Journal of Advanced Research最新文献

{"title":"The role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in ferroptosis","authors":"Lina Ding ,&nbsp;Ruicheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenqi Du ,&nbsp;Qingling Wang ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.12.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.12.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been identified as a crucial mechanism in antiviral defense and innate immunity pathway. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation, represents a specialized form of cell death. A burgeoning collection of studies has demonstrated that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway participates in the homeostatic regulation of the organism by modulating ferroptosis-associated enzyme activity or gene expression. Consequently, elucidating the specific roles of the STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in vivo is vital for targeted disease intervention. This review systematically examines the interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis, highlighting their influence on disease progression in the contexts of inflammation, injury, and cancerous cell dynamics. Understanding these interactions may provide novel therapeutic strategies. The STING pathway has been implicated in the regulation of various cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Our focus primarily addresses the role and mechanism of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in diseases, limiting discussion of other cell death modalities and precluding a comprehensive overview of the pathway’s additional functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 219-231"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving grain yield and salt tolerance by optimizing plant height with beneficial haplotypes in rice (Oryza sativa)","authors":"Ruidang Quan ,&nbsp;Juan Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Qin ,&nbsp;Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Dinglin Xiao ,&nbsp;Zihan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhanying Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Zhu ,&nbsp;Zichao Li ,&nbsp;Rongfeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.), a staple food for billions worldwide, is challenged by salt stress. Owing to the limited understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of rice salt tolerance, few genes have been identified as valuable in rice breeding, causing a major bottleneck in the development of high-yield, salt-tolerant rice varieties.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to identify salt tolerance genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with breeding potential in rice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Field trials were conducted with 166 Chinese rice cultivars from saline-affected regions and 412 global rice accessions to assess salt tolerance. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify key loci related to high yield and salt tolerance. Additionally, the impact of introducing beneficial haplotypes on grain yield and salt tolerance was assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The optimal rice plant height of 100–120 cm was crucial for sustaining high yield under both normal and salt stress conditions. GWAS revealed 6 novel QTLs/genes associated with rice plant growth and grain yield across various environments, distinct from previously recognized salt stress-related genes. Notably, the gene <em>PHS10.1</em>, encoding a serine/threonine protein kinase, may regulate carbon metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, influencing plant growth and grain yield. Certain haplotypes of the genes regulating plant height and grain yield, including <em>SD1</em>, <em>Ghd7.1</em>, <em>GH3.5,</em> and <em>PHS10.1</em>, were selected in traditional breeding. Moreover, optimizing plant height through the introgression of beneficial alleles of these genes increased grain yield in recipient lines under both normal and saline conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We propose that utilizing beneficial haplotypes to optimize plant height can effectively balance the growth–stress trade-offs in rice plants. This represents a promising breeding strategy for the development of crop varieties that are both high-yielding and salt-tolerant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 17-32"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient receptor potential channels in viral infectious diseases: Biological characteristics and regulatory mechanisms","authors":"Wen-Hui Qi ,&nbsp;Na Tang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Jing Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiao-Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.11.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.11.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Viral infectious diseases have long posed a challenge to humanity. In recent decades, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have emerged as newly investigated cation channels. Increasing evidence suggests that TRP channel-mediated Ca²⁺ homeostasis disruptions, along with associated pathological changes, are critical factors in the onset and progression of viral infectious diseases. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of TRP channels in these diseases remain to be systematically elucidated.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of Review</h3><div>The aim of this review is to systematically summarize recent advances in understanding TRP channels in viral infections, and based on current progress and challenges, propose future directions for research.</div></div><div><h3>Key Scientific Concepts of Review</h3><div>This review summarizes the classification and biological functions of the TRP family, explores the mechanisms by which TRP channels contribute to viral infections, and highlights specific mechanisms at three levels: virus, host, and outcome. These include the direct role in viral biology and replication, the indirect role in host immunity and inflammation, and the resulting pathological changes. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications of the TRP family in the treatment of viral infectious diseases and propose future research directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 119-133"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-adhesion conductive cardiac patch based on methoxytriethylene glycol-functionalized graphene effectively improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction","authors":"Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiamin Li ,&nbsp;Heng Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Feng ,&nbsp;Wenqian Jiang ,&nbsp;Ling Liu ,&nbsp;Yongchao Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Li ,&nbsp;Limin Zhao ,&nbsp;Jing Guan ,&nbsp;Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.11.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jare.2024.11.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Abnormal electrical activity of the heart following myocardial infarction (MI) may lead to heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Graphene-based conductive hydrogels can simulate the microenvironment of myocardial tissue and improve cardiac function post-MI. However, existing methods for preparing graphene and its derivatives suffer from drawbacks such as low purity, complex processes, and unclear structures, which limiting their biological applications.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We propose an optimized synthetic route for synthesizing methoxytriethylene glycol-functionalized graphene (TEG-GR) with a defined structure. The aim of this study is to establish a novel self-adhesion conductive cardiac patch based on TEG-GR for protecting cardiac function after MI.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We optimized π-extension polymerization (APEX) reaction to synthesize TEG-GR. TEG-GR was incorporated into dopamine-modified gelatin (GelDA) to construct conductive cardiac patch (TEG-GR/GelDA). We validated the function of TEG-GR/GelDA cardiac patch in rat models of MI, and explored the mechanism of TEG-GR/GelDA cardiac patch by RNA sequencing and molecular biology experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Methoxytriethylene glycol side chain endowed graphene with low immunogenicity and superior biological properties without compromising conductivity. In rats, transplantation of TEG-GR/GelDA cardiac patch onto the infarcted area of heart could more effectively enhance ejection fraction, attenuate collagen deposition, shorten QRS interval and increase vessel density at 28 days post-treatment, compared to non-conductive cardiac patch. Transcriptome analysis indicated that TEG-GR/GelDA cardiac patch could improve cardiac function by maintaining gap junction, promoting angiogenesis, and suppressing cardiomyocytes apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The precision synthesis of polymer with defined functional group expands the application of graphene in biomedical field, and the novel cardiac patch can be a promising candidate for treating MI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 745-759"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142671092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-regulatory mechanisms linking ferroptosis, epigenetics, and circadian rhythm to mitochondrial quality control in diabetic cardiomyopathy","authors":"Xinxin Liu, Yingqi Ma, Xuefeng Wang, Xiaowen Zhang, Chen Shen, Youzhu Su, Xing Chang, Hao Zhou, Jian-Ping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.046","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a distinct cardiac disorder that develops independently of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Mitochondrial dysfunction is widely recognized as a hallmark pathological feature of DCM. Effective mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is critical for preserving cardiomyocyte metabolism and contractile performance, and its disruption substantially contributes to both disease initiation and progression. We synthesize current evidence on disruptions of MQC in diabetic cardiomyopathy. The spectrum covers imbalanced fission–fusion dynamics, attenuated mitochondrial biogenesis, compromised mitophagy, disturbed Ca²⁺ homeostasis, heightened ferroptotic vulnerability, loss of proteostasis, and epigenetic dysregulation. We emphasize the intricate cross-talk among these processes, which collectively exacerbate mitochondrial deterioration and myocardial injury. Building on these mechanistic insights, we also summarize recent therapeutic advances targeting MQC, such as natural compounds, antidiabetic agents, and non-pharmacological approaches. These interventions show promise in modulating mitochondrial signaling and restoring homeostasis. Nevertheless, substantial barriers remain for clinical translation, including the limitations of existing experimental models, the low quality of supporting evidence, and pronounced inter-individual variability. Future research should focus on developing integrated, multi-target therapeutic strategies, particularly those addressing the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs, epigenetic modifications, and post-translational protein regulation. Advancing these areas will be essential for establishing precise and effective MQC-targeted therapies in both preclinical and clinical contexts.","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145189102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helicobacter pylori-derived outer membrane vesicles: Pathogenic roles, microbiota interactions, and biomedical applications","authors":"Xi Chen, Zibo Lin, Nanxi Wang, Yujie Zhou, Lei Cheng, Biao Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.055","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3><em>Helicobacter pylori</em> (<em>Hp</em>) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that infects approximate 45% of the global population. It is a key contributor to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Among its secreted products, <em>Hp</em>-derived outer membrane vesicles (<em>Hp</em>-OMVs) are nanoscale proteoliposomal structures that play crucial roles in host-pathogen interactions.<h3>Aim of Review</h3>This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the formation, composition, and biological functions of <em>Hp</em>-OMVs, with a particular focus on their systemic effects and potential biomedical applications.<h3>Key Scientific Concepts of Review</h3><em>Hp</em>-OMVs are enriched with virulence-associated proteins and lipids, acting as multifunctional vehicles that facilitate the delivery of toxins, modulation of host immunity, and reshaping of gastrointestinal and oral microbial communities<em>.</em>Emerging preclinical studies suggest that <em>Hp</em>-OMVs may translocate across epithelial barriers and reach distant organs, including the brain, where they have been shown to exacerbate neuroinflammatory responses in murine models of Alzheimer’s disease. However, no causal relationship has been demonstrated in humans. More research is urgently needed to confirm such extragastrointestinal connections.In parallel, <em>Hp</em>-OMVs are being explored as versatile platforms for vaccine development, mucosal adjuvants, anti-adhesion therapies, and targeted drug delivery systems, owing to their intrinsic immunogenicity and tissue tropism.<h3>Conclusion</h3><em>Hp</em>-OMVs represent a unique vesicular modality in <em>Hp</em> pathogenesis with broad biomedical potential. Future research employing multi-omics, single-vesicle analytics, and clinical validation is needed to define their mechanistic roles and translational value.","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honey bee nutritranscriptomics reveals key insights towards precision nutrition","authors":"Alexander McMenamin, Vincent Ricigliano","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.050","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Introduction</h3>Honey bees are essential managed pollinators faced by nutritional deficiencies which contributes to worldwide colony losses. The integration of nutrition science with genomics offers a powerful approach to optimize honey bee health by augmenting immune function and resilience to stressors through precision diet interventions.<h3>Objectives</h3>To uncover the impact of honey bee genetics on core physiological responses to natural and artificial diets.<h3>Methods</h3>Two honey bee genetic backgrounds (Russian and Pol-line) were fed diets consisting of sugar, pollen, and microalgae biomass from either <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> or spirulina. Nutrigenetic variation was assessed by body weight measurements followed by transcriptome sequencing. Standard differential gene expression analysis and supervised machine learning algorithms were used to measure genotype-specific transcriptional responses to the diets.<h3>Results</h3>Known (i.e., <em>vitellogenin</em> and <em>Jhe, hex70a</em>) and novel (i.e., <em>Glob1, slif</em> and <em>sad</em>) biomarkers of nutritional health exhibited a significant genetics-by-diet interaction. Furthermore, Russian bees featured a contracted transcriptional response, and a transcriptomic signature of delayed behavioral maturation as compared to Pol-line bees, suggesting alternative nutrient assimilation strategies between the two genetic backgrounds. Regardless of diet, Russian bees had significantly lower abundance of a major viral pathogen (DWV). Lastly, higher expression of humoral and cellular immune genes was detected in microalgae-fed bees, though spirulina was significantly more immunogenic than <em>Chlorella</em>.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Genetic background plays a key role in shaping honey bee responses to nutrition. By identifying novel biomarkers of nutritional status, our results support the unique benefits of two microalgae species as functional feed additives. Furthermore, these results reveal the importance of genetics as a consideration when optimizing supplemental feed for an agricultural pollinator. These findings contribute towards the development of tailored nutrition strategies and artificial diets to improve honey bee health.","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating intensive blood pressure control versus usual care on cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes using win statistics: a subgroup analysis of a cluster randomized trial","authors":"Guozhe Sun, Ning Ye, Chang Wang, Songyue Liu, Wei Miao, Lixia Qiao, Nanxiang Ouyang, Danxi Geng, Chuning Shi, Linlin Zhang, Pengyu Zhang, Yangzhi Yin, Ziyi Xie, Yao Yu, Yingxian Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.054","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Introduction</h3>Elevated arterial pressure constitutes a significant controllable risk element associated with detrimental outcomes in cardiovascular health. In comparison to standard blood pressure (BP) control (target level: &lt;140/90 mmHg), intensive blood pressure management aimed at achieving lower target values has demonstrated superior efficacy in diminishing the incidence of negative cardiovascular occurrences. However, there is still controversy over intensifying blood pressure control in diabetic individuals.<h3>Objectives</h3>Assessing the viability and efficacy of stringent blood pressure regulation in diabetic patients with hypertension.<h3>Methods</h3>A post hoc analysis of disaggregated data from 33,995 hypertensive patients enrolled in the China Rural Hypertension Control Project (CRHCP) trial was performed. Outcomes were evaluated using the unmatched win ratio (win ratio &gt;1.00 indicating better outcomes) and compared with the Cox model. The principal endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), encompassing myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization due to heart failure, or cardiovascular mortality, over a three-year follow-up period.<h3>Results</h3>The analysis included 6303 adults with hypertension and diabetes (mean age 63.2 years; 2172 men). At the three-year mark, the average systolic/diastolic blood pressure measured 126.7/72.5 mmHg in the intensive blood pressure control cohort, in contrast to 147.7/80.6 mmHg in the standard care group. Intensive blood pressure management lowered the yearly incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, 2.28 % compared to 3.28 %; HR: 1.45; 95 % CI: 1.20–1.72; P &lt; 0.001), strokes (HR: 1.47; 95 % CI: 1.20–1.82; P = 0.015), and deaths from cardiovascular causes (HR: 1.49; 95 % CI: 1.04–2.13; P = 0.029). Symptomatic hypotension rates were similar (0.77 % vs. 0.52 %; P = 0.231). Hierarchical analysis showed more wins (31021 [8.62 %]) than losses (23985 [5.84 %]), with a win ratio of 1.46 (95 % CI: 1.22–1.76; P &lt; 0.001). After 36 months, the mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) in the group with intensified blood pressure control was modestly elevated (9.09 mmol/L compared to 8.51 mmol/L; difference: 0.58 mmol/L; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.81; P &lt; 0.001).<h3>Conclusion</h3>Intensive BP controlled by non-physician community healthcare providers reduced incident cardiovascular diseases in hypertensive patients with comorbid diabetes but was associated with an elevation of FBG.Registration: The trial is listed on <span><span>ClinicalTrials.gov</span><svg aria-label=\"Opens in new window\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 8 8\"><path d=\"M1.12949 2.1072V1H7V6.85795H5.89111V2.90281L0.784057 8L0 7.21635L5.11902 2.1072H1.12949Z\"></path></svg></span> under the identifier NCT03527719.","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145189101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise of dehydrated ginsenosides: phytochemistry and pharmacology","authors":"Kang-Hui Wang, Jia-Yue Liu, Li-Juan Ma, Feng-Xiang Zhang, Jian-Bo Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.051","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Plants of the <em>Panax</em> genus, such as <em>P. ginseng</em>, <em>P. notoginseng</em>, and <em>P. quinquefolius</em>, have been utilized for culinary and medicinal purposes for millennia. Their pharmacological effects are largely attributed to ginsenosides—unique compounds derived from the glycosylation of dammaranediol and dammaranetriol. Rare ginsenosides are dammarane-type triterpenoids that occur naturally at low abundance (typically &lt; 0.1 %) and often exhibit stronger bioactivity than macro ginsenosides. Dehydrated ginsenosides (DHGs, e.g., Rk1, Rg5, Rk2), characterized by a C‑20/21 or C‑20/22 double bond on the dammarane side chain, constitute a subgroup of rare ginsenosides that are scarce or absent in native <em>Panax</em> species but enriched in processed products. Structure–activity relationship studies indicate that replacing the C‑20 hydroxyl with a double bond enhances bioactive properties relative to precursor ginsenosides. Despite this promise, an integrative and comprehensive review of DHGs has been lacking.<h3>Aim of review</h3>This review systematically summarizes the current knowledge on DHGs, covering their chemical structure characteristics, preparation strategies, pharmacological activities with underlying mechanisms, and structure–activity relationships, providing new insights into their therapeutic potential and future applications.<h3>Key scientific concepts of review</h3>To date, a total of 92 DHGs with diverse skeletons have been identified, including Δ20-PPD type DHGs (e.g., ginsenosides Rk1, Rg5, Rk2, and Rh3), Δ20-PPT type DHGs (e.g., ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, Rg6, and F4) and their side chain derivatives. Current preparation methods for DHGs encompass physical, chemical, and biological transformations, chemical synthesis, and batch-processing techniques. DHGs demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities—such as anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, and antimicrobial effects—often surpassing their precursor ginsenosides. This review also explores the structure–activity relationships of DHGs to guide the development of more effective derivatives.","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic interactions drive microbial community succession and functional expression of Nongxiangxing (Strong-flavor) daqu","authors":"Shiyuan Ma, Yong Li, Cong Chen, Yi Dong, Ping Huang, Rongkun Tu, Xiaogang Liu, Rongqing Zhou, Chongde Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.052","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Introduction</h3><em>Nongxiangxing daqu</em> is a wheat-based fermentation starter used in the production of <em>Baijiu</em> (a traditional Chinese distilled spirit), whose fermentation process during storage directly affects its quality. However, the dynamics of microbial succession and metabolism during <em>daqu</em> storage, particularly the functional contributions of specific microorganisms to enzyme formation and their metabolic interactions, remain unclear.<h3>Objectives</h3>This study aimed to investigate the temporal dynamics of microbial community structure, function, and enzymatic activity in <em>daqu</em> during storage, with a focus on metabolic interactions such as cross-feeding and metabolic division of labor (MDOL).<h3>Methods</h3>Metagenomic and metaproteomic analyses were integrated to profile microbial taxa, functional genes, and protein expression across storage time points. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) linked gene modules to storage time. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) were constructed to infer metabolic interaction networks among microbes.<h3>Results</h3><em>Paecilomyces variotii</em>, <em>Rasamsonia emersonii</em>, <em>Rhizopus microsporus</em>, <em>Rhizopus delemar</em>, <em>Kroppenstedtia eburnea</em>, and <em>Weissella confusa</em> were dominant species. In total, 14,588 protein groups were identified, including 6,801 enzymes enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Glucosidase activity was primarily attributed to <em>Rasamsonia</em>, <em>Thermoascus</em>, <em>Aspergillu</em>s, <em>Thermomyces</em>, and <em>Paecilomyces</em>. Functional genes and enzymes declined sharply after month 1, reached a nadir at month 3, and partially rebounded by month 4. WGCNA identified 16 gene modules associated with storage (maximum <em>r</em> = 0.97, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Cross-feeding patterns were identified among <em>Weissella confusa</em>, <em>Kroppenstedtia eburnea</em>, <em>Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula</em>, and <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em>. The MDOL model revealed cooperative metabolic roles among <em>Actinomycetota</em>, <em>Bacillota</em>, <em>Ascomycota</em>, and <em>Mucoromycota</em> in converting raw materials into flavor compounds.<h3>Conclusion</h3>These findings improve the understanding of microecological dynamics during <em>daqu</em> storage and provide a theoretical basis for regulating and optimizing the fermentation process during the storage period.","PeriodicalId":14952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}