> in the composition. Finally, all formulations, except the nanospheres based on Eudragit<sup>®</sup> RL 100, maintained colloidal stability in a protein-rich environment, indicating that no secondary structures were formed. Therefore, our data suggest that NP constituents can critically contribute to its toxicity, highlighting the importance of toxicological and safety studies to better understand the effects of nanoformulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1853-1870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cansun Arıkan, Merve Çalışır, Muhammed Erkek, Adil Denizli, Nilay Bereli
{"title":"Design and characterization of nasal release system using ritonavir-imprinted pHEMA nanoparticles.","authors":"Cansun Arıkan, Merve Çalışır, Muhammed Erkek, Adil Denizli, Nilay Bereli","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486857","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exceptional ability of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to recognize specific molecular structures has recently facilitated their use in biomedical applications, including drug release. Controlled nasal drug release techniques effectively target specific tissues with optimal doses, timing, and location for therapeutic effects. This approach is advantageous due to the slightly acidic pH and low enzymatic activity in this region. MIPs are employed in these areas to enhance specificity and efficacy in drug release systems. This study aims to design an effective controlled nasal drug release system by imprinting the antiretroviral drug Ritonavir (RTV) onto pHEMA-based molecularly imprinted nanoparticles. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), zeta-size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the nanoparticles, verifying their spherical shape, content and consistent size distribution. Zeta-size analysis revealed that RTV-imprinted p(HEMA-MATrp) nanoparticles had an average size of 88.46 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.279. The MIP nanoparticles possessed a specific surface area of 628.34 m<sup>2</sup>/g. <i>In vitro</i> release studies showed controlled release behavior of RTV-loaded nanoparticles, fitting the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. At 2.0 mg/mL, 71% cumulative release was observed after 10 h. The cumulative release of the was lowest at pH 4.0 (26%) and highest at pH 7.4 (32%) for 1.0 mg/mL loaded p(HEMA-MATrp) nanoparticles. MTT cytotoxicity tests on L929 cells indicated reduced cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. These results suggest RTV-imprinted p(HEMA-MATrp) nanoparticles as an effective drug release system for antiretroviral therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1811-1826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danna V Hernandez-Urquizo, Jesús A Claudio Rizo, Denis A Cabrera-Munguía, Martín Caldera-Villalobos, Maria I León-Campos, Francisco J Enríquez-Medrano, Luis Ernesto Elizalde-Herrera
{"title":"Antibacterial collagen-guar gum hydrogels with zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67): an innovative platform for advanced wound healing.","authors":"Danna V Hernandez-Urquizo, Jesús A Claudio Rizo, Denis A Cabrera-Munguía, Martín Caldera-Villalobos, Maria I León-Campos, Francisco J Enríquez-Medrano, Luis Ernesto Elizalde-Herrera","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486859","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current challenge in developing wound healing dressings lies in achieving antibacterial effects while avoiding cytotoxicity to cells that are crucial for the healing process. Addressing this challenge, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67), a cobalt-containing metal-organic framework (MOF), has emerged as a promising additive due to cobalt's broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. This study developed semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogels by incorporating 1-3 wt.% ZIF-67 into collagen-guar gum matrices, resulting in biocomposites with tunable structural and functional properties. These biocomposites exhibit a fibrillar-granular morphology, uniform cobalt ion distribution on a semi-crystalline surface, and strong antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</i>. At 3 wt.%, ZIF-67 accelerates gelation, strengthens crosslinking interactions, and enhances the storage modulus, thermal stability, and hydrolytic resistance of the hydrogels. Furthermore, biocomposites with 1 wt.% ZIF-67 also function as <i>in-situ</i> curcumin delivery systems, offering controlled release under physiological conditions and significant biodegradation in the presence of collagenase. <i>In vitro</i> tests demonstrate that the chemical composition of these hydrogels, regardless of ZIF-67 content, effectively supports monocyte and fibroblast metabolic activity, promotes cell proliferation, and increases interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion by human monocytes. Additionally, the absence of hemolytic effects in human blood further underscores the safety and suitability of these hydrogel biocomposites for advanced wound treatment applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1827-1852"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fabrication, characterization and in vitro evaluation of PCL/PVA nanofibers loaded with docetaxel in breast cancer cells.","authors":"Zeynab Zamanzade, Shohreh Fahimirad, Maryam Darvish","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2551922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2025.2551922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer ranks as the second highest cause of mortality among women, and docetaxel (DTX) is a potent anticancer agent whose therapeutic effects can be optimized using nanofibers (NFs)-based drug delivery systems (DDSs). In this study, DTX-loaded NFs were fabricated using polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) <i>via</i> electrospinning. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed smooth, bead-free morphology with random fiber orientation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful DTX loading. <i>In vitro</i> drug release assays revealed an initial burst release of approximately 72% within the first 24 h, followed by sustained release over 4 days, resulting in a total of 90% drug release over 7 days. Cytotoxicity studies showed DTX-NFs induced a significant reduction in MCF-7 cell viability, with a 60% decrease in cell viability compared to the control group and a 40% increase compared to free DTX at the same concentration after 24 h. DTX-NFs reduced cell migration by 45% and colony formation decreased by 50% compared to the free DTX treatment. In conclusion, DTX-loaded PCL/PVA NFs demonstrated promising anticancer efficacy, sustained drug release and reduced migration and colony formation in MCF-7 cells, making them a potential strategy for postoperative local chemotherapy and prevention of breast cancer recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biocompatibility and bioactivity of gelatin hydrogel sponges incorporating bioactive glasses capable of controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor.","authors":"Ayako Washio, Olivia Kérourédan, Chiaki Kitamura, Yasuhiko Tabata","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2544947","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2544947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the <i>in vivo</i> biocompatibility and bioactivity of gelatin hydrogel sponges incorporating bioactive glasses (BG), with or without impregnation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), as a potential scaffold for dentin-pulp complex regeneration. H.E. staining showed inflammatory cell infiltration in gelatin hydrogel sponges not incorporating BG (Gel-BG(0)) at 1 week, with blood vessels in the bFGF group (Gel-BG(0)-bFGF). Gelatin hydrogel sponges incorporating 10 wt% BG (Gel-BG(10)) and 50 wt% BG (Gel-BG(50)) retained their structure without inflammation. At 2 weeks, Gel-BG(0)-bFGF was no longer present, while Gel-BG(10) and Gel-BG(50) showed fragmentation and fibroblast infiltration. At 6 weeks, extracellular matrix-like structures were observed in Gel-BG(10) and Gel-BG(50). Masson's trichrome staining confirmed collagen deposition, and von Kossa staining revealed calcification. SEM-EDX analysis demonstrated Ca and P deposition throughout the implanted Gel-BG(10) and Gel-BG(50), with minimal Si and no co-localization of Ca and C. The co-localization of Ca and P indicates <i>in vivo</i> hydroxyapatite formation derived from BG. Gelatin hydrogel sponges incorporating BG and impregnated with bFGF demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, collagen matrix formation, and <i>in vivo</i> mineralization. These findings support their potential application in dentin-pulp regeneration and bone tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144882885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xue Liu, Xin An, Bingxue Xv, Ning Zhou, Wenxin Meng, Weibo Zhang, Guomin Wu
{"title":"Chairside-applicable MS/FGelMA hydrogel with enhanced osteogenesis and mechanical adaptability for alveolar ridge preservation.","authors":"Xue Liu, Xin An, Bingxue Xv, Ning Zhou, Wenxin Meng, Weibo Zhang, Guomin Wu","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2519970","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2519970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) materials face unresolved trade-offs between mechanical stability, bioactivity, and clinical operability. To address this, we developed a fish-derived methacrylated gelatin (FGelMA) hydrogel composited with magnesium silicate (MS) microparticles combining the low immunogenicity of FGelMA with the dual osteo-angiogenic potential of MS. To characterize the physical properties of this material, the composite hydrogels (MS/FGelMA) were tested using a mechanical tester and a rheometer, and then its biocompatibility and <i>in vitro</i> osteogenic properties were analyzed using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a three-dimensional environment. <i>In vivo</i> model was further established to evaluate the effect of MS/FGelMA on ARP in SD rats. The results indicated that MS/FGelMA hydrogels exhibited rapid crosslinking within 20 s (365 nm UV, 10 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>), excellent shear-thinning behavior enabled precise defect adaptation, enhanced mechanical robustness, improved osteogenesis and angiogenesis capacity, especially for the optimized 1%MS/15%FGelMA formulation. 1%MS/15%FGelMA had compressive strength of 231 ± 10.149 kPa (378.69% of pure 15%FGelMA), and 2.3-4.1 folds upregulation of osteogenic markers (RUNX2/ALP/OCN) and angiogenic marker (VEGF) in rat BMSCs cultured in 3D hydrogels compared with that in pristine FGelMA hydrogel. Micro-CT analysis revealed 1%MS/15%FGelMA had socket volume preservation of 61% (vs. 46% in controls) at 3 weeks and had bone density of 75% (vs. 62% in controls) at 6 weeks. In general, this species-independent, chairside-applicable platform demonstrates superior clinical translation potential for complex ARP scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaru Hu, Wen Shen, Pi Yan, Xuemei Ge, Shang Wu, Yueyang Mao, Fen Ao, Xiaoni Jia, Yigang Wang
{"title":"Composite nano-in-micro drug delivery system for treatment of glaucoma: design strategies and research advances.","authors":"Jiaru Hu, Wen Shen, Pi Yan, Xuemei Ge, Shang Wu, Yueyang Mao, Fen Ao, Xiaoni Jia, Yigang Wang","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2525672","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2525672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma is a serious eye disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve, potentially leading to severe vision loss or even blindness. Lowering IOP is a crucial strategy in managing the disease. Although trabeculectomy is considered the gold standard in conventional treatment for preventing vision loss, surgical interventions often face challenges such as poor prognosis, high failure rates, and complications. Consequently, pharmacological treatment remains a main method in the management of glaucoma. The efficacy of drug therapy is hindered by the ocular barrier, which impedes drug penetration into the eye to reach the target tissues, resulting in low drug bioavailability. Composite nano-in-micro drug delivery systems as a solution, capable of simultaneously addressing issues such as poor ocular barrier penetration, surface adhesion, and bioavailability. This review explores different fabrication methods, materials, and design strategies for composite nano-in-micro drug delivery systems aimed at treating glaucoma. The review concludes that composite drug delivery systems hold promise as an effective strategy to enhance the bioavailability of glaucoma medications and extend drug release duration. Furthermore, these Composite systems offer innovative approaches to gene and targeted therapy, opening new avenues for the treatment of glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}