Journal of analytical toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Complementary insights from wastewater surveillance and the toxicology findings of clinical presentations involving new psychoactive substances in Australia.","authors":"Richard Bade, Dhayaalini Nadarajan, Keith Harris, Christine Harvey, Thanjira Jiranantakan, Hannah Morgan, Emma Partridge, Jennifer Schumann, Jennifer L Smith, Courtney Weber, Wayne Hall","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag071","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) challenges traditional approaches to drug monitoring, highlighting a need for innovative surveillance strategies. We explored the potential to better understand the NPS market in Australia by combining wastewater analysis with toxicosurveillance programs. Focussing on a time of year of likely higher NPS and drug use, influent wastewater samples were collected from four Australian states (South Australia, Victoria, Queensland, and New South Wales) over the New Year period from 2019-2020 to 2024-2025. Clinical samples presenting between 15 December and 15 January each period from the toxicosurveillance systems Emerging Drugs Network of Australia (including Western Australia, South Australia, and Queensland), Emerging Drugs Network of Australia Victoria (Victoria) and Prescription, Recreational and Illicit Substance Evaluation-PRISE (New South Wales) were extracted. In total, 294 wastewater and 117 clinical samples were included in this work. A total of 46 individual NPS were found in both datasets. This included: 21 only in wastewater, 36 only in clinical, and 12 in both. Overall, 743 instances of NPS were found in all wastewater samples and 171 in clinical data. In wastewater samples, N, N-dimethylpentylone (54%), mitragynine (52%), and bromazolam (45%) were the most frequently detected. In the clinical samples, the most common were bromazolam (44%) and clonazolam (21%). Overall, synthetic cathinones and plant-based compounds were more prevalent in wastewater, and synthetic opioids and benzodiazepines in clinical samples. Differences in detected NPS classes illustrate the complementary nature of these surveillance systems. Higher wastewater concentrations may indicate broader use and lower acute harm than drugs identified clinically. Integrating these datasets with additional sources such as surveys, coronial records, police seizures, and drug-checking services can strengthen NPS monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous quantification of ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate in serum by LC-MS/MS with application to alcohol intoxication cases.","authors":"Yaqin Niu, Jingjing Cui, Lingjie Mo, Nianchang Zheng, Jiaxin Zhu, Junyi Lin, Yan Jiang","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag061","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are bioactive sphingolipids critically involved in the regulation of cell survival and death, whose homeostasis is disrupted by alcohol exposure. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of nine ceramide species and S1P in serum. Following protein precipitation, analytes were separated on a CSH C18 column within an 11-min chromatographic run. Calibration curves were linear over 5-500 ng/mL with R2 greater than 0.99 for all analytes. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision met acceptance criteria across all quality control levels. Extraction recoveries ranged from 79.51% to 109.23%, matrix effects were adequately compensated by stable isotope-labeled internal standards, and dilution integrity was confirmed across factors of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The method was applied to a large cohort of serum samples from suspected alcohol-impaired driving cases stratified by blood alcohol concentration (BAC) into negative control, mild, moderate, and severe intoxication groups. Very long-chain ceramides including Cer 22:0, Cer 24:0, and Cer 24:1, as well as S1P, were consistently elevated in alcohol-exposed groups relative to the negative control. These findings indicate that circulating sphingolipid profiles reflect lipid metabolism alterations induced by ethanol exposure and may provide complementary information to blood alcohol concentration in the assessment of alcohol-associated cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occipital lobe to femoral blood ratios of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, and fentanyl in postmortem cases.","authors":"Grayce Behnke, Teresa R Gray","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag068","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interpretation of postmortem toxicology results is complicated by postmortem redistribution (PMR), which can alter drug concentrations between tissues and blood (BL). This study evaluates brain (BR) to BL concentration ratios for amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), cocaethylene (CE), and fentanyl (FENT) using postmortem casework data to evaluate the utility of BR tissue as an alternative matrix. BR:BL ratios varied widely across analytes: AMP (2.2-5.8), BE (0.2-2.1), CE (1.2-5.1), COC (0.1-5.8), MAMP (2.2-7.3), and FENT (1.1-24.8). Lipophilic compounds (AMP, CE, COC, MAMP, and FENT) generally exhibited ratios greater than one, consistent with preferential BR partitioning and susceptibility to PMR, whereas the polar metabolite BE showed ratios less than one, reflecting limited BR accumulation. FENT demonstrated the greatest variability, highlighting challenges in interpreting its postmortem concentrations. Correlations between BR and femoral BL concentrations were slightly positive for all analytes, indicating that BR concentrations may not be reliable proxies for BL levels. Evaluation of select antemortem cases and outliers revealed additional influences on BR:BL ratios, including survival time, drug stability, route of administration, and polysubstance use. COC instability and hydrolysis to BE, as well as incomplete drug distribution in rapid deaths, contributed to atypical ratios. Overall, BR:BL ratios are highly analyte dependent and influenced by both pharmacokinetic properties and postmortem factors. While BR tissue may provide useful complementary information when BL is unavailable, it should not be used as a direct substitute for BL in toxicological interpretation. These findings underscore the need for further research to expand BR:BL datasets across drug classes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148562063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of bone marrow in postmortem forensic toxicology: current evidence and future perspectives.","authors":"Sofia Vanerio, Nicola Galante, Alessandro Ravelli, Roberta F Bergamaschi, Alessio Battistini, Sara Casati","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone marrow (BM) has emerged as a valuable alternative matrix in postmortem toxicology, when conventional samples such as blood or soft tissues are unavailable, degraded or contaminated. BM, due to its protecting anatomical site within the medullary cavity, slows down decomposition, limits environmental and microbial interference and enables the preservation of xenobiotics over extended postmortem intervals. This review summarizes the updated literature on BM anatomy, sampling site, xenobiotic distribution and stability, as well as the influence of postmortem redistribution (PMR) and putrefaction for toxicological interpretation of the analytical results. Evidence indicates that drug distribution in BM is governed by tissue vascularity and analyte physicochemical properties, with lipophilic compounds often reaching higher concentrations in BM than in blood. Numerous studies demonstrate the long-term stability of drugs such as amphetamines, benzodiazepines, sedative-hypnotics and ethanol in BM, even in severely decomposed, burned, or skeletonized remains. While BM shows reduced susceptibility to PMR and putrefaction compared to blood and soft tissues, post-collection stability depends on proper storage conditions. Findings from human forensic cases assess the detectability of a wide range of illicit and therapeutic substances in BM, supporting its utility in reconstructing ante-mortem drug exposure when traditional matrices are compromised. Despite promising results, data remain limited, and further research is needed to refine interpretative frameworks and establish standardized protocols for BM sampling, analysis, and toxicological evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13234939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146258185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In response to letter to editor JAT-26-4812-Interpretation of breath cannabinoids and implications for impairment.","authors":"Shaza Deeb, Zaire E Fabian, Mikko Määttä, Pedro Fraccarolli, David A Engelhart","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag039","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148149838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is drug facilitated sexual assault changing? About a case involving 4-bromomethcathinone.","authors":"Thomas Schiestel, Romain Magny, Hilary Fadi Minka, Jérôme Langrand, Pascal Houzé, Laurence Labat","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag058","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-facilitating sexual assault (DFSA) corresponds to sexual activity occurring whereas the victim is unable to express consent due to the action of drugs. Although the use of sedative and amnesic drug in DFSA, such as benzodiazepines and gamma-hydroxybutyrate, is widely described in the medical literature, there is a lack of information regarding the involvement of amphetamine derivatives in this context, particularly synthetic cathinones. Herein, we report a case of a 19-year-old woman who presents herself to the emergency department following an acute alcoholic intoxication and a suspected DFSA after going to a nightclub. The emergency toxicological screening on the plasma and urine of the patient, performed through liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in target and non-target mode and with gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, enabled the detection of 4-bromomethcathinone, a new psychoactive substance (NPS) of the cathinone family. The demethylated and reduced metabolites of the drug were also found in both plasma and urine. No other substance was identified except ethanol, which was quantified in gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, and diazepam with its metabolites, this last one having been administrated in the emergency department. As far as we know, this report described the first case of DFSA involving this halogenated derivative of cathinone and consequently, highlights the need for toxicologists to systematically investigate with specific analytical methods the potential presence of NPS in cases of DFSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and circumstances of pediatric fentanyl deaths in North Carolina: a 10-year retrospective study.","authors":"Meredith Welch, Laura W Friederich, Mary E Cox, Michelle B Aurelius, Sandra C Bishop-Freeman","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag057","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the contextual factors and scientific data associated with fentanyl-related deaths among individuals aged 0-17 years in North Carolina. Using information from the North Carolina Medical Examiner System from 2015 to 2024, 138 pediatric fentanyl deaths were identified. Manually abstracted scene information, toxicology results, and pathological findings allowed for a rarely examined in-depth analysis of circumstances surrounding these deaths. Children less than 2 years (n = 33, 1.38 per 100 000) and adolescents aged 15-17 years (n = 80, 1.96 per 100 000) experienced a fentanyl-related death rate higher than the statewide pediatric fentanyl-related death rate of 0.60 per 100 000 residents. Among children less than 2 years, 78.8% of overdose onset occurred in the decedent's primary residence, and drugs or paraphernalia were present at the scene in 51.5% of cases. Co-sleeping was documented in 60.6% of deaths, with 80.0% occurring in adult beds. Postmortem blood concentrations of fentanyl among children less than two years ranged from less than 0.50 to 280 ng/mL (mean 27.0 ng/mL, median 17 ng/mL). Among adolescents, 62.5% of overdose onset occurred in the decedent's primary residence, followed by a friend's residence (13.8%). History of substance use was documented in 82.5% of cases and drugs or paraphernalia were present in 67.5% of cases. Blood concentrations of fentanyl among adolescents ranged from less than 1.0 to 330 ng/mL (mean 21.7 ng/mL, median 11.0 ng/mL). Scene investigation and documentation allow for the recognition of behavioral trends, which can be targeted for age-specific overdose prevention strategies. Among decedents less than 2 years, notable trends included children co-sleeping in adult beds with access to drugs and drug waste and/or prolonged periods without supervision. Among older adolescents, several cases involved suspected counterfeit pharmaceuticals and/or periods of non-contact with primary caregivers. Improved workflows for pediatric medicolegal death investigation and electronic reporting strategies are already underway.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug detection in traffic-related fatalities in Connecticut (2020-2024).","authors":"Amanda L A Mohr, James R Gill, Barry K Logan","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag055","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motor vehicle fatalities continue to be a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Beginning in 2019, there was a steady uptick in traffic fatalities nationally, which peaked in 2021. The state of Connecticut has experienced similar trends with increases in traffic fatalities over the last several years. The focus of this review was to evaluate drug positivity in traffic-related fatalities that occurred in Connecticut between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2024. Cases related to traffic fatalities were identified by the state's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Deaths of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians were used for the data set. A total of 1,816 fatal motor vehicle incidents were reviewed. Of these, 312 cases lacked toxicology results, and 5 cases had testing canceled; both were excluded from substance-related analyses. Among the remaining 1,499 cases with available toxicological data, 1,084 (72%) had at least one positive toxicology finding. Drug positivity was identified in 75% (710 of 948) of driver fatalities, 66% (125 of 188) of passenger fatalities, and 67% (221 of 327) of pedestrian fatalities. The most frequently encountered drugs across all three classes of decedents were ethanol, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, and fentanyl. These findings underscore the pervasive role of drugs and alcohol across all categories of traffic-related deaths and highlight the ongoing need for preventive strategies, toxicology testing, and targeted public safety interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide for screening of psilocin in human urine by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"David A Barajas, Heather C Noda Carter, Michael R Tomedi, Hiu Yu Lam, Tiffany N Deloatch, Gregory D Reynolds, Marisol S Castaneto, Pucheng Ke","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psilocin is a psychedelic indole alkaloid and one of the major human metabolites of its phosphorylated precursor, psilocybin. Psilocin binds to the serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A, and dose-dependently induces hallucinogenic effects stronger than psilocybin. As a result, psilocin has been a drug of interest in the analytical toxicology community for years. In vivo, a majority of psilocin is metabolized to and excreted in urine as psilocin-O-glucuronide. Therefore, efficient conversion of psilocin-O-glucuronide to free psilocin directly impacts urine psilocin testing. Due to the chemical lability and light sensitivity of psilocin, the hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide requires relatively mild and carefully controlled reaction conditions, thus posing a significant challenge to analysts. In recent years, the development of recombinant β-glucuronidases offered a new approach for highly efficient deconjugation. However, to the best of our knowledge, little information on enzymatic hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide has been published since 2014. We utilized a certified LC-MS/MS-based psilocin screening method and investigated hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide in human urine catalyzed by one conventional β-glucuronidase (originating from E. coli) and three recombinant enzymes (IMCSZyme, Kura Biotech-BGTurbo, and Kura Biotech-B-One). The scope of our study included effects of enzyme concentration, pH, incubation time, and incubation temperature on the hydrolysis efficiency, as well as the comparison of modern enzymatic to traditional Brønsted-Lowry acidic and basic hydrolysis methods. The recombinant β-glucuronidases demonstrated remarkable superiority in hydrolysis efficiency compared to the E. coli-originated conventional β-glucuronidase. Kura Biotech-BGTurbo achieved the fastest hydrolysis completion at the lower temperatures (25-50°C) while IMCSZyme offered the most consistent performance across a wide range of incubation temperatures (25-80°C). Our findings provide quantifiable scientific references as a general guideline for other forensic toxicology laboratories to establish or optimize their own psilocin-O-glucuronide hydrolysis methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148042185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing an accurate method of standard addition using the EZMSA Excel or R tool.","authors":"Jocelyn V Abonamah, Brigitte Desharnais, Étienne Lebrun, Szabolcs Sofalvi, Pascal Mireault","doi":"10.1093/jat/bkag048","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jat/bkag048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The method of standard addition (MSA) is a quantification method in which aliquots of an unknown sample are spiked with increasing concentrations of the analyte targeted for quantification. When a regression is performed on the resulting dataset, the unknown concentration is estimated by obtaining the absolute value of the intercept with the concentration axis. As described by the authors in the paper \"Achieving a more accurate method of standard addition through mathematical improvements\", optimized selection of the spiked concentrations and calibration model (weight and order) yields more accurate MSA quantification results. This is complemented by measurement uncertainty calculation which adds additional confidence to the quantification result. Save for the selection of upspike concentrations, these improvements call for a level of proficiency in mathematics and programming that goes beyond what is considered basic for a forensic or analytical toxicologist. That is a strong impediment to the dissemination of best MSA practices. To remove this barrier, we developed a user-friendly tool: EZMSA. Available as an Excel spreadsheet and an online or local application, this tool carries out all the optimized MSA calculations for the user. The R application even allows the production of a customized report in PDF, DOCX or HTML formats. Validation of both EZMSA platforms was performed by analyzing various datasets testing the full scope of functions and calculations included in the tool. Two full application examples, where EZMSA is used for the quantification of alprazolam and phenazolam in blood, are also presented. The EZMSA tool for simple implementation of accurate MSA calculations is available for download in its Excel and R formats at https://github.com/ToxBrigitte/ezmsa; and as an online application at https://toxbrigitte.shinyapps.io/EZMSA/.</p>","PeriodicalId":14905,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148239330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}