Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献_第6页

Deaths involving novel benzodiazepines in Victoria, Australia from 2018 to 2022. 2018-2022 年澳大利亚维多利亚州涉及新型苯并二氮杂卓的死亡案例。

IF 4.6 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae075

Olaf H Drummer, Samantha Joubert, Matthew Di Rago, Jared W Castle, Kerryn Crump, Linda Glowacki, Dimitri Gerostamoulos

{"title":"Deaths involving novel benzodiazepines in Victoria, Australia from 2018 to 2022.","authors":"Olaf H Drummer, Samantha Joubert, Matthew Di Rago, Jared W Castle, Kerryn Crump, Linda Glowacki, Dimitri Gerostamoulos","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae075","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae075","url":null,"abstract":"Novel benzodiazepine (NBz) detections in Victorian coronial cases started early in 2018 and have continued to increase in number and type up to December 2022. The 11 different NBz detections included etizolam (n = 82), flualprazolam (n = 43), clonazolam or 8-aminoclonazolam (n = 30), bromazolam (n = 15), clobromazolam (n = 13), phenazepam (n = 13), flubromazolam (n = 12), flubromazepam (n = 8), desalkylflurazepam (n = 6), diclazepam (n = 2), and estazolam (n = 1). The pattern of detections varied over the 5-year period, with different compounds appearing over different time frames. The most recent NBz to appear were bromazolam, clobromazolam, flubromazepam, and phenazepam, whereas etizolam had been seen regularly in case work since 2018. Of the total 133 deaths, 95 were considered drug-related deaths by forensic pathologists with at least one additional CNS depressant also present capable of contributing to death. All deaths involved other (non-benzodiazepine) CNS active drugs, although many involved multiple NBz, with five or more different benzodiazepines detected in eight cases.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"684-690"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol as markers of cannabis use in urinary drug testing. Δ9-四氢大麻酚和 11-羟基-Δ9-四氢大麻酚作为尿液药物检测中使用大麻的标志物。

IF 4.6 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae070

Svante Vikingsson, Ruth E Winecker, Edward J Cone, David J Kuntz, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel, Lisa S Davis

{"title":"Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol as markers of cannabis use in urinary drug testing.","authors":"Svante Vikingsson, Ruth E Winecker, Edward J Cone, David J Kuntz, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel, Lisa S Davis","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae070","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae070","url":null,"abstract":"With some exceptions, California Assembly Bill 2188 will preclude the use of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Δ9-THC-COOH) as a marker of cannabis use in urinary workplace drug testing. The bill allows for the use of psychoactive cannabis markers, which include Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and the metabolite 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-Δ9-THC). Both analytes are present in urine mainly as conjugated metabolites and will require hydrolysis prior to analysis, but very little is known about expected concentrations in urine. The aim of this study was to report the concentrations from two large datasets comprising 1411 workplace drug-testing urine specimens that tested positive by immunoassay (50 ng/mL cutoff) and discuss strategies for using 11-OH-Δ9-THC and/or Δ9-THC to detect cannabis use. Median 11-OH-Δ9-THC and Δ9-THC concentrations were 28%-35% and 1.1%-1.6% of those of Δ9-THC-COOH, respectively, and correlations between the analytes were observed. To avoid the risk of positives from passive exposure, laboratories could use a cutoff with equivalent sensitivity to cannabis exposure. A 5 ng/mL cutoff for 11-OH-Δ9-THC showed 92% agreement with a 15 ng/mL cutoff for Δ9-THC-COOH, with only 0.9% of specimens being positive only for 11-OH-Δ9-THC. It was not possible to propose an estimated cutoff for Δ9-THC, due to the constraints of the limit of detection used in this study.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"710-714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bromazolam in impaired driving investigations. 布马唑仑在受损驾驶调查中的应用。

IF 4.6 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae074

Jolene J Bierly, Donna M Papsun, Barry K Logan

{"title":"Bromazolam in impaired driving investigations.","authors":"Jolene J Bierly, Donna M Papsun, Barry K Logan","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae074","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae074","url":null,"abstract":"The designer benzodiazepine bromazolam is increasingly encountered in forensic casework, including impaired driving investigations. A series of suspected impaired driving cases that tested positive for bromazolam are described herein along with information about driving performance, driver appearance, and observed behavior. Bromazolam was indicated in casework either through screening by liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and/or a positive benzodiazepine immunoassay screen. Blood samples were forwarded for quantitative confirmatory analysis using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method with a reporting limit of 2.0 ng/mL. Bromazolam was reported in 98 impaired driving cases from samples reported between January 2021 and December 2023, with the earliest detection from September 2020. Mean and median blood concentrations were 125 ± 145 and 84 ng/mL respectively, with a range of 4.2-990 ng/mL. Additional positive findings were reported in almost all cases, with the highest result (990 ng/mL) being the only case in which bromazolam was the only finding. Fentanyl was the most frequent drug found in combination with bromazolam. Driving behaviors reported in these cases included erratic driving, errors in Standardized Field Sobriety Tests, and symptoms consistent with central nervous system depressants, including slurred speech, incoordination, and lethargic behavior. Based on its prevalence and demonstrated impairing effects, bromazolam should be included in the scope of impaired driving testing as long as it continues to be prevalent in the drug supply.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"653-658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Society of Forensic Toxicologists, Inc. 法医毒理学家协会

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae063

Tate Yeatman

引用次数: 0

Testing for protonitazene in human hair using LC-MS-MS. 利用 LC-MS/MS 检测人类毛发中的质子氮烯。

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae050

Pascal Kintz, Alice Ameline, Laurie Gheddar, Simona Pichini, Cédric Mazoyer, Katy Teston, Frédéric Aknouche, Christophe Maruejouls

{"title":"Testing for protonitazene in human hair using LC-MS-MS.","authors":"Pascal Kintz, Alice Ameline, Laurie Gheddar, Simona Pichini, Cédric Mazoyer, Katy Teston, Frédéric Aknouche, Christophe Maruejouls","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae050","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae050","url":null,"abstract":"Protonitazene is a synthetic benzimidazole opioid of the nitazenes class, developed in the 1950s as an effective analgesic, but never released on the market due to severe side effects and possible dependence. Despite its increasing use as a new psychoactive substance starting in 2019, its detection in human hair of intoxicated and deceased consumers has never been reported. We present the development and validation of a specific procedure to identify protonitazene in hair by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Drugs were incubated overnight at 40°C in 1 mL borate buffer, pH 9.5 with 20 mg pulverized hair and 1 ng/mg fentanyl-d5 used as internal standard. Drugs were then extracted with a mixture of organic solvents. The chromatographic separation was performed using an HSS C18 column with a 15-min gradient elution. Linearity was verified from 1 to 100 pg/mg. The limit of detection was estimated at 0.1 pg/mg. No interference was noted from a large panel of natural and synthetic opioids, fentanyl derivatives, or other new synthetic opioids. Protonitazene was identified at 70 and >7600 pg/mg in the whole head hair specimens of two male subjects deceased from an acute drug overdose in jail. Protonitazene was also identified at 14 and 54 pg/mg in two living co-prisoners. As nitazenes represent a growing threat to public health in various parts of the world, this method was developed in response to the challenges posed by the identification of this class of substances.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"630-635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fluorofentanyl and novel synthetic opioids in accidental overdose deaths. 氟芬太尼和新型合成类阿片在意外用药过量死亡中的作用。

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae062

Jihau Yu, Katie Diekhans, Anson Tsang, Luke N Rodda

{"title":"Fluorofentanyl and novel synthetic opioids in accidental overdose deaths.","authors":"Jihau Yu, Katie Diekhans, Anson Tsang, Luke N Rodda","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae062","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae062","url":null,"abstract":"One of the quickest-growing subclasses of novel psychoactive substances is novel synthetic opioids (NSOs), which are categorized as fentanyl analogs (fentalogs) or nonfentanyl opioids that bind to the mu-opioid receptor. Increased detections of NSOs have been observed in the USA. However, limited information on their prevalence outside of the East Coast is available. This study details the prevalence of NSOs, specifically fluorofentanyl, in the biological and drug paraphernalia specimens of accidental overdose deaths in San Francisco in 2022. A recently developed and validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was utilized for the analysis of >250 NSOs. Out of the 649 accidental overdose deaths in 2022, 617 cases were available for blood analysis, with at least 1 NSO detected in 48 cases (7.8%). Fentalogs were detected in all 48 cases, with fluorofentanyl being detected in 40 cases. In postmortem femoral blood, estimated concentrations of fluorofentanyl ranged from 0.1 to 8.9 ng/mL, and 0.05 to 85 ng/mL in urine. Polysubstance use with NSO was seen with fentanyl (89.6%), methamphetamine (70.8%), cocaine (33.3%), and heroin (18.8%). NSOs, mainly fluorofentanyl, were observed in matched drug paraphernalia. This report documents the migration of fluorofentanyl to the West Coast, specifically California.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"573-581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Detection of the benzodiazepine bromazolam by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry in postmortem toxicology casework and prevalence in Indiana (2023). 利用液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法检测印第安纳州死后毒物学案例工作中的苯并二氮杂卓溴马唑仑及流行情况（2023 年）。

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae053

Kevin G Shanks, Stuart A K Kurtz, George S Behonick

{"title":"Detection of the benzodiazepine bromazolam by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry in postmortem toxicology casework and prevalence in Indiana (2023).","authors":"Kevin G Shanks, Stuart A K Kurtz, George S Behonick","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae053","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae053","url":null,"abstract":"For the past 60 years, benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and alprazolam have been used as pharmaceutical medications for the treatment of myriad conditions including anxiety, seizures, and insomnia. In more recent years, novel benzodiazepine derivatives have emerged as illicit substances in powders and counterfeit tablets on the illicit drug market. In 2016, bromazolam, a brominated derivative of alprazolam, emerged on the illicit drug market in Europe, but the substance was not reported in the USA until 2019-2020. In this study, we report the emergence and subsequent prevalence of bromazolam in postmortem blood in the state of Indiana during 2023. Analysis was completed by a solvent protein precipitation extraction with acetonitrile and detection by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. During 2023, bromazolam was detected in 94 cases across 25 counties in Indiana. It was never the sole substance detected and was commonly detected alongside fentanyl (83 cases), norfentanyl (77 cases), 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (76 cases), acetylfentanyl (49 cases), methamphetamine (32 cases), naloxone (25 cases), 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (24 cases), and benzoylecgonine (20 cases). After official query with the Indiana Department of Health, it was found that bromazolam was specifically included in the cause of death certification in 31 fatalities (32.9%). Due to the scarcity of information regarding this novel benzodiazepine derivative in postmortem toxicology and its involvement in fatalities, it is important that forensic toxicology laboratories consider adding bromazolam to their comprehensive scope of analysis.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"582-590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141419227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lethal carbon monoxide generated from small internal combustion engines. 小型内燃机产生的致命一氧化碳。

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae049

Brian E Hyson, Brittany M Friedman, Brianna Spear, Sandra C Bishop-Freeman

{"title":"Lethal carbon monoxide generated from small internal combustion engines.","authors":"Brian E Hyson, Brittany M Friedman, Brianna Spear, Sandra C Bishop-Freeman","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae049","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae049","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel-burning small engines have the potential to emit dangerous and potentially lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide when used in poorly ventilated environments. The North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner investigated seven cases from 2013 to 2020 involving lethal carbon monoxide from small internal combustion engines. Evaluation of percent carboxyhemoglobin saturation was determined in these case studies as ratios of carboxyhemoglobin to reduced hemoglobin, using HP 8453 and Agilent 8454 UV-Visible Spectrophotometers (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Sources of carbon monoxide included a pressure washer, a propane-powered forklift, an inboard engine boat, a motorcycle, propane and kerosene heaters, and home-use generators. It was demonstrated during a death investigation that the Dräger X-am 2000 electrochemical gas monitor often used by first responders, falsely reacted to acetylene gas, initially misleading investigators to the source of the carbon monoxide. Educating first responders about not only the hazards of these unexpected carbon monoxide sources, but the limitations of their equipment, is a valuable goal of disseminating complete medical examiner case information. The details of these cases will educate first responders, the forensic science community, and public health leaders on potential small engine sources of carbon monoxide in death investigations, responder safety, and the limitations of portable air quality monitoring equipment during death investigation.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"625-629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A computationally supported designer benzodiazepine strategy for public toxicology laboratories. 为公共毒理学实验室提供计算支持的苯并二氮杂卓设计策略。

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae045

Heather L Ciallella, Danai T Taruvinga, Kimberly Yacoub, Szabolcs Sofalvi, Samantha M Delor, Claire K Kaspar, Christie L Mitchell-Mata, Shelby Travaglianti, Eric S Lavins, Luigino G Apollonio

{"title":"A computationally supported designer benzodiazepine strategy for public toxicology laboratories.","authors":"Heather L Ciallella, Danai T Taruvinga, Kimberly Yacoub, Szabolcs Sofalvi, Samantha M Delor, Claire K Kaspar, Christie L Mitchell-Mata, Shelby Travaglianti, Eric S Lavins, Luigino G Apollonio","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae045","url":null,"abstract":"Public laboratories must balance innovative and existing methods to keep up with designer drug trends. This article presents a strategy for handling designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs) in casework from screening to interpretation. The cross-reactivity of 22 DBZDs and metabolites was tested against the Immunalysis™ benzodiazepine (BZD) direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The kit had high intra-analyte precision (coefficients of variation <15%). Inter-analyte performance varied, triggering confirmation testing at concentrations ranging from 35 to 460 μg/L. The Cuyahoga County Regional Forensic Science Laboratory implemented a 40-analyte BZD and Z-drug confirmation method in 2019. Ten additional analytes were later validated for qualitative reporting, and the limits of detection for 13 analytes were lowered by 60%. The method of standard addition was also optimized for as-needed quantitation. Equal and 1/x weighting factors correlated well with target concentrations (coefficients of determination (r2) > 0.98), but 1/x weighting provided the most consistently accurate concentrations. Six computational models were developed to predict γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor binding affinity to assist in case interpretation (r2 > 0.70 for cross-validation and test set prediction). These models were used to predict the binding affinity of analytes in the confirmation method. Other public laboratories can use this same practical strategy to adapt to any designer drug class (e.g., BZDs, opioids, cannabinoids and stimulants).","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"541-549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141237370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and validation of a simple chromatographic method to screen oral fluid samples for drugs in DUID investigations. 开发和验证一种简单的色谱法，用于在 DUID 调查中筛查口腔液样本中的药物。

IF 2.3 3区医学

Journal of analytical toxicology Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae068

Gregory G Sarris, Dustin L Abbott, Tiffany M Moreno, Kelly J Maychack, Jennifer F Limoges

{"title":"Development and validation of a simple chromatographic method to screen oral fluid samples for drugs in DUID investigations.","authors":"Gregory G Sarris, Dustin L Abbott, Tiffany M Moreno, Kelly J Maychack, Jennifer F Limoges","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkae068","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkae068","url":null,"abstract":"A simple and rapid qualitative chromatographic method with a unique extraction approach was developed and validated to screen oral fluid samples for 31 compounds in driving under the influence of drugs investigations. The scope and sensitivity of the method meets or exceeds Tier I recommendations established by the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division. Since this is a targeted chromatographic screen (rather than an immunoassay), cutoffs were set to match the confirmation levels in the recommendations. Sample preparation involved a single-step liquid-liquid extraction procedure, using a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether, isopropanol, and hexane and was applied to samples collected with the Quantisal™ device. Instrument analysis was conducted by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, using a Restek Raptor™ biphenyl column for chromatographic separations and a total run time of 8 min. Validation results met all requirements of ANSI/ASB Standard 036 (1st edition)-Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology.","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"528-534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0