Improving Solar Radiation Forecasts During Stratocumulus Conditions Using Large Eddy Simulations and an Ensemble Kalman Filter

Forecasting solar radiation is critical for balancing the electricity grid due to increasing production from solar energy. To this end, we need precise simulation of clouds, which is traditionally done by numerical weather prediction. However, these large-scale (LS) models struggle especially with forecasting stratocumulus clouds because their coarse vertical resolution cannot capture the sharp inversion present at stratocumulus cloud top. To address this issue, we employ large eddy simulation (LES), which operates at high resolution and has demonstrated superior accuracy in simulating stratocumulus clouds. However, LES relies on input data from a LS model, which is imperfect. To reduce the uncertainty caused by the LS data, we integrate a single ensemble Kalman filter step at the start of simulation in the LES model, utilizing local observations. Our results show that this approach is computationally feasible, robust, and reduces prediction error at assimilation by 50%. The improvement diminishes after approximately 1 hour of simulation due to the influence of large-scale forcing. Future work will focus on enhancing the LS inflow through nested simulations with realistic lateral boundary conditions to sustain the improvements in forecasting accuracy.