Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the \"Poppy seed defense\" in oral fluid: Detection of opioids following poppy seed consumption.","authors":"Lena Midtlyng, Gudrun Høiseth, Rafika Rahho, Cecilie Hasselø Thaulow","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The \"poppy seed defense\" - a claim that a positive opioid test result is due to ingestion of poppy seeds-is occasionally encountered in forensic toxicology. The matter has been thoroughly investigated in urine but is less researched in oral fluid. We therefore aimed to perform an experimental study to explore whether consumption of commercially available poppy seeds would lead to detection of opioids in oral fluid. Additionally, we aimed to relate our findings to routine cases. Ten volunteers consumed either five crispbreads containing a small amount of poppy seeds, or 30 grams of raw poppy seeds with a low opioid content (3.0 mg/kg morphine and 0.9 mg/kg codeine). Oral fluid samples were collected 0.5 and 2 hours after consumption. Additionally, a urine sample was collected 2 hours after consumption. Following ingestion of raw seeds, morphine was detected (estimated neat oral fluid concentrations 1.4-5.6 ng/mL) in all oral fluid samples 0.5 hours after consumption, and in one (2.4 ng/mL) of five oral fluid samples after 2 hours. Codeine was detected (0.8-1.1 ng/mL) in three of five oral fluid samples 0.5 hours after consumption, but in none after 2 hours. Following ingestion of crispbreads, morphine or codeine were not detected in oral fluid, but opioids/-glucuronides were detected in three of five urine samples. When comparing our results with routine cases, we found that 14% of routine cases had morphine concentrations in oral fluid samples lower or similar to those seen after ingestion of raw seeds in our experimental study. In conclusion, we found that consumption of raw seeds led to detection of opioids in oral fluid, but the detection window appeared to be short. Comparison with routine cases indicated that the poppy seed defense may be a challenge when interpreting oral fluid results, particularly when low cut-off levels are applied.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Seven Selected Cannabinoids in Human Plasma Highlighting Matrix and Solution Stability Assessments.","authors":"David J Anderson, Tia Freeman, Kalii Caldwell, Logan R Hoggard, Christopher A Reilly, Joseph E Rower","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis consumption has and continues to increase dramatically, as does its legalization for recreational and/or medicinal use at the state, but not at the federal level. The increased consumption and legalization have spurred significant cannabis focused research, with particular interest in defining the pharmacokinetic characteristics of this complex natural product. Supporting this research requires a bioanalytical method that accurately and simultaneously quantifies the primary cannabinoids and their metabolites. The objective of this method validation was to meet pre-specified sensitivity targets (0.5 ng/mL for most analytes) from a low sample volume (0.2 mL) and single extraction approach that could quantify Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and their metabolites. Moreover, we sought to rigorously characterize the stability of included cannabinoid analytes, both in solution and plasma. The developed assay required optimization of extraction and mobile phase solvents, as well as mass transitions to achieve the selectivity required to meet the desired sensitivity targets. Stability experiments indicated solution stability of no more than 6 months when stored in polypropylene at -30 or -80 °C and ∼3 years (34.5 months) of plasma stability when stored in polypropylene at -80 °C. The assay was successfully applied to ∼1650 samples without a batch failure. This validated LC-MS/MS assay provides unique information on cannabinoid stability and has been utilized to generate novel data on the pharmacokinetics of cannabis constituents and their metabolites.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities-2025 Update.","authors":"Amanda L D'Orazio, Amanda L A Mohr, Ayako Chan-Hosokawa, Curt Harper, Marilyn A Huestis, Sarah Kerrigan, Jennifer Limoges, Amy Miles, Colleen Scarneo, Karen S Scott, Barry K Logan","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This document describes updates to previously published recommendations for drug testing in drug-impaired driving cases. A survey of drug testing practices in driving under the influence of drug (DUID) and motor vehicle fatality cases was sent to toxicology laboratories across the United States and Canada. Following compilation of survey data, a virtual consensus meeting was held where forensic science practitioners and the authors reviewed the survey results and conducted a comprehensive review of the 2021 recommendations using a modified Delphi method. Tier I and Tier II screening and confirmation scope and cutoffs were re-evaluated to update the recommendations. Carisoprodol and meprobamate were moved to the Tier II scope from Tier I; gabapentin was promoted to the Tier I scope from Tier II; screening cutoffs were differentiated for immunoassay versus non-immunoassay (e.g. chromatographic) screening for blood and oral fluid; cross-reactivity screening requirements were removed and clarified with specific cutoff values; several cutoffs for screening and confirmation were increased or removed for blood and oral fluid; urine was removed as a recommended matrix for testing in cases involving suspected drug impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended urinary opiate detection following ad libitum ingestion of poppy seed pastry.","authors":"Gary M Reisfield, Scott A Teitelbaum, Kent T Mathias, Joseph T Jones, Ben Lewis","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interpretation of urine drug test results is complicated by the potential for poppy seed ingestion to yield opiate concentrations above standard cutoffs. U.S. federally regulated workplace drug testing programs have adjusted thresholds over time to mitigate this confounder, but the introduction of low cutoffs in clinical settings has reintroduced interpretive challenges. Fifteen adult participants consumed, ad libitum, a portion of a poppy seed kolachi. Urine samples were collected over five days and analyzed for codeine and morphine. Detection windows were evaluated across cutoffs ranging from 4,000 ng/mL to the assays' limits of detection (8 ng/mL codeine; 10 ng/mL morphine). Opiate detection duration was inversely related to cutoff. At the 4,000 ng/mL cutoff, eight participants were codeine-positive at 8 hours, with two participants remaining positive at 24 hours. At this cutoff, a single participant was morphine-positive through the first 12 hours. At 2,000 ng/mL, only codeine remained detectable, in a single participant, at 48 hours. At 300 ng/mL, seven participants were opiate-positive at 48 hours (only codeine, n = 4; only morphine, n = 2; codeine and morphine, n = 1), and four remained positive at 72 hours (only codeine, n = 2; only morphine, n = 2). At 50 ng/mL, five participants were opiate-positive at 96 hours (only codeine, n = 2; only morphine, n = 2; codeine and morphine, n = 1). Four participants continued to produce detectable opiate concentrations at 108 hours (codeine only, n = 1; morphine only, n = 1; codeine and morphine, n = 2). A single ingestion of a commercial poppy seed kolachi produced urinary opiate concentrations exceeding cutoffs from 4,000 ng/mL down to the assays' limits of detection, with positivity persisting up to 108 hours. These findings underscore the need for cautious interpretation of positive results-especially in settings using low cutoffs-and support the potential utility of adjunctive markers such as thebaine.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding Fentanyl Analog Testing to Include Brain Specimens: Method Validation and Homogenate Stability Assessment.","authors":"Grayce Behnke, Britni Skillman, Kaitlyn Palmquist-Orlando, Crystal Arndt, Teresa R Gray","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>XXXXX recently added brain to its fentanyl analog testing method for 14 analogs (fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, acryl fentanyl, alfentanil, butyryl fentanyl, carfentanil, fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, furanyl fentanyl, methoxyacetyl fentanyl, norcarfentanil, norfentanyl, sufentanil, and valeryl fentanyl) and 3 U-series drugs (U-47700, U-48800, and U-49900). Brain is a protected and isolated organ with lower metabolic activity than other tissues, which can assist in interpreting results and preserving parent drug. Limited publications testing brain samples for fentanyl and fentanyl analogs exist and none describe homogenate stability for these analytes. Validation of the solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method followed the ASB 036 Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology and included limit of detection, limit of quantification, calibration model, bias and precision, ionization suppression/enhancement, interferences, carryover, processed sample stability, and dilution integrity. Carfentanil, fentanyl, furanyl fentanyl and methoxyacetyl fentanyl) met quantitative bias and precision acceptance criteria in brain. To assess homogenate stability, brain homogenates (both unpreserved and preserved with 1% sodium fluoride) were fortified with 50 ng/mL of analyte, stored at room temperature (∼20 °C), refrigerated (2-8 °C), or frozen (∼-20 °C), and analyzed in triplicate over a 90-day period. Analytes were considered stable if analyte/internal standard response ratio was within ± 20% of Day 0 and chromatographic peaks met qualitative acceptance criteria. Frozen brain homogenates could be stored for up to 90 days and withstood three freeze/thaw cycles for acetyl fentanyl, alfentanil, fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, FIBF, methoxyacetyl fentanyl, and norfentanyl. Brain homogenate stability was improved when frozen and was not impacted by the addition of 1% sodium fluoride. The study herein provides insight into the feasibility of testing brain for fentanyl analogs and their stability under various storage conditions, contributing valuable data to the limited literature on brain toxicology testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous detection and quantification of free phenol and three structural isomers of cresol in human blood using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and their medical reference value ranges.","authors":"Xiaolong Zhang, Jiajun Sun, Jinlei Liu, Yuxuan Chen, Mei Hong, Jie Gu, Shuguang Zhang, Rong Rong, Huimin Zhang, Xuefei Tian, Teng Guo, Amin Wurita, Liqin Chen","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free phenol and cresol isomers in human samples have drawn interest, particularly in the field of forensic toxicology. In this study, a simultaneous analytical method for the detection of unchanged phenol and three structural isomers of cresol in human blood was developed using GC-MS/MS. This method was applied to authentic human heart and peripheral vein blood samples obtained from a fatal intoxication case involving accidental exposure to liquified phenol containing cresol isomers. In addition, we applied the method to blood samples from 110 healthy individuals. The QuEChERS method was employed for extracting the target compounds, followed by centrifugation. The supernatant of the organic layer was then evaporated by dry nitrogen flow. After the residue was derivatized with 30 μL of BSTFA reagent, the final reconstituted eluate was analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Quantification was performed using the internal standard method for o-cresol and m-cresol, and the standard addition method for phenol and p-cresol. All validation parameters met acceptable criteria. The concentrations of phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol in heart blood were 335.27, 1.70, 25.27, and 14.21 μg/mL, respectively; in venous blood, the concentrations were 71.43, 1.25, 13.57 and 5.99 μg/mL, respectively. The 95% upper medical reference values (UMRVs) for free phenol and p-cresol in blood from 110 healthy individuals were <0.0865 μg/mL and <0.142 μg/mL, respectively. These data are valuable for evaluating exposure and determining cause of death in forensic investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited added utility of urine ethyl glucuronide compared to blood phosphatidylethanol in a predominantly transplant population.","authors":"Christine L H Snozek, Paul J Jannetto, Loralie J Langman, Theresa N Kinard","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alcohol biomarkers including ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) are ordered frequently in clinical and forensic settings including solid organ transplantation. PEth provides a long detection window but can be insensitive to light drinking. In contrast, EtG and ethyl sulfate (EtS) can be elevated after light alcohol consumption and might complement PEth testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Urine EtG/EtS and whole blood PEth results were evaluated from all clinically-ordered testing between 2014-2024. PEth and EtG/EtS confirmation were performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at two reference laboratories, using cutoffs: Lab A, PEth 20 ng/mL, EtG and EtS 500 and 250 ng/mL; Lab B, PEth 10 ng/mL, EtG and EtS 250 and 100 ng/mL. Only Lab B performed EtG screening by immunoassay, using a 500 ng/mL cutoff.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PEth was positive in 1269 (15.6%) of 8131 samples, compared to 769 (6.7%) confirmed EtG/EtS positives from 11555 samples. EtG screening (n = 9668) was positive in 743 (7.7%) samples, of which 30 (4.0%) confirmed negative (false positives); the screen was indeterminate in 267 (2.8%) samples, 66 of which confirmed positive and 172 negative. Of 3132 paired PEth and EtG samples, 2887 (92.2%) were concordant, 224 (7.2%) were PEth-positive and 21 (0.7%) were EtG-positive. PEth was significantly more sensitive in paired samples (p < 0.001), even after accounting for potential confounders. Limiting testing to PEth would have correctly identified alcohol consumption in 331 of 373 (88.7%) instances versus EtG/EtS in 149 (39.9%), and reduced charges by >$720,000 USD.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>PEth outperformed EtG/EtS in detecting alcohol consumption in a predominantly abstinent transplant population. Compared to PEth, EtG/EtS had lower overall positivity and poorer sensitivity in paired samples; additionally, EtG screening demonstrated false positives and indeterminate results. EtG testing provided little added value beyond PEth in this population, and did not warrant the increased cost of performing both tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium nitrite intoxications: Quantification of nitrite and nitrate levels in postmortem blood.","authors":"D Schmitz, P Stach, M Juebner, S Scholtis, S Iwersen-Bergmann, J Krüger, M Klima, H Andresen-Streichert, L Lucuta","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf081","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, nitrite (salt) overdose has become a method of suicide worldwide. This study presents the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the quantification of nitrite and nitrate in postmortem whole blood. Nitrate measurements were performed after precipitation, filtration and liquid-liquid extraction. Potassium ferricyanide was used to stabilize nitrite and prevent degradation processes, while the Griess reaction allowed sensitive nitrite quantification. In eleven cases of suspected sodium nitrite intoxication, nitrite concentrations ranged from 1.0-529 µg/mL in femoral blood and 1.3-176 µg/mL in heart blood, while nitrate concentrations ranged from 57-997 µg/mL and 54-907 µg/mL, respectively. Physiological nitrate concentrations of max. 72 µg/mL were determined in postmortem blood (n = 5), whereas physiological nitrite levels were not detectable (LOD/LOQ: 1 µg/mL). Significant inter-case variability was observed in nitrate and nitrite levels, reflecting the influence of individual postmortem biochemistry, condition and presumably thanatomicrobial profile and activity, while intra-case discrepancies between femoral and heart blood highlight the importance of analyzing multiple matrices. Nevertheless, an intoxication with sodium nitrite was either concluded if: I) Nitrite was detected (10/11)or II) High nitrate concentrations (above physiological level) were measured (1/11). The interpretation of cases was supported by toxicological data like methemoglobin levels, circumstantial evidence and morphological findings such as grey skin coloration and chocolate-brown colored blood. The findings enhance the understanding of highly variable nitrate and nitrite dynamics in postmortem toxicology and provide practical insights for forensic investigations, emphasizing the integration of analytical methods, circumstantial and morphological evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144954998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guanfacine intoxication isn a young child presenting with prolonged somnolence and sinus bradycardia: A case report.","authors":"Sayaka Nagasawa, Go Inokuchi, Minami Daikai, Hiroshi Okada, Hirotaro Iwase","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaf080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Guanfacine, a medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), activates alpha-2A adrenergic receptors in the brain to reduce symptoms. However, its central alpha-2 agonist activity can cause adverse events, such as somnolence, bradycardia, and hypotension. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy (15 kg) with no history of regular medication use who was admitted to the hospital with unexplained prolonged somnolence and bradycardia. Initial evaluation ruled out common causes; however, ingestion of his mother's prescription medication was suspected. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of 6 ng/mL of guanfacine in his serum, which, together with his symptoms, led to a diagnosis of guanfacine intoxication. To our knowledge, this is the first report of guanfacine intoxication in a young child without ADHD with documented serum concentration measurements. This case may help in the recognition and diagnosis of guanfacine toxicity in pediatric patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Detection of Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, Δ10-THC and CBD in Hair Specimens.","authors":"Amy Racines, Joseph Jones, Katie Lea, Donna Coy","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf079","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabinoid use and misuse has been rising since 2011, and the development of new cannabinoid derivatives, partially due to the passage of the Farm Bill in 2018, and more relaxed legislation, has complicated testing for this drug class. The impact on child welfare in homes with cannabis substance use remains a concern, so detection of environmental exposure to cannabinoids is hugely beneficial. This article reports a validated confirmation method which detects delta 9-tetrahydrocannbinol (Δ9-THC), delta 8-tetrahydrocannbinol (Δ8-THC), delta 10-tetrahydrocannbinol (Δ10-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in environmentally exposed hair specimens via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) following a supported liquid extraction. From February 2024-October 2024, 30.5% (n = 1787) of specimens tested positive for at least one analyte. The most common analyte was Δ9-THC (26.8%, n = 1574), followed by Δ8-THC (9.0%, n = 528), CBD (6.1%, n = 359) and Δ10-THC (0.4%, n = 24). While most of the specimens contained multiple analytes, it was found that 21.4% of the positive specimens had a single analyte exposure: 1062 specimens only confirmed for Δ9-THC, 165 specimens only confirmed for Δ8-THC, and 28 specimens only confirmed CBD. The addition of Δ8-THC, Δ10-THC, and CBD to the cannabinoids assay improved the detection of cannabinoids related cases, increasing our total positivity rate by an additional 3.6% (n = 213). The detection of all these analytes is crucial for reliable and accurate detection of cannabinoid environmental exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144882863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}