Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Comment on Deeb et al.: Interpretation of Breath Cannabinoids and Implications for Impairment.","authors":"Aaron Olson","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkag028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This letter addresses the article by Deeb et al. describing the analysis of cannabinoids in exhaled breath. While the study represents a technical advancement in breath-based detection, several interpretive and analytical limitations warrant clarification. The manuscript discusses potential impairment-related applications despite the absence of direct measures of impairment. Existing literature, including controlled clinical studies and government reports, indicates that THC concentrations in biological matrices cannot be used as a reliable indicator of impairment. Additionally, key variables influencing cannabinoid exposure, including dose, potency, and inhalation behavior, were not controlled, further limiting interpretability. Analytical concerns are also noted, including subpar chromatographic resolution (Rs ≈ 0.9), which may compromise accurate identification and quantitation of structurally similar cannabinoids. These issues highlight the need for caution in interpreting breath cannabinoid data, particularly in forensic contexts where conclusions regarding impairment may carry significant consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise of nitrous oxide in toxicological casework: no laughing matter.","authors":"Amanda L D'Orazio, Jolene J Bierly, Kari M Midthun","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf108","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrous oxide (N2O), the colorless, odorless gas known as \"laughing gas,\" has gained recent attention for its misuse as a recreational drug. As an anesthetic, N2O produces sedation, euphoric, and possible hallucinogenic effects. Adverse effects may include disorientation, psychomotor retardation, hypoxia, and asphyxia. N2O misuse has grown due to its ease of availability, rapid onset of effects, and increased social media attention, leading to anticipated increases in forensic testing needs. Due to its short half-life and volatility, analytical detection can be challenging. From January 2022 through September 2025, over 1700 cases were analyzed for N2O using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) over a calibration range of 1.8-180 mcg/mL. Total test requests and percent positivity increased during this timeframe for both driving (DUID) and postmortem (PM)/clinical casework. Blood, brain, liver, lung, and urine yielded positive detections. Attempts at repeat testing indicate significant losses in analyte concentrations. Consideration of pre-analytical and analytical factors is critical for suspected inhalant casework. Overwhelmingly, both DUID and PM casework noted N2O canisters present at the scene. Common driver behaviors included disorientation, slow reaction times, struggling with speech, inability to follow directions, and difficulty maintaining balance. DUID blood draws should be collected as close as possible to the suspected incident. Further review of case histories and testing practices generated handling recommendations for suspected inhalant case samples: fill containers to limit headspace; glass containers and tight-fitted closures are preferred; avoid transferring volume to alternate containers; limit container ingresses; and avoid repeat testing within the same container. Multiple matrices/containers should be collected and preserved, whenever possible, with inhalant testing prioritized over other drugs and/or alcohol. Laboratories should also consider qualitative reporting and/or testing as a one-time analysis. By employing these best practices, an inhalant gas may be better collected and preserved, increasing the chances of detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4-Anilino-N-phenylethylpiperidine (4-ANPP): the potential caution flag for illicit fentanyl.","authors":"Nicholas Laraia, Jolene J Bierly, Ayako Chan-Hosokawa","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf111","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to distinguish illicit fentanyl use is becoming increasingly critical in toxicological investigations. 4-Anilino-N-phenylethylpiperidine (4-ANPP), also known as despropionylfentanyl, is both a precursor in illicit fentanyl production and a minor metabolite frequently detected alongside fentanyl in forensic toxicology. Its presence may assist in distinguishing medical and illicit fentanyl sources. This study evaluated 4-ANPP concentrations and 4-ANPP: fentanyl (4-ANPP to fentanyl) ratios in clinical (presumed medicinal) and postmortem (forensic) submissions to ascertain trends that may aid in source attribution and toxicological interpretation. Blood and serum/plasma (s/p) samples were analyzed via liquid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) throughout 2023. A total of 32 723 forensic and 1015 clinical cases positive for fentanyl were included in the analysis. Most clinical 4-ANPP concentrations (69%) were below 0.50 ng/mL, compared to 20% of forensic cases. Forensic blood samples with reportable 4-ANPP concentrations (n = 29 701) had a median of 2.1 ng/mL (mean ± SD: 6.5 ± 42 ng/mL, range: 0.20-4100 ng/mL). In clinical serum/plasma samples with reportable 4-ANPP (n = 451), the median was 0.96 ng/mL (mean ± SD: 3.9 ± 17 ng/mL, range: 0.20-306 ng/mL). In cases with reportable 4-ANPP concentrations, the median 4-ANPP: fentanyl ratio was 0.141 (mean ± SD: 0.22 ± 0.95; range: 0.000078-140) for forensic, while the clinical median was 0.105 (mean ± SD: 0.44 ± 3.0; range: 0.005-60). Notably, 91% of forensic cases had reportable 4-ANPP concentrations (≥0.20 ng/mL) compared to 44% of clinical cases, excluding more than half of the clinical cases from ratio calculations. Although overlapping 4-ANPP: fentanyl ratios limit its utility as a clear indicator of illicit fentanyl use, elevated 4-ANPP concentrations are more strongly associated with non-pharmaceutical sources and may serve as valuable support in forensic interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145911822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic study of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol in male rats using a validated bioanalytical method.","authors":"Alexandria S Senetra, Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay, Yi-Hua Chiang, Michelle A Kuntz, Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri, Sabrina Zequeira, Barry Setlow, Christopher R McCurdy, Abhisheak Sharma","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf105","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8THC) has been growing in popularity across the United States due to its reported therapeutic benefits, including pain relief, euphoria, relaxation, and mild psychoactive effects, especially in areas where sale of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC) is illegal. Currently, much debate surrounds Δ8THC regarding its regulatory status and whether this compound is safe and similar in pharmacokinetics to Δ9THC. To address the latter issue, a single-dose oral (7.5 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV; 1.25 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic study was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. A bioanalytical method was developed and validated following the FDA M10 guidelines in rat plasma to detect Δ8THC and its metabolites, 11-hydroxy-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11OH-Δ8THC) and 11-carboxy-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11COOH-Δ8THC). This method was then applied to analyze the plasma samples collected during the preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The plasma concentration-time profiles were subjected to non-compartmental analysis to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters. When administered intravenously, Δ8THC had a clearance of 5.6 ± 0.4 L/h/kg, a volume of distribution of 108.4 ± 8.9 L/kg, and elimination half-life of 13.9 ± 2.0 h. Δ8THC pharmacokinetic parameters following oral administration, exhibited a Cmax (peak plasma concentration) of 13.4 ± 0.9 ng/mL with a Tmax (time to reach Cmax) of 0.5 ± 0.1 h, and an oral bioavailability of 3.0 ± 0.3%. The clearance of Δ8THC when dosed IV is higher than rat hepatic blood flow (4.8 L/h/kg), indicative of extrahepatic clearance. Δ8THC also had a large volume of distribution, indicating extravascular distribution. Overall, Δ8THC had very low oral bioavailability, while the clearance and volume of distribution values indicate extensive tissue distribution with contribution of extrahepatic clearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-analytical stability of drugs of abuse in urine for confirmatory testing: a systematic review.","authors":"Elke Hoffmann-Lücke, Ellen Hollands Steffensen, Mie Samson, Eva Greibe","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf106","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessment of drugs of abuse in biological fluids requires thorough knowledge of stability of the drugs under various conditions, including sample collection, handling, transportation, and analysis, to ensure accurate interpretation of results. This systematic review provides an overview of the literature on the pre-analytical stability of selected clinically relevant drugs of abuse in urine. A systematic search of the PubMed and Embase databases was conducted in October 2020 and February 2024. The search strategy encompassed over 20 drugs and their relevant metabolites tested in urine, focusing on studies that examined the stability of opioids, amphetamine-like drugs (including ephedrine, cocaine and cathinone), and cannabis using mass spectrometry. A total of 2688 records were identified, and 71 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated storage conditions including room temperature, refrigeration, freezing, and deep freezing, as well as the effects of freeze-thaw cycles. Most drugs demonstrated stability for months when refrigerated or frozen, and deep freezing and freeze-thaw cycles generally had minimal impact on stability. However, storage at room temperature showed limited stability, with cathinone, cannabis, morphine, codeine, and cocaine being particularly prone to degradation under different conditions. This review offers valuable insights into the storage stability of a wide range of drugs of abuse in urine, serving as a practical resource for healthcare professionals and others working with these substances in laboratory settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13132878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145794098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization, optimization, and selection of identification criteria for LC-QTOF-MS.","authors":"Maria Sarkisian, Luke N Rodda","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf110","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The establishment of stringent identification criteria is essential for accurate reporting of toxicological drug testing, particularly in forensic settings involving medico-legal cases. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) is widely employed for its broad analyte coverage and high mass accuracy, yet limited published and validated identification criteria pose significant challenges for its use beyond presumptive screening in low case volume settings. This study characterized, optimized, and selected LC-QTOF-MS identification criteria, assessing the influence of concentration, matrix and drug class on their performance. In addition to standard identification parameters, an effective combined weight score (CWS) threshold that emphasized library score and mass error was established. Higher analyte concentrations improved spectral reproducibility, while urine matrices introduced variability in isotope ratios and library scores. Authentic casework demonstrated 99.9% efficiency, 98.9% sensitivity, and 100% specificity, indicating a highly reliable method that achieves excellent accuracy, minimizes false positives as required for confirmatory techniques, and maintains sufficient sensitivity for effective screening of casework, thereby supporting robust and defensible forensic toxicology workflows. These findings also highlight the importance of refining LC-QTOF-MS specific identification criteria to enhance consistency and reliability in forensic toxicology reporting and allows for reproducibility across other instrumentation, workflows, and fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145843761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the comment concerning the article: Systemic organophosphate poisoning in child following anti-lice lotion application. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, bkaf096.","authors":"Frédéric Aknouche, Romain Magny, Christophe Maruejouls, Claire Trebuchet, Kevin Fargeot, Laureen Thion, Cory Valancony, Florian Scherrer, Nouzzha Djebrani Oussedik, Pascal Kintz, Laurence Labat, Pascal Houzé","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf113","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145911902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further elucidation of the metabolism of 2,4-dinitrophenol in a case of unexpected death.","authors":"Sanne Vanthourenhout, Christa Deprez, Pieter Maes, Laurence Carlier, Marie Van Hoorick, Olivier Heylen, Sylvie Mulliez, Kathleen Croes","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a weight-loss drug, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was discovered and popularized in the 1930s. Owing to multiple adverse effects, including death, its use as a prescription drug was banned in 1938. However, toxicity cases have risen over the past two decades as 2,4-DNP is easily obtained illegally online. In a fatal case at our hospital involving rapid, unexplained deterioration, 2,4-DNP was identified through a full toxicological analysis of blood and urine. An LC-MS/MS method for detecting and quantifying 2,4-DNP in plasma and urine was developed and validated according to European Medicines Agency (EMA) criteria. It also allowed quantification of its main metabolites 2-amino-4-nitrophenol (2A-4NP) and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol (4A-2NP) in urine. In plasma, 2A-4NP was only semi-quantifiable; 4A-2NP was undetected, likely due to matrix effects reducing sensitivity. Results obtained with and without enzymatic hydrolysis showed that 2,4-DNP-glucuronide and 2A-4NP plus its glucuronide are the primary metabolites, whereas 4A-2NP and its glucuronide are less prominent. No sulfate conjugates were detected. This study is the first to compare sample preparation with and without enzymatic hydrolysis, offering new insights into 2,4-DNP metabolism and the relative importance of its major metabolites and their glucuronides.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145966302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a microsampling-compatible liquid-liquid extraction method for cannabinoid quantitation in 50 µL of whole blood using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.","authors":"Aman A Mohammed, Mahmood Khan, Herbert Chan, Jeffrey R Brubacher","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently developed dried blood analysis methods for cannabinoid quantitation utilize small blood volumes, making them microsampling-compatible, but are limited by hematocrit-related bias for dried blood spots (DBSs) and higher consumable costs for volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®). To address these issues, we developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method capable of quantifying cannabinoids in 50 µL of liquid whole blood, providing a practical microsampling alternative to dried blood approaches. Using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with sodium hydroxide alkalinization and acetonitrile precipitation, followed by quantitative analysis on an Agilent 6495 liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, we achieved lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.10 ng/mL for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabigerol (CBG), 0.20 ng/mL for cannabidiol (CBD), 0.50 ng/mL for 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 1.0 ng/mL for 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH). Calibration was linear from the LLOQ to 300 ng/mL for all analytes. To our knowledge, this is one of the first validated LLE approaches for cannabinoid quantitation in less than 100 µL of liquid whole blood. Further, it achieves sub-ng/mL sensitivity, exceeding the LLOQs of most published methods which require ≥100 µL of whole blood. We anticipate particular utility for our method in obtaining evidence from suspected impaired drivers at the roadside when paired with capillary microsampling, such as via finger prick. This approach enables measurement of THC levels at the time of driving, thereby overcoming current limitations, including the decrease in THC levels that occurs with delayed blood sampling, requirement for larger sample volumes (≥100 µL), and dependence on trained phlebotomists for venipuncture.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13132877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The acute and chronic pharmacokinetic oral fluid profile of oral cannabidiol (CBD) with and without low doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in healthy human volunteers.","authors":"Svante Vikingsson, C Austin Zamarripa, Tory R Spindle, McKenna Klausner, David Wolinsky, Edward J Cone, Ruth E Winecker, Ronald R Flegel, Lisa S Davis, Eugene D Hayes, David Kuntz, Ryan Vandrey","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf102","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-dominant cannabis use can cause impairment and risks to workplace safety, which makes the detection of Δ9-THC in oral fluid (OF) important for workplace drug testing. However, cannabidiol (CBD)-dominant cannabis sold as legal hemp products (≤0.3% Δ9-THC) often contain some Δ9-THC. In the present study, participants self-administered 1.5 mL medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil containing 100 mg CBD and either 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.8, or 3.7 mg Δ9-THC twice daily for 14 days (n = 10/Δ9-THC dose condition), followed by a 7-day washout period. OF CBD, 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD), 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD), Δ9-THC, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-Δ9-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC-COOH) were measured by LC-MS/MS (cutoff 0.025 ng/mL). Median CBD peaked at 2198 ng/mL 0.5 h after dosing, which likely reflects a high amount of direct oral cavity deposition, followed by a rapid decline. CBD pharmacokinetics were unaffected by the co-administration of Δ9-THC. CBD and Δ9-THC metabolite concentrations were low (<2 ng/mL), with some accumulation observed for 7-COOH-CBD with twice-daily exposure. After dosing with 100 mg CBD + 0.5 mg Δ9-THC, 1/10 participants had a positive OF test (≥2 ng/mL Δ9-THC) 1.5-6 h after a single acute dose. The rate of positive test results increased as Δ9-THC doses increased to 8/10 participants testing positive after acute doses of 100 mg CBD + 2.8 or 3.7 mg Δ9-THC. A consumer of hemp products might be unaware of the risk of a positive drug test as many products do not specify that they contain Δ9-THC. One positive sample was obtained at baseline, possibly due to direct oral cavity deposition of environmental contamination. Five samples in the CBD alone group, collected 0.5 h after dosing, were positive, likely due to minimal (0.02%-0.15%) conversion of CBD to Δ9-THC during analysis. Laboratories are advised to take action to identify specimens where OF Δ9-THC results could be influenced by these factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145549198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}