Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

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Energetically Consistent Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Convective Schemes: 2. Implementation and Evaluation in an Oceanic Context 2.能量一致涡旋-扩散质量-通量对流格式。海洋环境下的实施和评估
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004616
M. Perrot, F. Lemarié
{"title":"Energetically Consistent Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Convective Schemes: 2. Implementation and Evaluation in an Oceanic Context","authors":"M. Perrot,&nbsp;F. Lemarié","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004616","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A convective vertical mixing scheme rooted in the Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux (EDMF) approach is carefully derived from first principles in Part I. In addition, consistent energy budgets between resolved and subgrid scales when using an EDMF scheme are presented for seawater and dry atmosphere. In this second part, we focus on oceanic convection with the following objectives: (a) justify in the oceanic context the assumptions made in Part I for the derivation of an EDMF scheme and a new Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) turbulent transport term (b) show how continuous energy budgets can guide an energetically consistent discretization (c) quantify energy biases of inconsistent formulations, including double-counting errors due to inconsistent boundary conditions. The performance of the proposed energetically consistent EDMF scheme is evaluated against Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and observational data of oceanic convection. We systematically evaluate the sensitivity of numerical solutions to different aspects of the new formulation: energetic consistency, flux of TKE, flux of horizontal momentum and plume fractional area. Notably, when compared to LES data, energetic consistency is key to obtaining accurate TKE and turbulent transport of TKE profiles. To further illustrate that the EDMF concept is a credible alternative to the traditional approaches used in the oceanic context (using an enhanced vertical diffusion or a counter gradient term) the proposed scheme is validated in a single-column configuration against observational data of oceanic convection from the LION buoy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Connecting Tropical Cyclones, Precursor Disturbances, and the ITCZ in Aquaplanet Simulations 在水行星模拟中连接热带气旋、前体扰动和ITCZ
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004868
Adam C. Burnett, Aditi Sheshadri, Thomas Robinson, Pu Lin
{"title":"Connecting Tropical Cyclones, Precursor Disturbances, and the ITCZ in Aquaplanet Simulations","authors":"Adam C. Burnett,&nbsp;Aditi Sheshadri,&nbsp;Thomas Robinson,&nbsp;Pu Lin","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004868","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004868","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate a scaling relationship between global tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and the latitude of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in simulations performed with a 50-km-resolution aquaplanet version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmosphere Model 4.0. The simulations use fixed, zonally symmetric sea surface temperature distributions, including some with uniform warming and cooling perturbations. We find that TC frequency per unit area is proportional to the Coriolis parameter at the ITCZ, following the same scaling introduced in a previous study. We hypothesize that TCs in these simulations originate as precursor disturbances at the ITCZ and intensify into TCs upon reaching sufficiently warm SSTs. We test this interpretation by tracking TC precursors, with different methods based on precipitation and vorticity, and comparing TC precursor frequency with TC frequency and ITCZ latitude. Both tracking methods show that precursors predominantly originate around the poleward edge of the ITCZ, consistent with our hypothesized TC genesis pathway. We also verify that most TC genesis events are immediately preceded by the occurrence of a precursor in the same area. However, precursor frequency is only weakly correlated with the Coriolis parameter at the ITCZ and precursor frequency. The correlation is stronger for vorticity-based precursors than for precipitation-based precursors. These mixed results provide partial, but not complete, support for our hypothesized interpretation. They also illustrate how results can depend on the choice of precursor tracking scheme, underlining a need for improved understanding of how best to define and track TC precursors.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extreme Precipitation Depiction in Convection-Permitting Earth System Models Within the nextGEMS Project 下一个tgems项目中允许对流的地球系统模型中的极端降水描述
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004840
Jonathan D. Wille, Rebekka Koch, Tobias Becker, Erich Fischer
{"title":"Extreme Precipitation Depiction in Convection-Permitting Earth System Models Within the nextGEMS Project","authors":"Jonathan D. Wille,&nbsp;Rebekka Koch,&nbsp;Tobias Becker,&nbsp;Erich Fischer","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004840","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004840","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As extreme precipitation events become more frequent and intense, local-scale climate services are increasingly needed to help communities adapt. We here evaluate two fully coupled convection-permitting Earth System Models for their ability to resolve mesoscale extreme weather events. Using the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Weather and Climate Model (ICON) within the Next Generation Earth Modeling Systems (nextGEMS) project, we evaluate their depiction of extreme precipitation with a focus on the Mediterranean region through a comparison with high resolution reanalysis, gridded observations, a regional climate model, and two lower-resolution climate models. The results are then compared at a common, coarser resolution globally. For dry extremes, we find that the higher resolution and hybrid/explicit representation of convection of the nextGEMS models improve the representation of dry day fraction over land by about 5%–7% points. Generally, the nextGEMS models concentrate dry spells into limited frequency yet overly long periods, although the lack of convection parameterization in ICON reduces maximum annual dry spell length over land by 45 days compared to a lower-resolution model version. For wet extremes, the nextGEMS models properly high intensities of heavy precipitation, aside from overestimation in ICON over mountainous terrain. ICON, with no convection scheme, tends to create overly intense, small, convective cells that are triggered without moisture convergence. Overall, the depiction of wet and dry precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean region are representative of the nextGEMS' models performance across the global mid-latitudes demonstrating the models' value in simulating extreme weather systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
TEEMLEAP—A New Testbed for Exploring Machine Learning in Atmospheric Prediction for Research and Education teemleap -一个用于研究和教育探索大气预测机器学习的新试验台
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004881
J. Wilhelm, J. Quinting, M. Burba, S. Hollborn, U. Ehret, I. Pena Sánchez, S. Lerch, J. Meyer, B. Verfürth, P. Knippertz
{"title":"TEEMLEAP—A New Testbed for Exploring Machine Learning in Atmospheric Prediction for Research and Education","authors":"J. Wilhelm,&nbsp;J. Quinting,&nbsp;M. Burba,&nbsp;S. Hollborn,&nbsp;U. Ehret,&nbsp;I. Pena Sánchez,&nbsp;S. Lerch,&nbsp;J. Meyer,&nbsp;B. Verfürth,&nbsp;P. Knippertz","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004881","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004881","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past 5 years, data-driven prediction models and Machine Learning (ML) techniques have revolutionized weather forecasting. Meteorological services around the world are now developing ML components to enhance (or even replace) their numerical weather prediction systems. This shift creates new challenges and opportunities for universities and research centers, calling for a much closer cooperation of meteorology with mathematics and computer sciences, updates of teaching curricula, and new research infrastructures and strategies. To address these challenges, an interdisciplinary team of scientists from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the German Meteorological Service (DWD) created the TEstbed for Exploring Machine LEarning in Atmospheric Prediction (TEEMLEAP). Implemented on KIT's supercomputer HoreKa, the TEEMLEAP testbed simulates the entire operational weather forecasting chain using ERA5 reanalysis data as pseudo-observations and DWD's Basic Cycling environment for conducting assimilation-prediction-cycling experiments. Moreover, first steps are taken toward the integration of new data-driven components like FourCastNet and ML-based post-processing methods. The TEEMLEAP testbed allows systematic investigation of a wide range of issues related to weather forecasting such as optimizing the observational system, uncertainty quantification, and developing hybrid systems that integrate ML with physics-based models. This document outlines the testbed's setup, demonstrates its functionality with a pilot experiment, and discusses examples of potential applications. Future plans include creating educational modules and developing a higher-resolution regional version of the testbed that could be used for assimilating field campaign observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Confronting Large-Eddy Simulations With Stereo Camera Data by Means of Reconstructed Hemispheric Cloud Size Distributions 利用重建半球云大小分布的立体相机数据对抗大涡模拟
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004804
Yannick Burchart, Bernhard Pospichal, Roel A. J. Neggers
{"title":"Confronting Large-Eddy Simulations With Stereo Camera Data by Means of Reconstructed Hemispheric Cloud Size Distributions","authors":"Yannick Burchart,&nbsp;Bernhard Pospichal,&nbsp;Roel A. J. Neggers","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004804","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004804","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-resolution hemispheric camera images at a meteorological site in western Germany are used to analyze the multi-dimensional spatial characteristics of continental cumulus cloud fields, and to evaluate Large-Eddy Simulations on this aspect. Traditional non-hemispheric cloud-detecting instruments provide additional reference data. The main model-observation comparison focuses on cloud size distributions (CSDs), employing two methods: (a) directly using three-dimensional model fields, <i>direct CSDs</i>, and (b) using rendered hemispheric images of the model fields as produced by a camera simulator based on path-tracing. In the latter method, both the real and rendered images are used to three-dimensionally reconstruct the cloud fields, yielding <i>hemispheric CSDs</i>. Advantages of hemispheric comparisons over more classic approaches include (a) fair comparisons between model and data, and (b) full use of the enhanced resolutions and hemispheric spatial coverage of the camera imagery. Basic evaluation of the simulations demonstrates good agreement on thermodynamic structure and its diurnal cycle. Cloud heights and cloud cover are intercompared between the model, camera data and other instrumentation, providing insight into their structural differences. A consistent alignment is found between the hemispheric CSDs from both the model and the cameras. Power law fits reveal structurally lower exponents in hemispheric CSDs compared to non-hemispheric CSDs, which particularly caution against directly comparing hemispheric CSDs to non-hemispheric distributions. This result is robust for sample size and fitting method. These findings inform future use of hemispheric camera systems for studying cumulus cloud field morphology and model evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impacts of Seastate-Dependent Sea Spray Heat Fluxes on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity in Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Model Simulations 在完全耦合的大气-波-海洋模式模拟中,海相依赖的海浪热通量对热带气旋结构和强度的影响
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-12 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004550
B. W. Barr, S. S. Chen
{"title":"Impacts of Seastate-Dependent Sea Spray Heat Fluxes on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity in Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Model Simulations","authors":"B. W. Barr,&nbsp;S. S. Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004550","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004550","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air-sea sensible and latent heat fluxes are fundamental to tropical cyclone (TC) energetics, yet the impacts of seastate-dependent sea spray heat fluxes on TC structure and intensity remain poorly understood. To explore these impacts, we implement a recently developed parameterization of seastate-dependent spray heat fluxes into a fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model, the Unified Wave INterface–Coupled Model (UWIN-CM). We conduct UWIN-CM experiments, both with and without spray, for four TCs covering a broad spectrum of intensities and structural characteristics. Overall, we find that spray evaporation hinders intensification of weak TCs, while direct heating from warm spray droplets promotes intensification of major hurricanes. The effects of spray on open ocean TCs can be summarized in three stages: (1) In tropical storms and weak hurricanes (≤Category 1), spray evaporation cools the boundary layer (BL) throughout the storm, hindering intensification. (2) In stronger TCs, increasing spray production leads to stronger direct heating that warms the eyewall BL, partly offsetting the storm-scale BL cooling. However, storms remain relatively weaker due to structural inefficiency of cooler BL inflow. (3) With further intensification and even stronger spray production, BL warming eventually overcomes the structural inefficiency and promotes intensification, particularly in major hurricanes (&gt;Category 3), including rapid intensification. The shift in spray heat flux characteristics is initiated by a significant increase in spray production linked to seastate conditions occurring at 10-m windspeed ≈30 m s<sup>−1</sup>. Additionally, our results indicate that enhanced spray generation from breaking waves in the coastal zone may strengthen landfalling TCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiscale Modeling Framework Using Element-Based Galerkin Methods for Moist Atmospheric Limited-Area Simulations 基于Galerkin方法的湿润大气有限区域多尺度模拟框架
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-12 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004453
Soonpil Kang, James F. Kelly, Anthony P. Austin, Francis X. Giraldo
{"title":"Multiscale Modeling Framework Using Element-Based Galerkin Methods for Moist Atmospheric Limited-Area Simulations","authors":"Soonpil Kang,&nbsp;James F. Kelly,&nbsp;Anthony P. Austin,&nbsp;Francis X. Giraldo","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004453","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004453","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a multiscale modeling framework (MMF) to model moist atmospheric limited-area weather. The MMF resolves large-scale convection using a coarse grid while simultaneously resolving local features through numerous fine local grids and coupling them seamlessly. Both large- and small-scale processes are modeled using the compressible Navier-Stokes equations within the Nonhydrostatic Unified Model of the Atmosphere (NUMA), and are discretized using a continuous element-based Galerkin method (spectral elements) with high-order basis functions. Consequently, the large-scale and small-scale models share the same dynamical core but have the flexibility to be adjusted individually. The proposed MMF method is tested in 2D and 3D idealized limited-area weather problems involving storm clouds produced by squall line and supercell simulations. Numerical results from the MMF showed enhanced representation of cloud processes compared to the coarse model.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Single Tropical Rainbelt in Global Storm-Resolving Models: The Role of Surface Heat Fluxes Over the Warm Pool 全球风暴解析模式中的单一热带雨带:地表热通量对暖池的作用
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004897
H. Segura, C. Bayley, R. Fievét, H. Glöckner, M. Günther, L. Kluft, A. K. Naumann, S. Ortega, D. S. Praturi, M. Rixen, H. Schmidt, M. Winkler, C. Hohenegger, B. Stevens
{"title":"A Single Tropical Rainbelt in Global Storm-Resolving Models: The Role of Surface Heat Fluxes Over the Warm Pool","authors":"H. Segura,&nbsp;C. Bayley,&nbsp;R. Fievét,&nbsp;H. Glöckner,&nbsp;M. Günther,&nbsp;L. Kluft,&nbsp;A. K. Naumann,&nbsp;S. Ortega,&nbsp;D. S. Praturi,&nbsp;M. Rixen,&nbsp;H. Schmidt,&nbsp;M. Winkler,&nbsp;C. Hohenegger,&nbsp;B. Stevens","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004897","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004897","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global uncoupled storm-resolving simulations using the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) model with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) show a double band of precipitation in the Western Pacific, a feature explained by reduced precipitation over the warm pool. Three hypotheses using an energetic framework are advanced to explain the warm pool precipitation bias, and they are related to (a) high-cloud radiative effect, (b) too-frequent bottom-heavy circulation or highly efficient precipitating shallow convection, and (c) surface heat fluxes in light near-surface winds. Our results show that increasing surface heat fluxes in light near-surface winds produces more precipitation over the warm pool and a single precipitation band in the Western Pacific. This change increases precipitation over the Indo-Pacific region, and intensifies the circulation in the tropical Pacific, with more frequent and intense top-heavy circulation over the warm pool. Simulations with an increased high-cloud radiative effect do not affect precipitation over the warm pool. According to the energetic framework, this is due to compensation between the radiative effect and both, surface heat fluxes and circulation. Moreover, the representation of shallow convection does not affect warm pool precipitation. Thus, our results show the importance of the feedback between winds, surface heat fluxes, and convection for getting a single oceanic tropical rainbelt in regions of weak SST gradient as the warm pool.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adjoint-Based Online Learning of Two-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Baroclinic Turbulence 基于伴随的两层准地转斜压湍流在线学习
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004857
F. E. Yan, H. Frezat, J. Le Sommer, J. Mak, K. Otness
{"title":"Adjoint-Based Online Learning of Two-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Baroclinic Turbulence","authors":"F. E. Yan,&nbsp;H. Frezat,&nbsp;J. Le Sommer,&nbsp;J. Mak,&nbsp;K. Otness","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004857","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004857","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For reasons of computational constraint, most global ocean circulation models used for Earth System Modeling still rely on parameterizations of sub-grid processes, and limitations in these parameterizations affect the modeled ocean circulation and impact on predictive skill. An increasingly popular approach is to leverage machine learning approaches for parameterizations, regressing for a map between the resolved state and missing feedbacks in a fluid system as a supervised learning task. However, the learning is often performed in an “offline” fashion, without involving the underlying fluid dynamical model during the training stage. Here, we explore “online” approaches that involve the fluid dynamical model during the training stage for the learning of baroclinic turbulence, with reference to ocean eddy parameterization. Two online approaches are considered: A full adjoint-based online approach, related to traditional adjoint optimization approaches that require a “differentiable” dynamical model, and an approximately online approach that approximates the adjoint calculation and does not require a differentiable dynamical model. The full online approach, without the need of additional constraints, is found to result in models that are generally more skillful. Other details relating to online training, such as window size, machine learning model set up and designs of the loss functions are detailed to aid in further explorations of the online training methodology for Earth System Modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deep Ocean Ventilation: A Comparison Between a General Circulation Model and Data-Constrained Inverse Models 深海通风:一般环流模式和数据约束逆模式的比较
IF 4.6 2区 地球科学
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1029/2024MS004914
Bruno Millet, Casimir de Lavergne, William R. Gray, Christian Éthé, Gurvan Madec, Mark Holzer, Tim DeVries, Geoffrey Gebbie, Didier M. Roche
{"title":"Deep Ocean Ventilation: A Comparison Between a General Circulation Model and Data-Constrained Inverse Models","authors":"Bruno Millet,&nbsp;Casimir de Lavergne,&nbsp;William R. Gray,&nbsp;Christian Éthé,&nbsp;Gurvan Madec,&nbsp;Mark Holzer,&nbsp;Tim DeVries,&nbsp;Geoffrey Gebbie,&nbsp;Didier M. Roche","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004914","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004914","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocean ventilation, or the transfer of tracers from the surface boundary layer into the ocean interior, is a critical process in biogeochemical cycles and the climate system. Here, we assess steady-state ventilation patterns and timescales in three models of ocean transport: a 1<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> global configuration of the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO), a recent 2<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> solution of the Ocean Circulation Inverse Model (OCIM), and a 2<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> solution of the Total Matrix Intercomparison (TMI). We release artificial dyes in six surface regions of each model and compare equilibrium dye distributions as well as ideal age distributions. We find good qualitative agreement in large-scale dye distributions across the three models. However, the distributions indicate that TMI and OCIM are more diffusive than NEMO. A shallow bias of North Atlantic ventilation in NEMO contributes to a stronger presence of the North Atlantic dye in the mid-depth Southern Ocean and Pacific. This isopycnal communication between the North Atlantic surface and the mid-depth Pacific is very slow, however, and NEMO simulates a maximum age in the North Pacific (NP) about 900 years higher than the data-constrained models. Overly slow NP ventilation persists across NEMO sensitivity experiments encompassing our current best knowledge of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing, pointing to biases in subarctic Pacific dynamics. This study provides a synoptic picture of deep ocean ventilation and a framework for assessing its representation in general circulation models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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