Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 in blood using supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Munchelou M Gomonit, Markus Roman, Britni N Skillman, Michael T Truver, Robert Kronstrand","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) consists of phospholipids synthesized in erythrocyte cell membranes in the presence of ethanol and serves as a sensitive and specific indicator of alcohol consumption. Further research on PEth formation, degradation, and stability in postmortem (PM) samples would support its routine application in forensic toxicology. A supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS-MS) method was developed and validated to quantify PEth 16:0/18:1 in blood. PEth 16:0/18:1 was extracted from blood (0.25 g) using an 8:2 (v/v) heptane:2-propanol mixture. Method validation results met American National Standards Institute/Academy Standards Board 036 guidelines. Recovery was >48%, and matrix effects were <20%. The linear range was 10-2500 ng/g, and lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/g. Bias was ±17.7%, and precision was <17.1% for all quality control levels. Carryover, endogenous, and exogenous interferences were negligible. Extracts were stable beyond 72 hours. In a proof-of-concept study reanalyzing 35 PM case samples, PEth concentrations ranged between 32.6 to 2476 ng/g. Short-term stability studies showed that fortified bovine blood (200 ng/g) preserved with 0.4% sodium fluoride (NaF) stored at room temperature had a 6.6% concentration drop after 48 hours, while blood stored at 4°C decreased by 13.5% over 14 days. Additionally, human PEth-positive blood preserved with 0.4% NaF showed a 6.7% decrease in in vivo PEth concentrations compared to a 17.5% decrease in heparin-preserved blood after 14 days at 4°C, supporting the use of 0.4% NaF in reducing PEth degradation over time. An in vitro model was also developed to simulate early PM PEth changes. Results found that PEth formation occurred in an ethanol concentration-dependent manner with minimal degradation, and considerations should be taken when interpreting PEth concentrations in cases with long PM interval, and if the decedent had a high blood alcohol concentration level and was left at elevated temperatures. This is the first SFC-MS-MS method successfully developed and validated for the analysis of PEth in PM samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"289-298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of vitreous fluid and blood matrices in postmortem drug analysis.","authors":"Erin B Divito, Jedediah I Bondy, Zachary J DiPerna, Frederick W Fochtman, Christopher B Divito","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf015","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peripheral blood is considered the gold standard for postmortem toxicological analysis. However, vitreous fluid (VIT) has been described as more resistant to postmortem redistribution and may act as an isolated matrix, preserving postmortem drug concentrations. To determine the utility of VIT analysis compared to traditional blood analysis for 6-acetylmorphine, morphine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, fentanyl, and norfentanyl, paired peripheral blood and VIT were collected and analyzed in 122 postmortem cases from Western Pennsylvania. In this study, we tested the frequency of detection and performed analyses to correlate drug concentrations in both matrices. We demonstrate that VIT provides a viable matrix for the postmortem analysis of several drugs of abuse and their metabolites. However, when both matrices are available for analysis, VIT, when compared to whole blood, is not optimal for all analytes. These differences are likely due to differences in physiochemical properties and other pharmacokinetic parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"351-357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green liquid-liquid microextraction for quantification of ketamine and metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.","authors":"Hsueh-Hui Yang, Chia-Sui Kao, Ahai C Lua, Tsong-Yung Chou","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf022","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop and validate a green method for the detection of ketamine and its metabolites in human urine samples and subsequently determine which metabolite is more suitable for judgment of ketamine abuse. Ketamine and its metabolites were extracted from urine samples with 1-undecanol using liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplet extraction. The extracts were directly analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) without derivatization. The sample pretreatment procedure prior to GC-MS analysis was simple, fast, and required little solvent consumption. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, including pH of the urine sample and centrifugation speed, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection for norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and ketamine were 1.5, 1.7, and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The method was used to analyze eight real urine samples from drug abusers and exhibited acceptable accuracy and precision. By analyzing real samples, this study revealed that detection of dehydronorketamine in urine samples for the judgment of ketamine abuse may be more suitable than detection of norketamine or ketamine. The method used in this study addresses the need for green analytical techniques in toxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"315-321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of 4F-MDMB-BICA using a molecular network strategy in a case of severe poisoning with coma.","authors":"Weniko Caré, Romain Magny, Dominique Vodovar, Frédérik Bélot-de Saint-Léger, Jérôme Langrand, Hervé Laborde-Castérot, Laurence Labat, Pascal Houzé","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf019","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthetic cannabinoids remain one of the most important groups of new psychoactive substances and are responsible for many cases of poisoning in Europe. Deaths from acute 4F-MDMB-BICA poisoning have recently been reported. Severe poisonings may be underreported because 4F-MDMB-BICA is not routinely screened for in most forensic and toxicology laboratories. We report the case of a young man in France who presented with poisoning after orally consuming a powdered substance sold online as an opioid. The coma required intensive care unit management with emergent chest tube insertion and mechanical ventilation. The outcome was favorable with no sequelae due to early medical care. In the absence of remaining product and preserved urine samples, qualitative toxicological screening was performed on plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and a hair strand. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and a molecular network data processing strategy, 4F-MDMB-BICA and two of its metabolites were identified only in plasma and cerebrospinal samples. These results were consistent with a single exposure. The identification of the substance consumed was crucial because of discrepancy between the symptoms observed and those expected after presumed exposure. Identification of 4F-MDMB-BICA and two of its metabolites was achieved in early plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples. This documented case is helping to improve knowledge of 4F-MDMB-BICA poisoning, which could be an emerging public health issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"364-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV combination drug therapies: development and validation of an LC-MS-MS method for simultaneous quantitation of abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine in rat matrices in support of toxicology studies.","authors":"Melanie A Rehder Silinski, Jennifer A Gilliam, Julia Apoian, Brenda L Fletcher, Reshan A Fernando, Suramya Waidyanatha","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf016","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abacavir (ABC), Dolutegravir (DTG), and Lamivudine (3TC) are part of a fixed-dose combination medication for the treatment of HIV. The three drugs offer different but complementary mechanisms of action by inhibiting reverse transcriptase and integrase, and ultimately inhibiting HIV replication. Due to the lack of information regarding long-term safety following in utero exposure, we are evaluating potential toxicity to offspring following in utero exposure to this combination therapy in Hsd:Sprague Dawley®SD® (HSD) rats, including cardiovascular toxicity and neurotoxicity. Generating internal exposure data are integral to putting toxicological findings into context. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a method to simultaneously quantitate ABC, DTG, and 3TC in rat matrices following exposure to this combination. The method used protein precipitation of plasma, fetal, placental, brain, or heart homogenate, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In adult Sprague Dawley rat plasma, the method was linear (r ≥ 0.99) over the range 10/15/5 to 10,000/15,000/5000 ng/mL for ABC/DTG/3TC and recovery was ≥92% for all three analytes at all concentration levels. The limits of detection were 2.22, 3.69, and 0.978 ng/mL for ABC, DTG, and 3TC, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision was ≤8.7% relative standard deviation (RSD), and relative error (RE) ≤±12.0% for standards prepared at 20/30/10, 400/600/200, and 5000/7500/2500 ng/mL. Matrix standards as high as 40/60/20 µg/mL could be diluted into the calibration range (RE≤±3.5% and RSD ≤2.4%). The method was evaluated for HSD rat maternal plasma and fetal, placental, brain, and heart homogenates (mean RE ≤±15.0% and RSD ≤8.6%). Analyte stability was demonstrated in extracted plasma for 2 days at different temperatures, and in various matrices stored at -80°C for at least 32 days (80-113% of Day 0 concentrations). These data demonstrate that this simple and efficient method is suitable for quantitation of ABC, DTG, and 3TC in rat matrices generated from toxicology studies. The method can easily be adapted to other biological matrices and species (e.g. human).</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"332-339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a dried blood spot screening test using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry: application in authentic postmortem samples.","authors":"Denis Dubois-Chabert, Estelle Flament, Guillaume Hoizey, Camille Chatenay, Laurent Fanton, Charline Bottinelli","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to develop a toxicological screening analysis using gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) on postmortem dried blood spots (DBSs) and apply it to authentic cases. Twenty-five microliters of blood was deposited and dried on a paper card. Compounds of interest were desorbed, extracted, and acetylated, then injected into the GC-HRMS. The limits of detection (LOD) and of identification (LOI) were determined for 22 of the compounds that were most frequently detected in postmortem blood samples in the laboratory in 2022. Stability on DBS was studied at three temperatures (-20°C, +4°C, and +20°C) over 15 days. The method was then applied to 102 postmortem blood samples. Results were compared to the two conventional screening methods implemented in the laboratory: liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) and GC-MS. Selectivity was demonstrated by the analysis of 10 negative postmortem blood samples. All LODs were between <10.0 and 20.0 ng/mL. LOIs were within the therapeutic concentration range for each compound or at a value not leading to acute intoxication (narcotics). Overall, compounds remained stable over the 15 days at all test temperatures, except for midazolam and tramadol and its metabolites. A comparison of screenings of 102 postmortem samples resulted in 239 identifications, corresponding to 74 compounds, across 70 positive cases. In 32 cases, no compound was identified. Compounds of 57% and 60%, respectively, were detected by LC-DAD-MS and GC-MS screenings, while DBS-GC-HRMS identified 81%. Application of the method to a hundred authentic cases demonstrated its ability to meet the constraints of low sample volume, sensitivity, and ease of preservation for urgent cases or cases with limited blood availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"340-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological and demographic profiles of phencyclidine-impaired driving cases in Houston: updates from the 2019 to 2023 data.","authors":"Dayong Lee, Salvador R Corral, Cassandra Duvall, Peter Stout","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf021","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative anesthetic harmful to road traffic safety as the drug may impair driving performance by inducing adverse effects such as sedation, ataxia, agitation, disorientation, and confusion. Houston Forensic Science Center previously reported toxicological and demographic characteristics of PCP-impaired driving cases in Houston from 2013 to 2018 and presently reports the 2019-23 cases. The blood samples collected from suspect drivers were analyzed for alcohol and drugs and those positive for PCP at the reporting limit of 5 ng/mL were included in the study (n = 1375). The drivers had the median (mean, range) PCP concentration of 45 (49, 5-170) ng/mL and were mostly males (77%) and black (89%) with the mean age of 40 years. More than half of the drivers (59%) were polydrug users with cannabinoids being the most frequently detected (39%), followed by cocaine/metabolites (15%) and ethanol (10%). Compared to our previous findings and other studies, the PCP concentration distributions and concurrent drug profiles of the drivers were remarkably consistent despite multiple changes in the drug market over the years; their demographics also remained comparable except for the mean age, which continued to increase. Continual surveillance of PCP-impaired driving cases is important to identify risk groups and aid in reducing this hazardous driving behavior, so prevalent and persistent in the city of Houston.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"358-363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological detection of the new psychoactive substances MDPHP and MDPHpP in human urine samples by elucidation of their urinary metabolites using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.","authors":"Isabel Brueckner, Jessica Welter-Luedeke, Claudia Gutjahr-Ruhland, Matthias Graw, Liane D Paul","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf026","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances on the illicit drug market provides challenges for forensic and clinical analytics. Reliable detection of previous ingestion of these drugs in human urine samples requires elucidation of target metabolites and, in the case of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the knowledge of their derivatized mass spectra. The study presented here focused on the two pyrrolidinophenones 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MDPHP) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinoheptanophenone (MDPHpP), which could be identified in 25 and 3 authentic cases, respectively. Using a standard analytical procedure by means of full-scan GC-MS after acid hydrolysis and acetylation, phase I metabolites of both substances were identified in authentic urine samples by elucidation of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns. The postulated phase I metabolic steps of MDPHP and MDPHpP comprised demethylenation followed by methylation of the methylenedioxy moiety, oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring, N,N-bisdealkylation of the pyrrolidine ring to its primary amine, and hydroxylation of the aliphatic side chain. Various combinations were detected. Acetylated mass spectra of the metabolites were provided for both substances. The analogy in mass fragmentation of the proposed metabolites for the homologous parent compounds indicated a high plausibility. Based on the frequency of occurrence and abundances of the metabolites in the urine samples, target analytes for both substances and base peak fragment ions for specific mass search could be recommended for the mentioned procedure: m/z 140, 154, and 86 for MDPHP and m/z 154, 168, and 100 for MDPHpP. The study could support the detection of these new substances in forensic and clinical cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"299-314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychoactive cocktail consumption on Reunion Island: a case report.","authors":"Joris Guyon, Adrien Maillot, Sophie Bastard, Flore Weisse, Amélie Daveluy, David Mété","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reunion Island is a French department located in the southwestern Indian Ocean, with distinct trends in drug use, drug diversion, and intoxication compared with metropolitan France (e.g. the misuse of drugs-clonazepam and trihexyphenidyl-combined with cannabis or cocaine, which is not observed in metropolitan France). The authors report a case of atypical intoxication in a 16-year-old female who consumed cannabis in conjunction with an unusual powdered mixture containing psychotropic substances. The intoxication led to confusion, hallucinations, sinus tachycardia, and hospitalization. A comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometry and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of her plasma, her urine and a powder found in her possession revealed the presence of the same five medicines: citalopram/escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and trihexyphenidyl. This case underscores the intricate interactions between psychoactive substances that are never prescribed together in clinical settings, along with the issue of diverted prescription drugs like trihexyphenidyl. It also emphasizes the potential circulation and use of crushed mixtures of medication for recreational purpose. Fortunately, powder analysis provided crucial insight to understand the intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"369-373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in venous and capillary blood following ad libitum cannabis smoking by occasional and daily users.","authors":"G Dooley, S Godbole, J Wrobel, T Henthorn, A Brooks-Russell, S Limbacher, M Kosnett","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkaf043","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkaf043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the most prominent and main psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. In forensic matters involving cannabis, such as drugged driving or workplace accident investigations, blood Δ9-THC determination is typically required. Venipuncture by a phlebotomist at a medical facility is often the standard blood collection protocol, but this procedure is time consuming and requires specialized training. Capillary blood collection at the site of a transportation or workplace mishap may provide a collection method that is logistically easier and may better reflect blood cannabinoid concentrations at the time of an incident. This study represents the first temporal comparison of the concentration of Δ9-THC and its primary metabolites in venous and capillary blood obtained from users following ad libitum inhalation of contemporary high-concentration cannabis products. Participants provided their own cannabis from a licensed Colorado dispensary and were instructed to smoke or vape ad libitum the amount most used for the desired effect during a 15-minute period. Capillary blood samples collected at the lateral shoulder using the TAP® II microneedle device and standard venipuncture samples at the forearm were collected contemporaneously at baseline and then 10, 30, 60, 90, and 140 minutes after the last inhalation and were analyzed for Δ9-THC, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC, and 11-carboxy-Δ9-THC by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Within-subject Δ9-THC concentrations trended lower, often up to 30 to 40%, in contemporaneous capillary blood samples than in venous blood samples until 140 min after cannabis smoking. Concentrations of the Δ9-THC metabolites 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC and 11-carboxy-Δ9-THC were equivalent at all but the first timepoint after smoking. Due to logistical advantages, capillary blood collection by microneedle devices may be a viable option for qualitative detection of Δ9-THC and its metabolites soon after an incident or a quantitative determination if the samples are collected at least 2 hours after cannabis inhalation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}