Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

{"title":"Development of a Data-Driven Lightning Scheme for Implementation in Global Climate Models","authors":"Vincent Verjans, Christian L. E. Franzke","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study proposes a new lightning scheme applicable at the global scale, predicting lightning rates from climatic variables. Using satellite lightning records spanning a period of 29 years, we apply machine learning methods to derive a functional relationship between lightning and climate reanalysis data. In particular, we design a tree-based regression scheme, representing different lightning regimes with separate single hidden layer neural networks of low dimensionality. We apply multiple complexity constraints in the development stages, which makes our lightning scheme straightforward to implement within global climate models (GCMs). We demonstrate that, for years not used for training, our lightning scheme captures <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>71.8</mn>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $71.8%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of the daily global spatio-temporal lightning variability, which corresponds to a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>></mo>\u0000 <mn>43</mn>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ >} 43%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> relative improvement compared to well-established lightning schemes. Similarly, the scheme correlates well with lightning observations for the monthly climatology <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mo>></mo>\u0000 <mn>0.92</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(r > 0.92)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, inter-annual variability <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mo>></mo>\u0000 <mn>0.76</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(r > 0.76)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, and latitudinal and longitudinal distributions <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mo>></mo>\u0000 <mn>0.87</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(r > 0.87)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. Most notably, the lightning scheme brings a critical improvement in representing lightning magnitude and variability in the thre","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetically Consistent Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Convective Schemes: 1. Theory and Models","authors":"M. Perrot,&nbsp;F. Lemarié,&nbsp;T. Dubos","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004273","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a self-contained derivation, from first principles, of a convective vertical mixing scheme based on the Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux (EDMF) approach. This type of closure separates vertical turbulent fluxes into two components: an eddy-diffusivity (ED) which accounts for local small-scale mixing in a nearly isotropic environment, and a mass-flux (MF) transport term, which represents the non-local transport driven by vertically coherent plumes. Using the multi-fluid averaging underlying the MF concept, we review consistent energy budgets between resolved and subgrid scales for seawater and dry atmosphere, in anelastic and Boussinesq frameworks. We demonstrate that when using an EDMF scheme, closed energy budgets can be recovered if: (a) bulk production terms of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) by shear buoyancy include MF contributions; (b) boundary conditions are consistent with EDMF, to avoid spurious energy fluxes at the boundary. Furthermore, we show that lateral mixing, due to either entrainment or detrainment induces a net production of TKE via the shear term, with enhanced production under increased horizontal drag. We also provide constraints on boundary conditions to ensure mathematical consistency. Throughout the theoretical development, we maintain transparency regarding underlying assumptions. In a companion paper (Perrot and Lemarié (2024, https://hal.science/hal-04666049); hereafter Part II) we assess the validity of these hypotheses, and analyze the sensitivity of the scheme to modeling choices against Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and observational data on oceanic convection. Part II also details an energy-conserving discretization and quantifies energy biases in inconsistent formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Emulation of Spatially Resolved Temperature Response to Effective Radiative Forcing","authors":"Christopher B. Womack,&nbsp;Paolo Giani,&nbsp;Sebastian D. Eastham,&nbsp;Noelle E. Selin","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effective assessment of potential climate impacts requires the ability to rapidly predict the time-varying response of climate variables. This prediction must be able to consider different combinations of forcing agents at high resolution. Full-scale ESMs are too computationally intensive to run large scenario ensembles due to their long lead times and high costs. Faster approaches such as intermediate complexity modeling and pattern scaling are limited by low resolution and invariant response patterns, respectively. We propose a generalizable framework for emulating climate variables to overcome these issues, representing the climate system through spatially resolved impulse response functions. We derive impulse response functions by directly deconvolving effective radiative forcing and near-surface air temperature time series. This enables rapid emulation of new scenarios through convolution and derivation of other impulse response functions from any forcing to its response. We present results from an application to near-surface air temperature based on CMIP6 data. We evaluate emulator performance across 5 CMIP6 experiments including the SSPs, demonstrating accurate emulation of global mean and spatially resolved temperature change with respect to CMIP6 ensemble outputs. Global mean relative error in emulated temperature averages 1.49% in mid-century and 1.25% by end-of-century. These errors are likely driven by state-dependent climate feedbacks, such as the non-linear effects of Arctic sea ice melt. We additionally show an illustrative example of our emulator for policy evaluation and impact analysis, emulating spatially resolved temperature change for a 1,000 member scenario ensemble in less than a second.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Gross Primary Productivity Over the Croplands Within the BEPS Particle Filtering Data Assimilation System (BEPS_PF v1.0)","authors":"Xiuli Xing,&nbsp;Mousong Wu,&nbsp;Huajie Zhu,&nbsp;Wenzhuo Duan,&nbsp;Weimin Ju,&nbsp;Xiaorong Wang,&nbsp;Youhua Ran,&nbsp;Yongguang Zhang,&nbsp;Fei Jiang","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agricultural ecosystems play an important role in modulating the global carbon balance by taking up atmospheric carbon dioxide, while large differences and uncertainties exist in the estimated crop gross primary productivity (GPP) by terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs). With the aim of reducing the parameter uncertainty in TEMs for crop GPP simulation, we developed a particle filtering data assimilation (DA) system based on the ecosystem model BEPS (Biosphere Exchange Process Simulator), that is, the BEPS_PF (v1.0). We investigated the feasibility of BEPS_PF on the multiple parameters optimization across typical crops (wheat, rice, soybean and corn) and on reducing the uncertainty of GPP over 32 cropland eddy covariance sites globally. With BEPS_PF DA, the average R² between GPP and observed data at the hourly scale has been efficiently improved by 0.36 and root mean square error reduced by 0.18 gC m⁻² hr⁻¹. The DA system has successfully corrected the GPP from the irrigated croplands which was severely underestimated by the model's prior parameters. We found that the maximum carboxylation rate at 25°C (<i>V</i>_cmax25) as well as the leaf nitrogen content (<i>N</i>_leaf) were co-varied with strong seasonal variations. The optimized <i>V</i>_cmax25 showed large differences among different crop types with ranges 27.07–62.95, 42.17–93.32, 31.89–105.81, and 38.34–89.29 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for corn, soybean, wheat, and rice respectively. We demonstrated that the BEPS_PF is an efficient tool for optimizing different processes in the ecosystems, and with the satellite data it can be extended to regional and global scales for more accurate estimation of carbon fluxes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Back-Calculation Approach to Estimate Ocean Anthropogenic Carbon Using Carbon-Based Data and a Total Matrix Intercomparison Method","authors":"M. López-Mozos,&nbsp;F. F. Pérez,&nbsp;L. I. Carracedo,&nbsp;G. Gebbie,&nbsp;A. Velo","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004330","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the last decades, back-calculation (BC) techniques for ocean anthropogenic carbon (C_ant) estimation have improved and evolved into different methodologies that are not exempt from various assumptions and limitations. No single optimal BC method exists to date for computing C_ant; therefore, it is necessary to continue advancing the broad range of approaches. Here, we present a novel method based on the BC fundamentals that combines marine-carbonate-system (MCS) data and the Total Matrix Intercomparison (TMI) framework. This MCS-TMI approach differs from other BC methods by using the TMI to reconstruct deep-ocean biogeochemical properties and their preformed conditions. It also incorporates a global sea-air oxygen disequilibrium term, and a dynamic stoichiometric carbon-to-oxygen ratio that depends on the water-mass ideal time. The MCS-TMI yields a total C_ant inventory of 124 ± 7 Pg C (referred to 1995), in good agreement with previous global C_ant climatologies. The MCS-TMI method uncertainty (±5.6 μmol kg⁻¹) is controlled by input-data errors that, nonetheless, have a minimal impact on the total C_ant inventory. In contrast, our total C_ant inventory uncertainty is governed by methodological errors, specifically those related to the TMI's boundary conditions. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of MCS data-based climatologies in reconstructing a 3D gridded C_ant climatology, and the validity of ocean circulation transport operators for obtaining BC preformed conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Application of a New Convective Entrainment Rate Parameterization for Improving Precipitation Simulation Over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Surrounding Areas","authors":"Junjun Li,&nbsp;Chunsong Lu,&nbsp;Jinghua Chen,&nbsp;Jian Li,&nbsp;Jing Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Xu,&nbsp;Lei Zhu,&nbsp;Xin He,&nbsp;Shiying Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) significantly impacts the global climate. TP's unique geographical conditions make it one of the areas with the largest precipitation biases in numerical models. The overestimation and distribution biases of precipitation in models are closely related to the parameterization of convection processes over the TP. In light of this, a new deep convective entrainment rate parameterization suitable for the region is developed based on convection observational data and is applied to the Grell-Freitas Ensemble Scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The new scheme significantly reduces the overestimation of simulated precipitation over the TP, decreasing the overestimation from 29.4% in the default scheme to 11.8%. The physical mechanism behind the improved simulation results is as follows: first, the entrainment rate of convection in the new scheme is closer to the observed results. Second, in terms of cloud macrophysics, the new scheme increases the convective entrainment rate, reduces the cloud top height and depth of convective clouds, and decreases the number of grids with updrafts in the vertical layers and grids with convective precipitation on the surface. Third, in terms of cloud microphysics, the increased entrainment rate reduces the cloud water content and weakens the intensity of convective precipitation. All of these mechanisms ultimately reduce the accumulated convective precipitation amount, providing an optimized modeling tool for weather and climate research over TP, which also aids in better assessing the water cycle and water resource reserves of the “Asian Water Tower.”</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Vertical Resolution on Internal Tide Energetics and Subsequent Effects on Underwater Acoustic Propagation","authors":"L. Hiron,&nbsp;M. C. Schönau,&nbsp;K. J. Raja,&nbsp;E. P. Chassignet,&nbsp;M. C. Buijsman,&nbsp;B. K. Arbic,&nbsp;A. Bozec,&nbsp;E. F. Coelho,&nbsp;M. S. Solano","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004389","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internal tide generation and breaking play a primary role in the vertical transport and mixing of heat and other properties in the ocean interior, thereby influencing climate regulation. Additionally, internal tides increase sound speed variability in the ocean, consequently impacting underwater acoustic propagation. With advancements in large-scale ocean modeling capabilities, it is essential to assess the impact of higher model resolutions (horizontal and vertical) in representing internal tides. This study investigates the influence of vertical resolution on internal tide energetics and its subsequent effects on underwater acoustic propagation in the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). An idealized configuration with a ridge, forced only by semidiurnal tides and having 1-km horizontal grid-spacing, is used to test two different vertical-grid discretizations, defined based on the zero-crossings of horizontal velocity eigenfunctions and the merging of consecutive layers, with seven distinct numbers of isopycnal layers, ranging from 8 to 128. Analyses reveal that increasing the number of layers up to 48 increases barotropic-to-baroclinic tidal conversion, available potential energy, and vertical kinetic energy, converging with higher layer counts. Vertical shear exhibits a similar pattern but converges at 96 layers. Increasing the number of isopycnal layers, up to 48, increases the available potential energy contained in high (third-to-eighth) tidal baroclinic modes. Finally, sound speed variability and acoustic parameters differ for simulations with less than 48 layers. Therefore, the study concludes that a minimum vertical resolution (48 layers in this case) is required in isopycnal models to accurately represent internal tide properties and associated underwater acoustic propagation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficient Integration of Dust and Numerical Weather Prediction for Renewable Energy Applications","authors":"Xi Chen,&nbsp;Mei Chong,&nbsp;Shian-Jiann Lin,&nbsp;Zhi Liang,&nbsp;Paul Ginoux,&nbsp;Yuan Liang,&nbsp;Bihui Zhang,&nbsp;Qian Song,&nbsp;Shengkai Wang,&nbsp;Jiawei Li,&nbsp;Yimin Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004525","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing demand for renewable energy underscores the importance of accurate dust forecasting in regions with abundant wind and solar resources. However, leading real-time global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models often lack dust modules due to computational constraints. Current “Near-Real-Time” dust forecasting services can only run after the completion of NWP, failing to meet the timeliness requirements for reporting power generation plans to the grids. This work proposes a global dust-weather integrated (iDust) model development paradigm, efficiently incorporating dust modules into the dynamical core. Using about one-eighth additional computing power, iDust extends global 12.5 km resolution NWP with dust prediction capabilities. iDust's forecasting abilities are evaluated against ECMWF CAMS forecast and NASA MERRA2 reanalysis, including verifications over China from March to May 2023 and three extreme dust events. Results show that iDust outperforms its counterparts in dust storm forecasting intensity and timing. Using iDust, global 12.5-km 10-day hourly dust storm forecast simulations initiated at 00UTC can produce results by 06UTC, enabling timely forecasting of severe dust storms with concentrations exceeding 1,000 μg/m³. This novel capability of iDust can meet the urgent forecasting needs of the renewable energy industry for extreme dust conditions, supporting the green energy transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral Flux Decomposition in a Wind-Driven Channel Flow With Near-Inertial Waves","authors":"Michal Shaham,&nbsp;Roy Barkan","doi":"10.1029/2023MS004036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS004036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years it has become evident that the spatiotemporal distribution of oceanic kinetic energy (KE) is strongly influenced by the interactions between oceanic mesoscale eddies, submesoscale currents, and near-inertial waves (NIWs). However, the proposed interaction mechanisms remain difficult to evaluate and quantify in complex oceanic numerical simulations. To address these difficulties we introduce an analysis framework that combines spectral KE flux computations across horizontal wavenumbers with temporal filtering and a Helmholtz decomposition, and apply it to idealized, high-resolution, baroclinic channel solutions consisting of eddies, fronts, and filaments in the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $O(1)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> Rossby parameter regime. By comparing solutions with and without NIW forcing we are able to demonstrate that externally forced NIWs lead to a reduction in the inverse KE cascade of the low-passed eddying flow, and to an enhancement in its forward cascade. These stimulated cascades are associated with the interactions between rotational and divergent eddy motions, characteristic of mesoscale eddies and submesoscale currents, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that at larger spatial scales the forward KE cascade of NIWs is accomplished through wave scattering and direct extraction by rotational eddy motions, whereas at smaller spatial scales it is also dominated by wave-wave interactions. The caveats of our framework, its suitability to investigate eddy-NIW interactions in realistic oceanic simulations and the disparities between the spectral KE flux and the coarse-graining methods are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023MS004036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation and Implementation of a Non-Local Term to Improve the Oceanic Convection Representation Within the k–ɛ Parameterization","authors":"Alexandre Legay,&nbsp;Bruno Deremble,&nbsp;Hans Burchard","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004243","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The representation of turbulent fluxes during oceanic convective events is important to capture the evolution of the oceanic mixed layer. To improve the accuracy of turbulent fluxes, we examine the possibility of adding a non-local component in their expression in addition to the usual downgradient part. To do so, we extend the &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $k$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ε&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $varepsilon $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; algebraic second-moment closure by relaxing the assumption on the equilibrium of the temperature variance &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $overline{{theta }^{prime 2}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. With this additional evolution equation for the temperature variance, we obtain a &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $k$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ε&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $varepsilon $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;′&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;‾&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $overline{{theta }^{prime 2}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; model (the “&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ε&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $kvarepsilon t$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;” model) which includes a non-local term for the temperature flux. We validate this new model against Large Eddy Simulations (LES) in three test cases: free convection (FC), wind-driven mixing, and ","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}