Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献

{"title":"The Acute and Chronic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Cannabidiol (CBD) With and Without Low Doses of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC).","authors":"David Wolinsky, C Austin Zamarripa, Tory R Spindle, McKenna Klausner, Edward J Cone, Ruth E Winecker, Svante Vikingsson, Ronald R Flegel, Eugene D Hayes, Lisa S Davis, David Kuntz, Marcel Bonn-Miller, George E Bigelow, Ryan Vandrey","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hemp products (cannabis with ≤0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)) are federally legal, but few controlled experiments have explored drug test results, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy adults (n = 60) self-administered 1.5 mL medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil containing 100 mg cannabidiol (CBD) and either 0 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.8 mg or 3.7 mg Δ9-THC (n = 10 per group). The study included an 8-hour acute dose laboratory session (Phase 1), a 14-day outpatient drug exposure period with twice daily dosing (Phase 2) and a 7-day washout period (Phase 3). Measures including urine, blood, subjective drug effects, and cognitive and psychomotor performance were assessed repeatedly throughout the experiment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At least one participant receiving Δ9-THC doses of 1.0 mg or greater had at least 1 positive urine drug test (Δ9-THC-COOH immunoassay screen ≥50ng/mL and LC-MS/MS confirmation ≥15ng/mL) during Phase 1 and the number of positive urine samples increased with Δ9-THC dose. Positive urine drug tests were observed during the Phase 2 outpatient drug exposure period from at least one participant in each dose condition that contained any amount of Δ9-THC. One urine specimen in the CBD only dose condition tested positive during Phase 2. Two positive urine samples were observed after the 1-week washout (Day 21). Blood concentrations of Δ9-THC were very low in all dose conditions, and there were no significant differences between the CBD only dose group and Δ9-THC-containing dose groups on any pharmacodynamic outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Individuals subject to drug testing should recognize that hemp products contain detectable amounts of Δ9-THC. Conventional drug testing cannot reliably distinguish between illicit cannabis and legal hemp-derived product use, and a positive urine Δ9-THC test may result from low doses that do not produce intoxication or impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etonitazepyne in counterfeit oxycodone tablets-a fatal case report.","authors":"Lena J Skarshaug, Live Midttun, Hege-Merete Krabseth, Per Ole Mobråten Gundersen, Miriam Hansen, Marianne Birgitte Brekke, Joachim Frost","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benzimidazole opioids (nitazenes) are novel synthetic opioid receptor agonists that over the last few years have emerged on recreational drug markets, and their abuse has become a concern worldwide. In particular, limited documentation of their pharmacology and toxicology, along with their unpredictable presence in counterfeit medicines mistaken for established brands, pose significant challenges. Herein, we present a case of fatal intoxication with the nitazene etonitazepyne, after intake of tablets appearing like, and thus mistaken as, oxycodone. The assertion of etonitazepyne's implication in the case was delayed by several months, due to lack of information about and access to seized tablets. Eventually, an analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled to a Waters Xevo TQ-S tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MSMS) was developed and documented. Using this method, etonitazepyne was confirmed in the tablets and quantified at a concentration of 0.32 ng/mL in both femoral blood and vitreous fluid sampled at autopsy of the deceased. The femoral blood concentration is in the lower range compared to previously published etonitazepyne-related deaths. This case illustrates the challenges with detecting nitazenes and the imminent health risk counterfeit products poses, even for experienced drug users.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOFT President's Letter.","authors":"Chris Heartsill","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144690297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Trends in the Analysis of GHB in Hair.","authors":"Collin Kustera, Marc LeBeau, Sunil Sharma, Luis Arroyo","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hair analysis is a valuable tool in forensic toxicology, providing extended detection windows and critical insights into drug testing, usage trends, and drug-facilitated crimes. This systematic review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from March 2017 to September 2024, and evaluated 19 studies (16 research articles and 3 case reports) on the detection of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in hair. This review examines recent studies on GHB concentrations in hair, focusing on both endogenous and exogenous concentrations resulting from illicit and prescribed use, as well as the analytical methods employed. This review includes decontamination parameters, extraction techniques, and sample sizes used during the analytical method. New studies report that endogenous GHB levels range from 0.2 to 5.5 ng/mg, while exogenous levels vary widely from 0.3 to 239.6 ng/mg. Additionally, published results indicate that the frequency of use may be more significant than the dosage for exogenous GHB to be incorporated into the hair. A novel adjacent segmentation method has been proposed to differentiate endogenous from exogenous GHB, identifying local peaks within adjacent hair segments. Research into GHB-glucuronide as a biomarker has found it unreliable due to inconsistent correlations with exogenous use. Further research is needed to refine the interpretation of GHB levels in forensic applications.SSSSS.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) in New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) analysis: state-of-art and future perspectives.","authors":"Alessandro Di Giorgi, Simona Pichini, Francesco Paolo Busardò, Giuseppe Basile","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analytical toxicology is a discipline of forensic toxicology which applies analytical techniques for the determination of drugs of abuse in biological and non-biological matrices. To this concern, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML), is innovating analytical toxicology by improving data processing and facilitating the identification of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). The aim of this review was to explore the current application of AI in this field and to highlight the future perspectives. A literature search was performed in several scientific databases to review articles reporting the implementation of AI models for analytical toxicological purposes. The most frequent applications of these technologies were for compound identification, molecular structure prediction and retention time prediction. AI proved to be a valuable tool for analytical toxicologists for the capability to process large amount of data which are typically obtained by untargeted approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorthalidone In Vitro Metabolite Identification for Documenting Exposure in Doping.","authors":"Alessandro Di Giorgi, Gloria Daziani, Anastasio Tini, Livio Tronconi, Jeremy Carlier, Omayema Taoussi","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diuretics are commonly used in doping because they can conceal the presence of performance-enhancing substances in an athlete's urine through dilution and promote rapid weight loss. As a result, these substances are prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) under the S5 category (\"Diuretics and Masking Agents\"). Chlorthalidone, a thiazide-like diuretic, is medically used as an antihypertensive agent and is prescribed for conditions such as heart failure and liver cirrhosis. However, it is also misused in doping. The detection of chlorthalidone or its metabolite markers in an athlete's urine is essential to prove consumption. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the metabolism of the substance in humans. For this purpose, chlorthalidone metabolites were predicted with GLORYx (Hamburg University, Germany) to identify the transformations that may occur with higher probability; the compound was incubated with 10-donor-pooled human hepatocytes to simulate hepatic metabolism; and the incubates were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and software-aided data mining. In silico simulations predicted 11 Phase II metabolites, with N-acetylation at the sulfonamide group being the predominant transformation (88% probability score); other major reactions included O-glucuronidation, O-sulfation, and glutathione conjugation, with probability scores lower than 70%. Two metabolites were identified in in vitro hepatocyte incubates and presented a reduction or a hydroxylation at the phthalimidine moiety. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these metabolites are specific to chlorthalidone and can be targeted as markers for analytical screening in anti-doping controls.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting evidence for 5-acetamido-N-desethylmetonitazene as a potential metabolite rather than a degradation product.","authors":"Rebecca Wood, Robert Moore","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and application of an LC-MS/MS method for 8 antiepileptic drugs and 2 metabolites using microsampling techniques (DBS and VAMS).","authors":"María Cobo-Golpe, Lucía Paniagua-González, Elena Lendoiro, Miriam Blanco-Ces, Ángela López-Rabuñal, Javier Abella, Dolores Castro, Cristina Melcón, Patricia Fuentes, Iria Carballeira, Carlos García, Carmen Gómez, Manuel López-Rivadulla Lamas, Angelines Cruz, Ana de-Castro-Ríos","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is used for optimization and individualization of patients' treatment. Capillary microsampling techniques are a promising alternative to conventional venous sampling for TDM. Both dried blood spots (DBS) and volumetric adsorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices are less invasive and patient-friendly sampling techniques which have been gaining interest in the last years. This study describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 8 AEDs (Carbamazepine, Lacosamide, Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine, Phenobarbital, Valproic acid) and 2 metabolites (10,11-Dihydro-10-hydroxy-carbamazepine (DHCB) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide) in DBS and VAMS samples. The method was fully validated for linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, carryover, matrix effect, recovery and stability (15 days at room temperature and 72 h in autosampler). Moreover, the volume effect, volcano effect, and the hematocrit (Hct) effect were also assessed for DBS samples. All parameters showed satisfactory results, with a limit of quantification ranging from 0,5 to 10 µg/mL, depending on the analyte. Some instability issues were detected in DBS samples for oxcarbazepine. However, the inclusion of oxcarbazepine's metabolite DHCB overcomes this problem as it was stable under both conditions tested. Moreover, this is the first DBS or VAMS method reporting the inclusion of DHCB, which seems essential for the TDM of oxcarbazepine. The method was applied to 80 paired samples from patients under treatment with these drugs in order to study the suitability of the method for the detection of these compounds, and compare concentrations in paired VAMS, DBS, whole blood and plasma samples. Ratios between paired samples show a promising correlation between microsampling techniques and plasma concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing the (uncertainty) budget-postmortem toxicology laboratory conformance to ANSI/ASB Standard 056: Standard for Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty in Forensic Toxicology.","authors":"Joseph H Kahl, Diane M Moore","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In postmortem forensic toxicology, the accuracy and reliability of toxicological results are critical to the medicolegal death investigation process. ANSI/ASB Standard 056: Standard for Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty in Forensic Toxicology establishes the minimum requirements for evaluating measurement uncertainty (MU) in quantitative methods utilized in forensic toxicology. Accurate evaluation of MU increases confidence in results, supports scientific rigor, enables inter-laboratory comparability, and ensures legal defensibility. Using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 8-step procedure described in ANSI/ASB Standard 056, postmortem forensic toxicology laboratories can develop customized, flexible MU budget templates that accommodate a variety of analytical workflows and sample preparation techniques commonly used in the field. This manuscript highlights the use of a template that is adaptable to both routine quantitative workflows and those employing method of standard addition, providing example MU calculations for each. By aligning laboratory practices with the NIST 8-step procedure, as well as integrating accreditation requirements and published ANSI/ASB Standards into their quality management system, laboratories enhance the accuracy and reliability of their toxicological results. Adhering to ANSI/ASB Standard 056 ensures that the inherent variability in postmortem toxicological analyses is appropriately assessed and managed in a manner consistent with best practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Concentration of Fentanyl in Hair Collected for Court-Ordered Mandatory Drug Testing.","authors":"Megan Grabenauer, Nichole D Bynum, Lauren E Johann, Katherine Bollinger, Lisa S Davis, Eugene D Hayes, Ron R Flegel, Ruth E Winecker","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hair testing is often employed by court-ordered mandatory drug testing (COMDT) programs, however as of December 2024, many of these programs still do not include fentanyl in their testing panels. Further, testing panels including fentanyl for purposes of workplace testing are rare and concentrations of fentanyl in hair of people who have used drugs are needed to validate future testing cutoffs. In this study we analyzed 1025 hair specimens, originally collected for COMDT purposes, for 26 substances, including 13 fentanyl-related compounds. Methamphetamine was the most detected compound (n = 266, 26%), followed by hydrocodone (n = 157, 15%). Fentanyl was the most detected fentanyl-related compound, followed by 4-ANPP. Fentanyl was detected in 151 (15%) hair specimens. 12 specimens contained a fentanyl-related compound with no detectable fentanyl. Of the 163 specimens in which fentanyl or a fentanyl-related compound was detected 31 (19%) had no other analytes detected. Using a cutoff of 1 pg/mg the detection rate for fentanyl was 14.7%. Conversely, most commercial testing laboratories utilize cutoffs between 20-100 pg/mg. For the 98 specimens with fentanyl concentrations in the quantifiable range (5-2000 pg/mg), the maximum, mean, and median concentrations were 1,946, 223, and 55 pg/mg, respectively. An additional 7 specimens had concentrations greater than the ULOL of 2,000 pg/mg with an estimated maximum fentanyl concentration of 9,246 pg/mg. 44 specimens contained detectable norfentanyl. The norfentanyl: fentanyl ratios ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 with a mean of 0.09. COMDT programs that do not include fentanyl or employ common commercial cutoffs in their testing protocols for fentanyl are potentially missing drug positive specimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}