Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials最新文献

{"title":"3D-printed graphene oxide/bioactive glass/BMP-2 composite scaffolds enhance osteogenesis in bone defect repair.","authors":"Mingkai Qin, Qi Li, Ruiqi Zhao, Hongchan Zhang, Zhichao Li, Guizhen Xiang, Xusheng Yan, Weiguo Sun","doi":"10.1177/22808000261447469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000261447469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical repair of critical-sized bone defects is currently hindered by the insufficient bioactivity of existing materials and mechanical property mismatches. This study aims to develop a 3D-printed graphene oxide (GO)/bioactive glass (BG)/bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) composite biomimetic scaffold that integrates structural support with biochemical induction. In this work, polycaprolactone-based scaffolds loaded with different gradients of GO (1, 5, 10 wt.%) were fabricated using 3D printing technology, and surface functionalization of BMP-2 was achieved through EDC/NHS coupling. The optimal composition (5% GO) was determined through electron microscopy and mechanical screening, and a rat proximal femoral penetrating defect model was established. Micro-CT, Masson staining, and molecular biology techniques (IHC/WB) were utilized to evaluate its multidimensional regulatory effects on bone regeneration. Results showed that the 5% GO/BG/BMP-2 scaffold exhibited excellent mechanical stability and an appropriate porous structure, with compressive strength and modulus superior to other formulations. Animal experiments confirmed that the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of the GO/BG/BMP-2 group were significantly higher than those of other groups (<i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.001). At 4 weeks post-operation, the new bone area fraction reached 75.50% ± 3.17%, achieving high mineralization and functional remodeling of the bone tissue. Molecular mechanism studies indicated that the scaffold induces efficient osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by strongly activating core signaling pathways such as BMP-2, RUNX2, and EGFR during the early stages of repair. In conclusion, the 5% GO/BG/BMP-2 composite scaffold possesses both precise mechanical support and powerful molecular regulatory capabilities, providing a highly promising biomimetic alternative for the clinical treatment of complex bone defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261447469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture resistance of roots obturated with bioceramic or resin-based sealers after nanohydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxide dressing.","authors":"Olcay Özdemir, Sena Kaşıkçı, Ebru Şirinoğlu, Turkan Kopac","doi":"10.1177/22808000261446890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000261446890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effect of calcium-rich nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA) as an intracanal medicament on root fracture resistance compared with calcium hydroxide (CH). Forty-eight caries-free maxillary central incisors were instrumented and randomly assigned to a two-factor design (two medicaments × two sealers), yielding four experimental groups (<i>n</i> = 12/group): CH + resin-based sealer, CH + bioceramic-based sealer, nano-HA + resin-based sealer, and nano-HA + bioceramic-based sealer. The medicaments were applied and stored in simulated body fluid at 37 °C and 100% humidity for 10 days. After removal, the canals were obturated with heated gutta-percha using either a resin-based or a bioceramic-based sealer, and were then stored for an additional 28 days. Vertical fracture resistance was measured using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The nano-HA groups showed a higher mean fracture resistance (924.04 N) than the CH groups (818.54 N). The highest fracture resistance was observed in the nano-HA + bioceramic-based sealer group (1020.38 N), whereas the lowest was observed in the CH + resin-based sealer group (665.83 N). The main effect of sealer type was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while no significant interaction between medicament and sealer type was detected. Within the limitations of this in vitro study using static vertical loading, sealer type had a large, statistically significant effect on fracture resistance, with the bioceramic-based sealer yielding higher values than the resin-based sealer. Although the nano-HA groups exhibited numerically higher fracture resistance than calcium hydroxide, the main effect of intracanal medicament did not reach statistical significance. These findings are limited to laboratory conditions and should not be directly extrapolated to long-term clinical performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261446890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Computational technique of thermal comparative examination of Cu and Au nanoparticles suspended in sodium alginate as sutterby nanofluid via extending PTSC surface.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/22808000261460557","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261460557","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261460557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sintered titanium-bioceramic composites: A finite element performance analysis suggested for use in cranial surgical fixation plates.","authors":"Anthony O Ogunmefun, Festus O Fameso, Moipone L Teffo, Lucey M Mavhungu, Emmanuel R Sadiku, Olusegun M Ilori, Akintunde Babatunde, Snyman Jacques","doi":"10.1177/22808000261470915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000261470915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optimizing titanium-bioceramic composites via the SPS technique, and using FE analysis to assess their mechanical performance, forms the basis of this study, which aims at replacing the conventional Ti-alloy frequently used in craniotomy procedures. Composites TB1, TB2, and TB3 are formed with uniform volume percentage Ti-alloy and varied percentages of Zirconia (1.5,1.0, 0.5) vol.%, and constant 0.5 vol.% Si₃N₄ for all samples. With 1000°C temp, 50 MPa pressure,15 minutes dwell time, and 100°C/min heating rate, the powders were consolidated. The microstructural evolution and bulk morphology of the starting powders and sintered discs produced were investigated using SEM-EDS. The hardness and elastic modulus of the trio-composites were also investigated using the nanoindentation technique. All composite samples attained theoretical densities of 97.24, 98.27, and 99.37 percent, respectively, well above 96.62% of the unreinforced sintered Ti-alloy. Composite TB3 recorded the highest in relative density, elastic modulus, Vickers' hardness, and Nano hardness at 99.37%, 172.75 GPa, 795.77 MPa, and 8941.75 MPa, respectively. TB3 was chosen for the mechanical validation process through a computerized 3-dimensional FEA model, utilizing the front-end commercial software via the Complete Abaqus Environment (CAE) with robust finite element analysis software. The radial mechanical and coupled radial thermomechanical loadings concept, crucial for understanding the mechanical performance of the sintered plate, reveals elastic deformation rather than plastic deformation, suggesting that 'yielding' will not occur under the applied loads. This computational model design and the result are notable for the mechanical performance validation of sintered titanium-bioceramic composites for biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261470915"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-programmed regeneration of segmental bone defects with biomimetic mineral-coated β-TCP microparticles.","authors":"Bingyao Chen, Lufeng Yao, Keye Chen, Yanguang Zhou, Chenxin Wang, Xiaodong Xu, Jinxia Ma, Jiayu Chen, Deting Xue, Zhaoming Ye, Xiaohua Yu","doi":"10.1177/22808000261431927","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261431927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Large segmental bone defects remain difficult to treat: autografts are limited by supply and morbidity, while calcium-phosphate substitutes often deliver inconsistent outcomes. This inconsistency largely originates at the early post-implantation interface, where protein adsorption and Ca²⁺/PO₄^3- flux are unpredictable and lack a scalable solution. We therefore engineered mineral-coated microparticles (MCM) by growing a conformal, low-crystallinity apatite nanolayer on porous β-TCP under aqueous, protein-compatible conditions, preserving interconnected porosity. The coating establishes a uniform, stable protein corona and attenuates burst while smoothing ion release; in a rabbit mandibular critical-size model, MCM achieved more complete bridging, denser μCT infill, and higher bone mineral density than β-TCP and β-TCP/HA. Collectively, these data support a growth-factor-free, interface-first design that delivers more consistent regeneration and is readily translatable as an off-the-shelf particulate filler.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261431927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional bioprinting for the construction of an <i>in vitro</i> gastrointestinal stromal tumor model.","authors":"Changcan Li, Zhenjun Wang, Minghao Sun, Jing Yang, Hao Qu, Ying Xue, Yingchao Hu","doi":"10.1177/22808000261489164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000261489164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems are inadequate for maintaining numerous intrinsic cellular characteristics inherent to the native three-dimensional (3D) <i>in vivo</i> environment, which can result in misleading experimental outcomes. Hence, there is an urgent demand for innovative 3D tumor models that can be reliably employed in preclinical investigations. As an additive manufacturing technique, 3D bioprinting enables the fabrication of biomimetic 3D structures using a variety of materials, cells, and other small-molecule substances. This capability enables the fabrication of complex biomimetic tissue-like architectures. In this study, we developed an advanced 3D tumor model using 3D bioprinting technology to investigate the phenotypic and molecular expression profiles of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cells within this engineered microenvironment. Our findings show that cells within the bioprinted constructs maintained high viability over an extended period following printing. In comparison to conventional 2D monolayer cultures, GIST cells cultured in the 3D bioprinted system exhibited significantly enhanced metabolic activity and improved long-term cell survival. Furthermore, the 3D bioprinted environment promoted cell proliferation and upregulated the expression of key tumor-associated genes. <i>In vivo</i> transplantation experiments revealed markedly higher tumorigenic potential in the 3D bioprinted group relative to the 2D control group. Overall, our 3D bioprinting model effectively recapitulates critical aspects of clinical tumor behavior and disease-relevant phenotypes of GIST. This platform holds strong potential as a highly predictive preclinical tool for drug screening and translational research of GIST, offering a promising alternative to animal testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261489164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148968859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3D-Printed nano-silver antibacterial membrane for local antibacterial protection of PTFE vascular grafts.","authors":"Lei Yu, Xiangyun Lu, Ting Shen, Chenyang Qiu, Bing Wang, Jun Ling, Xufeng Ni, Ziheng Wu","doi":"10.1177/22808000261495426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000261495426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular graft infection remains a serious and potentially devastating complication after prosthetic vascular reconstruction, particularly in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts, which are prone to bacterial attachment, biofilm formation, and persistent colonization. Once infection occurs, the inert and relatively impermeable nature of PTFE limits local antibiotic penetration, often resulting in treatment failure, graft removal, and poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, developing an effective and biocompatible antibacterial strategy for PTFE vascular grafts is of considerable clinical importance. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional (3D)-printed nano-silver antibacterial membrane designed for physical wrapping of PTFE vascular grafts. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful construction and structural stability of the membrane. The 3D-printed membrane was prepared using a 20 wt% polymer solution at a printing speed of 6 μL/s and could be shaped into ring-like structures compatible with PTFE graft segments. In vitro antibacterial assays, including quantitative inhibition-zone analysis and OD600 measurements, demonstrated concentration- and size- dependent antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in solid and liquid culture systems. When combined with PTFE graft segments, the silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-containing membrane conferred clear antibacterial activity, whereas bare PTFE grafts and silver free supporting materials showed no obvious inhibitory effects. In a murine subcutaneous infection model, AgNP-containing membranes qualitatively reduced bacterial colonization on implanted PTFE grafts after 24 h. In vitro cytotoxicity and preliminary whole blood compatibility assessments further showed acceptable biosafety under low-dose conditions. A single animal porcine pilot implantation did not reveal obvious adverse findings based on postoperative ultrasound, serum biochemical assessment, and histopathological examination. Taken together, these findings suggest that the mechanically flexible 3D-printed nano-silver membrane represents a promising physically wrappable antibacterial platform for PTFE vascular grafts. Further studies are warranted to evaluate long term fixation stability, silver release kinetics, hemocompatibility, and efficacy in clinically relevant vascular graft infection models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261495426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149110078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a 3D printed, human gingival MSC seeded alveolar bone implant.","authors":"Hilal Selamet, Seyma Isik, Deniz Yucel, Vasif Hasirci","doi":"10.1177/22808000261452915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000261452915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background/objective(s)/introduction:Tissue engineered scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing promises to enhance the success rate in alveolar bone augmentation. The aim of this study was to construct and characterize a 3D printed poly(ε-caprolactone; PCL) scaffolds treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and carrying human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSCs) for potential use in the augmentation of alveolar bone.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>PCL scaffolds with defined pore geometry were fabricated by 3D printing using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and treated with O₂ plasma to enhance BMP-2 and cell adhesion. The scaffolds were characterized by compression testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angle measurement. BMP-2 was bound to the surface, and hGMSCs from gingival connective tissue were seeded onto the scaffolds. BMP-2 was quantified by elisa. The cells were identified as stem cells based on their differentiation capacity and immunophenotypic profile. Osteogenic differentiation on BMP-2 bound scaffolds was assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compressive modulus of the PCL scaffolds (73.2 ± 17.1 MPa) was close to human alveolar bone (96.2 ± 40.6 MPa). SEM revealed a porous design with continuous struts, creating an average pore size of 400 µm and zig-zag channels suitable for cell infiltration and adhesion. O₂ plasma treatment decreased the water contact angle from 110° ± 4° to 59° ± 2°, indicating improved surface hydrophilicity. ELISA showed that over 98% of BMP-2 remained bound to the scaffold for 28 days, indicating prolonged growth factor presence during cell culture. Within the environment created, BMP-2 bound scaffolds led to a threefold increase in ALP activity and higher calcium deposition compared to controls, confirming enhanced osteogenic differentiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion(s): </strong>3D printed PCL scaffolds functionalized with BMP-2 and seeded with hGMSCs exhibited highly improved in vitro osteogenic properties which promises to improve alveolar bone augmentation results.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261452915"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the radiopacity of pulp capping materials.","authors":"Savas Sagmak, Esin Akol Gorgun, Emre Ozel","doi":"10.1177/22808000261453058","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261453058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose: </strong>This study aimed to compare the radiopacity of pulp capping materials with that of dental hard tissues. In this study, the radiopacity of traditional and contemporary pulp capping materials was examined and compared with that of dental hard tissues and an aluminum step wedge.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eight pulp capping materials were used in the study. Ten disk-shaped specimens, each 1 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter, were prepared from each material. Ten specimens from each material were placed on a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate system together with a tooth slice and the aluminum stepwedge. The images were analyzed with a software program (Adobe Photoshop) to measure mean gray values (MGVs). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were significant differences among the groups. Tukey's test was applied for pairwise comparisons (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All materials used in the study showed greater radiopacity than dentin. BiOfactor, Dycal, MTA Angelus, ProRoot MTA were more radiopaque than enamel, while the other materials showed lower radiopacity than enamel. The radiopacity values of the materials were found as follows: Dentin < MTA CEM LC < Calcimol LC < Biodentin < TheraCal LC < Enamel < Dycal < BiOfactor < MTA Angelus < ProRoot MTA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The materials examined were found to be more radiopaque than dentin. This may allow a more objective evaluation in radiographic examinations. However, in radiographic images in which enamel is superimposed, materials that do not exhibit greater radiopacity than enamel may complicate radiographic assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261453058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Push-out bond strength of bioceramic-based sealers following different irrigation activation techniques.","authors":"Fatma Begüm Peker, Hümeyra Çapkın, Ahsen Narbay","doi":"10.1177/22808000261424357","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261424357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The adhesion of root canal sealers to dentin plays a decisive role in the long-term success of endodontic treatment. Activation of irrigants before obturation has been suggested to enhance sealer penetration and bonding effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigation activation techniques on the push-out bond strength of two bioceramic-based sealers to root dentin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eighty extracted human single-rooted teeth were decoronated to a standardized length and instrumented using rotary files with sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Specimens were randomly allocated into four groups according to the irrigation activation technique: conventional needle irrigation (control; lateral side-vented needle), manual dynamic agitation (MDA), EndoActivator, and EDDY (<i>n</i> = 20 each). Each group was further subdivided based on the sealer used-BioRoot RCS or GuttaFlow Bioseal (<i>n</i> = 10 each)-and obturated using the single-cone technique. The roots were sectioned into coronal, middle, and apical thirds, and push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Failure modes were analyzed under a stereomicroscope.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A statistically significant regional variation was observed only in the EDDY-BioRoot RCS group, with the highest bond strength recorded in the coronal third (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In intergroup comparisons, significant differences were detected among experimental and control groups in the coronal region (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with the EDDY-BioRoot RCS group demonstrating superior bond strength compared to both activated and non-activated GuttaFlow groups. No statistically significant differences were observed among groups in the middle and apical thirds (<i>p</i> > 0.05). When data were pooled across activation protocols, BioRoot RCS exhibited significantly higher bond strength than GuttaFlow Bioseal in the coronal and middle regions (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both the irrigation activation technique and the choice of calcium silicate-based sealer significantly influence push-out bond strength, predominantly in the coronal region. Sonic activation with EDDY in combination with BioRoot RCS yields the most favorable bonding performance. The diminishing effect toward the apical region underscores the need for further optimization of activation strategies to enhance sealer-dentin adhesion throughout the entire root canal system.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261424357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146258292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}