Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids in body hair from two individuals investigated for sexual assault.","authors":"Pascal Kintz, Laurie Gheddar","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag082","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors present two cases of sexual assaults where the abuse of anabolic steroids by the perpetrator has been documented. The first perpetrator confessed the use of anabolic steroids for 3 years. He indicated that the abuse of steroids strongly enhanced his libido. In a second case, a specialist of knockout sport assaulted five women and raped another. He claimed his libido was modified due to long-term steroid abuse. Because both subjects were bald, pubic hair, and beard hair were collected, respectively. Anabolic steroids were tested in body hair by chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The following steroids were identified and measured in Case 1: testosterone (0.9 pg/mg), testosterone enanthate (102 pg/mg), trenbolone (9 pg/mg), trenbolone enanthate (0.8 pg/mg), and metandienone (4 pg/mg). In Case 2, the following steroids were identified and measured: testosterone (14 pg/mg), testosterone enanthate (48 pg/mg), trenbolone (0.5 pg/mg), and boldenone (0.3 pg/mg). Although literature data are inconclusive concerning the effects of anabolic steroids on libido, the body hair test results support the claim of both subjects about their use. This test should be considered as a piece of evidence to resolve forensic cases where steroids are mentioned.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Neogen® enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay gabapentin kit for blood and urine.","authors":"Nicholas B Tiscione, Chloe E Rosenberger, Leonela Placencia, Edward X Zumaeta","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag077","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The validation of a semi-quantitative method for the rapid screening of whole blood and urine specimens using the Neogen® Gabapentin kit is presented. Decision points were validated at 1000 ng/mL for whole blood and urine. The validation design was based on ANSI/ASB 036 and internal laboratory requirements. Experiments included the evaluation of sensitivity, precision, specificity, carryover, hook effect, drift, ruggedness/robustness, interference, and an authentic case sample comparison. The experimental limit of detection (LOD) for gabapentin was determined to be at least 500 ng/mL in whole blood and urine. Excellent precision was demonstrated when the assay was evaluated using the mean of three replicates from five separate runs (n = 15) at the decision point and at concentration levels -50% and +100% of the decision point. The assay was reliably able to detect gabapentin without interference from matrix components or other substances routinely detected in authentic case samples with the exception of levamisole in urine if present at unusually high concentrations. Urine samples with 50 µg/mL or more of levamisole yielded a false positive screening result. Other case sample results were comparable to those obtained with liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for blood and urine, respectively. The Neogen® Gabapentin kit exhibited minimal cross-reactivity for pregabalin and demonstrated excellent precision and appropriate sensitivity in both whole blood and urine, making it an efficient and reliable method to screen for gabapentin.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of an liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of substituted phenethylamines and phenidates designated as temporary narcotics in urine.","authors":"Sujin Jeong, Yoseob Kim, Seojin Kang, Chae Eun Lee, Moonhee Jang, Hyung Min Kim","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag086","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel psychoactive phenethylamines and phenidates are synthetically designed analogs of conventional substances such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine, and methylphenidate, developed to circumvent existing drug regulations. In Korea, the abuse of these substances has increased, particularly among habitual users and newly addicted younger individuals. To address this issue, new substances are regulated through the analog legislation and the temporary narcotic designation system. In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using solid-phase extraction was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 13 substituted phenethylamines and 5 substituted phenidates in human urine. The target analytes included 5-MAPDB, BDB, 4-FEA, PMEA, 3F-Phenetrazine, 25iP-NBOMe, 2C-N, 2C-TFM, 30C-NBOMe, 3C-P, 4-MMA-NBOMe, DOI, and 2C-H, as well as 4-MeTMP, 4F-EPH, 4F-MPH, IPPH, and HDEP-28. No interfering peaks were observed at the retention times of analytes and internal standards. Linearity was confirmed over analyte-specific concentration within the overall range of 0.1-100 ng/ml, with coefficient of determination (r2) exceeding 0.995. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.001-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 ng/ml, respectively. Accuracy and precision, expressed as bias and coefficient of variation (CV), were within ±10% and <10%, respectively. The CVs for matrix effects and extraction efficiencies were approximately 10%, and the extraction efficiencies exceeded 70%, confirming the reliability of the method for forensic applications. The validated method enables simultaneous determination of substituted phenethylamines and phenidates in urine and facilitates prompt positive identification in forensic casework. In addition, the structural information, multiple reaction monitoring conditions, and analytical method validation results presented in this study can serve as a basis for expanding research on substances with similar core structures, which is expected to strengthen regulatory responses to evolving drug trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thinking beyond blood: Brain concentrations and brain-blood ratios in postmortem toxicology.","authors":"Kathrine Østerballe Skov, Mikayla van der Meer, Michael Nedahl, Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkag083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxicological analysis is an integral part of forensic death investigations. However, analysis is sometimes complicated by postmortem changes, and blood might not always be useable or available due to postmortem redistribution or degradation. In these cases, brain tissue can be useful as the brain is more protected against trauma, putrefaction, postmortem redistribution, skeletonization and severe blood loss. However, reference concentrations of drugs in brain tissue are still scarce. This study aimed to report brain concentrations and brain-blood ratios for 122 compounds including drugs of abuse, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites frequently detected in forensic autopsy cases. In total, 2264 cases were collected over an 11-year period and retrospectively categorized as having either toxic or therapeutic levels of detected compounds based on blood concentrations. Toxic and therapeutic concentrations showed considerable overlap in both blood and brain due to drug tolerance and multi-drug combinations. Brain-blood ratios were highest for compounds with direct function on the central nervous system, especially antidepressants and sedative-hypnotics. The reported brain concentrations and brain-blood ratios can serve as reference values for interpretation of drug concentrations in brain tissue and the evaluation of cause of death in future forensic investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xylazine: Evaluation of antemortem and postmortem specimen storage conditions.","authors":"Paige Riley-Carrier, Rebecca Wagner","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkag081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xylazine, a popular compound found independently and in polydrug mixtures throughout the United States, is intended for use in veterinary medicine and not for human consumption. When xylazine is ingested by humans, life-threatening central nervous system depression responses could potentially occur. With its increase in prevalence, several methods of detection were developed within forensic toxicology. Since xylazine is not approved for human clinical use, little is known about its behavior, such as its stability in stored biological matrices. Knowledge of drug stability in biological matrices can provide critical insight on the limitations surrounding specimen storage conditions, which is of great importance in forensic toxicology. This study assessed the stability of xylazine in preserved antemortem and postmortem blood under three storage conditions (23 °C, 2-8 °C, and -20 °C) at two concentrations (3 ng/mL and 160 ng/mL). Once prepared, samples were extracted using a validated protein precipitation procedure and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Xylazine was considered stable if the deviation in calculated concentration was within ±20% of the Day 0 concentration. When the results of each individual pool prepared were averaged for reporting, the following results were obtained. When stored at 23 °C in both matrices, xylazine was unstable by Day 7 at 3 ng/mL and unstable by Day 10 at 160 ng/mL. When stored between 2-8 °C in antemortem blood, xylazine was unstable by Day 10 at 3 ng/mL and unstable by Day 24 at 160 ng/mL. When stored between 2-8 °C in postmortem blood, xylazine was unstable by Day 29 at both 3 and 160 ng/mL. When stored at -20 °C in antemortem blood, xylazine was unstable by Day 3 at both 3 ng/mL and 160 ng/mL. When stored at -20 °C in postmortem blood, xylazine was unstable by Day 21 at 3 ng/mL and unstable by Day 10 at 160 ng/mL.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148989753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabutol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabihexol, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiphorol: the impact of varying alkyl chain length on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol analog metabolism.","authors":"Kathryn M James, Justin L Poklis, Erin L Karschner, Sara K Dempsey, Michelle R Peace","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing availability of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) analogs including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabutol (Δ9-THCB), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabihexol (Δ9-THCH), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiphorol (Δ9-THCP) in unregulated products has raised questions about the impact of alkyl sidechain length not only on potency but also on metabolism. Δ9-THC homologs were metabolized in vitro with human liver microsomes, and multiple time points were collected. Multiple reaction monitoring and precursor ion scanning methods presumptively identified that Δ9-THCB, Δ9-THCH, and Δ9-THCP produced hydroxylated and carboxylated phase I biomarkers, similar to those of Δ9-THC. The use of universal product ions containing a common core highlights their potential to assist laboratories in future identification of novel Δ9-THC analogs. One carbon deviation in alkyl sidechain length resulted in a decreased formation of the hydroxylated biomarker; whereas two carbon deviations further decreased the amount produced. Although the metabolism rate of the hydroxylated biomarkers was reduced, any deviation from the five-carbon sidechain increased the conversion from the hydroxylated biomarker to the carboxylated biomarker by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Presumptive identification of novel THC analog metabolites provides new analytical targets for toxicology laboratories seeking the causative agent(s) in cases of suspected intoxication and/or drug toxicity. By understanding the metabolism of novel THC analogs, critical information can then be provided to the public regarding the potential risks of these mass-produced products.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148239280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of five antihistamines in antemortem blood: method validation and application.","authors":"Kenson Jean, Kristin W Kahl, Lisa J Reidy","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag074","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>First-generation H1 antihistamines have central nervous system penetration and anticholinergic activity, with potential side effects including sedation, cognitive impairment, and anterograde amnesia. First-generation antihistamines pose risks in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and drug-facilitated crimes (DFC) forensic casework. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for five first-generation H1 antihistamines: chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, and promethazine. The calibration range was 1-200 ng/mL with a 1/x linear calibration model for quantitative compounds, and the limit of detection was determined to be 0.5 ng/mL for all compounds. Bias and precision were acceptable, with minor but acceptable suppression observed at low and high concentrations. No exogenous or endogenous interferences were observed. Carryover was not detected after a 400 ng/mL sample. Processed samples were determined to be stable 24 h after initial injection when stored in the refrigerated multi-sampler. Authentic forensic specimens from DUID and DFC investigations showed a wide range of concentrations for diphenhydramine. Selected case reports are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method. The high percentage of polysubstance cases, range of concentrations, and delayed sample collection in DFC cases underscore the importance of a sensitive and reproducible method for these first-generation antihistamines, especially in human-performance casework.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148722387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 5-year longitudinal evaluation of the behavioral and toxicological factors defining the trauma-toxicity continuum in methamphetamine fatalities.","authors":"Ahmed I Al-Asmari, Mohammed Alfaifi, Abdullah M Alasmari, Abdulnasser E Alzahrani, Mansour A Alzahrani, Torki Zughaibi","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag072","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methamphetamine (\"shabu\") is an increasing medico-legal and public safety concern in Western Saudi Arabia, with early postmortem surveillance in Jeddah indicating a >500% rise in methamphetamine-involved deaths between 2016 and 2018. However, whether this increase reflects a temporary fluctuation or the onset of a sustained, evolving mortality pattern requires longer follow-up periods. Therefore, we retrospectively characterized methamphetamine-related medico-legal deaths investigated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from 2018 to 2022 (n = 90) using comprehensive postmortem toxicology and validated multimatrix liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification. Case counts increased from 10 (2018) to 27 (2022), a 2.7-fold rise, with 56.7% (51/90) occurring in 2021-22, indicating an upward phase after 2020. The manner of death was documented as accidental (65.6%; 59/90), suicide (17.8%; 16/90), or homicide (16.7%; 15/90), with suicide and homicide together accounting for 34.4% (31/90) of cases. Blood methamphetamine and amphetamine concentrations displayed a broad overlap across the manner of death (P = .718 and P = .558, respectively), supporting that the manner of death cannot be inferred from single-threshold concentrations. Across study periods, the median blood methamphetamine levels remained comparable, with overlapping interquartile ranges (overall P > .05), indicating that the increase in cases after 2020 reflected higher case numbers rather than higher typical blood concentrations. Toxicology profiles showed methamphetamine-only (43.3%), polydrug intoxication (32.2%), and methamphetamine with non-contributory co-detections (24.4%), with graded but overlapping median blood methamphetamine concentrations. The multimatrix concordance was strongest for vitreous humor (ρ  =  0.845; n = 69), gastric contents (ρ  =  0.800; n = 28), and bile (ρ  =  0.729; n = 23), supporting the interpretation when blood is limited or compromised. These findings confirm the sustained and increasing methamphetamine mortality burden in Jeddah and support continuous forensic monitoring, routine multimatrix toxicology, and integrated interpretation to inform prevention and control efforts in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in synthetic cathinone detection in seized drug samples submitted to the U.S. DEA's National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2010-2024.","authors":"Nicole D Fitzgerald, David T Zhu, Alex J Krotulski, Bruce A Goldberger, Silvia S Martins, Joseph J Palamar","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag073","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthetic cathinones are a chemically diverse class of novel stimulants that continue to emerge in the United States and globally. Trends in overall and specific synthetic cathinone availability in the United States (as indicated by seizures) remain poorly characterized. We analyzed annual counts of reports submitted from 2010 to 2024 to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration's National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS). We grouped reports into chemical subclasses of beta-keto methylenedioxyamphetamines (\"-ylones\"), pyrrolidinophenones (\"pyrros\"), and beta-keto amphetamines (\"-drones\"). Temporal trends in total reports and subclasses were modeled using negative binomial regression spline models. To further contextualize subclass trends, we descriptively examined the contribution of individual synthetic cathinones over time. Between 2010 and 2024, 178 892 synthetic cathinone reports were submitted to NFLIS, of which 73.3% were classified as -ylones, 19.9% as pyrros, 5.2% as -drones, and 1.6% as other. 68.7% of total reports were from the South, with 33.5% from Florida. Nationally, total reports increased sharply in 2010-2013, declined mid-period, rose again from 2019 to 2020, and then stabilized. Additional regional and temporal heterogeneity was noted across subclasses. We identified patterns of rapid emergence and replacement of individual compounds within subclasses, particularly within the -ylone subclass. Overall, we found substantial temporal, regional, and subclass-specific variation in synthetic cathinone reports to NFLIS from 2010 to 2024, largely driven by reports from the South and from successive cycles of replacement of -ylones. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen forensic and epidemiological surveillance of the evolving synthetic cathinone landscape in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13505436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148712668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fentanyl concentrations for peripheral blood and brain samples in non-medical postmortem cases.","authors":"Helen H Chang, Kacey Cliburn, Jesse Kemp, Dani C Mata","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag051","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fentanyl prevalence has increased exponentially in all forensic toxicology case types since the start of the current epidemic in 2016. Prior to 2016, fentanyl detected in postmortem cases was typically seen from use or misuse of medicinal administration. However, with the current epidemic, fentanyl use is from the illicit drug market and concentrations are substantially higher complicating interpretation. Additionally, factors contributing to postmortem redistribution of fentanyl can play a large role in interpretation. In combination with peripheral blood (PPH), brain concentrations can aid interpretation due to the isolated and protected location of the brain. A total of 566 cases were evaluated, and after excluding four outliers, the 562 cases had an overall fentanyl PPH mean of 18 ng/mL, median of 10 ng/mL, and range of 0.53-555 ng/mL. Overall mean, median, and range of fentanyl concentrations in brain samples were 61, 34, and 0.73-3100, respectively. Three concentration ranges, low (≤10 ng/mL), medium (>10-50 ng/mL), and high (>50 ng/mL), derived from PPH were established to evaluate cases based on various concentrations. The median blood-to-brain ratio doubled between the low and high bins. There was a greater percentage of females in the high concentration bin than that in the low and medium bins. The younger age group, aged 15 to 24 years, showed a higher prevalence of fentanyl in the medium group than in the others. The blood: brain ratio for all cases had a mean of 0.36, a median of 0.29, and a range of 0.03-2.57. The wide range of blood: brain ratios indicated that using singular information to interpret the case can be misleading. However, it does show the benefits of testing brain samples in suspected overdose cases where the fentanyl blood concentrations are low.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148880081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}